15 Chinese Inventions That Changed the World

[@Nicofilms]

Thanks for all your suggestions of other Chinese inventions! We could only fit a small selection into this video, so leave us a comment letting us know what we should include in part 2. Oh, and if you enjoyed this video then consider supporting us on Patreon. We would love to make more deep dives like this but sadly they take a long time to produce and your support means we can focus more of our time on the channel!

[@Ateshtesh]

What about the paper money? I heard they use the paper money long time ago before Europe.

[@drjamesallen6012]

I enjoy every single one of your vid, very well made and informative. Found your channel in late 2019 when I was planning to visit Chengdu city, and never miss an episode since. To the Chinese who are also watching this, I’m truly sorry for the abhorrent crimes committed by our forefathers. Love to Nico, from home ❤️

[@fredfrond6148]

An interesting one and possibly controversial one was the stirrup. The stirrup was the advantage that William the conqueror had over the saxons.

[@ChinaSongsCollection]

Hi Nico. You may be interested in this one : According to the Cambridge university in England, at least half of ALL the fundamental inventions and discoveries in the ENTIRE world were made by China alone. That is, more than the rest of the entire world combined (including the Greeks, Indians, etc). This Cambridge university in-depth research is endorsed by the United Nations (UNESCO). In case any of your readers like to investigate further, here are 3 sources : (1) _"Science and Civilization in China Series"_ published by Cambridge University Press in 7 volumes. (2) _"The Genius of China"_ by Professor Robert Temple. (This book is endorsed by the United Nations, and was translated by UNESCO into 43 different languages). (3) _"The Chinese scientific genius"_ (UNESCO Courier, Oct, 1988 by Robert K.G. Temple) I would recommend the 2nd source. The book is very readable, and has won many international awards including top prestigious awards.

[@ChinaSongsCollection]

@@drjamesallen6012 Hello. I don't think too many Chinese people would think too much about those crimes committed in the distant past unless some current dispute event brings those memories back. So don't worry too much about it :)

[@JohnThomasAbroad]

Those 4 inventions changed the world forever. I had no idea that China invented all of those. This video was so enlightening. That being said, I LOVE the current inventions. Mobile payments are incredible. I can’t imagine life without it now.

[@weizhang2834]

The western world have never taught the people the 4 inventions , they anti China for 2 centuries for no reason

[@MrVitconst]

@@weizhang2834 western people mostly are racists. But they're hiding it under tolerance policy and democracy regimes. But if you see the main stream of Western media you will find out, that they are just praising only Western civilization and they're think the Western civilization is a best of the best, but is not at all.

[@Zergcerebrates]

@@weizhang2834 They were taught in schools but most were too young to care or remember. I remember learning it in second grade.

[@charlotte1228]

Haven’t seen your video for a while

[@JohnThomasAbroad]

@@charlotte1228 Hey Charlotte. Good to hear from you!

[@terenceshared9040]

Not your fault that your ancestors did horrific things so the apology is not necessary, but it is very appreciated that you acknowledged it.

[@Andy-P]

Agreed. It would be like asking the Germans & Japanese of today to apologise for WW2

[@thug4lyfe]

@@Andy-P What? So they SHOULD Apologise! Japan to this day still deny their genocides in China and prevent it from being taught in their education system! Germany did apologise for their crimes in WW2, which was the right thing to do. Sounds like you are an apologist for Imperialism huh?

[@thug4lyfe]

I disagree! She has done the right thing! You can never escape from the evils of your past without repentance!

[@BankoleTomiVisuals]

@@thug4lyfe China also has vehemently denied the devastation, death and artificial famines Communism has caused since Mao Tse Tung's rule and they have denied the fact that even today, groups of people are being thrown in concentration camps just as bad as the Soviet Union gulags. So what are you talking about?

[@인생여행나는나다]

No, you're wrong. China didn't invade or colonize other countries when she was easily able to do so. Ming Dynasty for example went out far to Africa and if she wanted, she could colonize Africa and even Europe like GENGHIS KHAN did. You're talking about China's domestic affairs anyway. That's the difference, anyway.

[@Crom21]

Probably Silk is my favourite.

[@VashtheStampede007]

Slam Dunk was cool

[@ruixinjiang9555]

@@VashtheStampede007 this number 7 guy with special haircut is my favorite player in Slam Dunk 😛

[@宝宝-n8q]

Nico, your video editing is super~

[@Nicofilms]

Thanks! 😃

[@rathnakeerthieserasinghe6307]

BRAVO !!! Good content.

[@lukemao]

Thanks Nico, another interesting video. I reckon also Confucian, would be another important philosophical invention of china.

[@notJaybutZay]

the background is so amazing

[@Nicofilms]

Thanks a lot! Super happy about the new things we got!

[@ibungothangjam524]

Plough, steel and aluminium, helicopter concept, smoke signal, ink, gun powder, umbrella, ice-cream, printing system, fountain pen, brush, etc., are all Chinese inventions. The list goes on.

[@gingermintrose]

YOu are so awesome. The Sinologist, Joseph Needham, wrote quite a treatise on China's contributions to the world. And they are countless touching every facet of our everyday life. Thank you for your videos!

[@Nicofilms]

Thank you a few people have mentioned this I think we need to get some of his books.

[@zhiqiangyang4175]

Good job, Nico 👍

[@joepup8348]

How about ICE CREAM and ALCOHOL? Two of the coolest (pun intended) inventions! During the Tang dynasty (about 600-900 AD) in China, a sweet desert was made from frozen goat milk, syrup and camphor, with the container slathered in salt to depress the freezing point. Alcoholic beverages were invented around 7000 B.C. in Northeast China. In fact, U Penn researchers, who made the discovery, recreated the recipe from pottery shards. Apparently it contained alcohol made from rice and was flavored with herbs and fruit. Basically, it was a wine cooler.

[@Trumppower]

Great YT Channel. 谢谢 But you forgot Gunpowder which was also invented in China.

[@edie930]

Nico👍👍👍

[@kcevol]

Well done Nico! The Chinese also invented the first computer using abacus!

[@dhhynes]

How come they need US Chips?

[@Alexander-vo4gv]

If Scotland didn't exist the world would be in the 1700s. The Scottish basically invented modern medicine and like 30 other important inventions.

[@hangzeng1491]

Excellent video as always and even beyond expected. As a local from Jingdezhen, the birth place of blue and white porcelain, I look forward to seeing porcelain in episode II. As a medical researcher, I would say the contribution of e-cigarette for human health is controversial. It is really less harmful to existing-smokers compared with traditional buring cigarettes, but it also attracts more and more non-smoking youth stepping into nicotine-addiction. Finally, I appreciate your objective attitude towards the sins committed by the British centuries ago.

[@Nicofilms]

Thanks a lot! Yeah there are so many inventions that we didn't include but it has proven an interesting topic so we will definitely do more. Yes that is a good point about the vape. Thanks!

[@PVlmsGangte7401]

Checkout Joseph Needham Science and civilization in China u will see lots of Chinese innovation .

[@misterhill5598]

Bonus invention : KZbin was co-founded by a Chinese.

[@padredemishijos12]

I love you. I'm Spanish, and I also apologize.

[@努力奔跑-s6n]

之前的发明没有得到充分的应用。现在发明的东西得到充分应用。

[@theone8189]

Apology accepted.

[@liminshao2868]

This is a fine piece of video as always. But it appears to be pro China, so be prepared for comments from haters.

[@Nicofilms]

haha there always are!

[@MindofYǒng]

China invented & white man perfected it...(gunpowder to bullet, Erhu to violin) That is my own opinion & conclusions.

[@relaxwhc]

China invents block printing, but the West claim credits and say it's Gutenberg's 😂

[@licorishsoil]

..the west doesn't claim credit for woodblock printing (which is what china invented), it claims credit for ways to create characters out of metal quickly, easily and cheaply that can aligned to produce a print which was invented by gutenberg. :)

[@hpe3203]

@@licorishsoil woodblock printing is not considered as one of the four great inventions of ancient China. The block print he is talking about is what you’re talking about: each Chinese characters is an individual block and can be aligned to form a block/page of a book. It happened about 400 years ahead the guy you mentioned. The Chinese investor’s name is Bi Sheng.

[@Zergcerebrates]

Gutenbergs is a different printing method, it's a printing press, the Chinese one is movable type.

[@nanyanguo1]

@@Zergcerebrates it is the lst invention or discovery in science n technology that is the breakthrough So it is still the chinese who lst conceived the idea of printing and as with every lst invention , it is bound to be improved on thereafter in different age n time.

[@licorishsoil]

@@hpe3203 block is shorthand for woodblock. But I've searched up the guy's name you've mentioned and it seems he did invent movable type, interesting!

[@hongkaiwu5487]

"China" /porcelain is another important invention of China.

[@twohorse123]

Invented in China spread to Europe. Like tea, gunpowder, compass and silk. These day it would be classified as stolen.

[@liaoyueqiao8926]

应该Ceramic 才是陶瓷，porcelain 是瓦罐那种吧，porcelain还有个意思是劣质产品的意思。

[@red-nb3lj]

Porcelain works was made by my clan even before QIN empire established.

[@hongkaiwu5487]

@@liaoyueqiao8926 我从google上找的关于两者的区别。大概意思是ceramic包括porcelain，后者是前者中最优质的一类。“Actually, porcelain is just a type of ceramic, while not all ceramics are porcelain. While both are strong and pretty, porcelain is actually a very refined type of ceramic. Besides porcelain, there are various types of clay bodies such as earthenware, stoneware and terracotta, which are also ceramics.”--cite from google search的答案之一

[@michaelwang6125]

SARs and now Wuhan/Covid too; Oh wait, the communist party haven't claimed that due to too much responsibility involve xD

[@cgpg6370]

As a Chinese vegan, I do really appreciate you mentioned China's contribution of soy milk and tofu.

[@raideepu4]

Yo bro we both are vegans!

[@Hoo88846]

And soy sauce as well

[@bob.b.s8338]

Hi Nico, first paper money in the world was created in Song Dynasty, China. This is great contribution for the world financial system. The earliest seismoscope was invented by the Chinese philosopher Chang Heng in A.D. 132. There are so many things I can name them, that is the reason, China was one of the greatest lasting civilization. a Great video from you, fully enjoyed it. keep up the great work!

[@robertschlesinger1342]

A worthwhile video. Those interested in China's countless important inventions throughout history are referred to the multi-volume treatise by Joseph Needham on Civilisation and Science in China. As I recall, the treatise was 17 massive, heavily illustrated volumes last time I checked, with each massive volume being a thousand pages or thereabouts. It's more like a gigantic encyclopedia. China has always be at the forefront of civilisation and science.

[@therealarchstanton3343]

that will provide several lifetimes worth of material for these videos !

[@AmelieZh]

Bank notes were also invented in China...and so many things

[@Nicofilms]

SO many things! The video would be so long but I think we will have to do a few more instead!

[@banja1470]

Wow you guys really did some research on China's history! Good job, well done, nice work!

[@Nicofilms]

Thanks a lot this video took us a looong time!

[@peterpoole9585]

Optical fiber was invented by Charles Kao who won the Nobel Prize on it, and now the whole world benefits from optical fiber.

[@nileshbhattacharya2526]

Thank you sister for this amazing video. China also invented daily useful things ex: compass, gun powder, tea , vegetables equipments, kite, paper, ink etc. China also known as Land of invention ❤️❤️❤️❤️. Thank you sister again for this 🙏....

[@mitchkan4948]

Last but not least d abacus , ancient calculator.

[@adamirfan6986]

indian claim it....

[@manimalworks7424]

The drilling rig, used today for drilling water and oil wells, were invented in China a thousand years ago

[@billlee2983]

This has been your best video. Keep it up. The more you know about China, the more you can help make this world a better place for mankind to live together in peace and harmony, through your contribution.

[@Nicofilms]

Thank you very much!

[@luminous6480]

a wonderful reminder of one of the greatest culture, a rich heritage, discipline, hardships and success

[@irritatedanglosaxon1705]

Just imagine if China patented all their inventions.....

[@madmanjshum]

True.

[@ronniechew6566]

They didn't invent the patent system 🤣

[@youmemeyou]

@@ronniechew6566 the west invented the patent system in their golden era to restrict their inventions to be used by the others and get filthy rich.

[@tinyhowie]

Just imagine if China pursuit further the nature and application of gun powder 2 thousands years ago....

[@zx4337]

知道Nico是英国人 听她这么说自己的母国 让我大吃一惊 !_! 当然要感谢 Nico 一直以来的对中国的中立介绍~ 只要中立不选边站，大家都愿意看愿意听。 好的 - 大家相互学习；不好的 - 大家一起改进。

[@tuppenceworth5485]

One of the founders/creators of KZbin is a Chinese, Steve Chen.

[@PL34535]

He is technically Chinese but he was born in Taiwan

[@tuppenceworth5485]

​@@PL34535 Yes, he's an ethnic Chinese, like those born in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, etc.

[@philliu5008]

@@PL34535 like it or not, Taiwan is part of China hundreds of years ago, at least since Ming dynasty as far as I can remember. Of course, when mainland China was in the last period of one dynasty, Taiwan island would be separated because the central government is too busy to deal with problems in mainland.

[@This_tub]

@@philliu5008 china claims everything except china virus

[@hardytony]

@@This_tub of course, your lovely D. J Trump was also supported and controlled by China. You never know that.

[@manimalworks7424]

Vitamin C manufacturing through 3-stage fermentation, the discovery of growth hormone, 2 examples of under appreciated Chinese inventions

[@stephenchan7398]

Prof. Needham wrote 17 volume book on Science in China. Minor inventions such as ice cream, soccer, golf, kites. Fireworks....etc the world loves so much were invented there. Now Tik Tok and e-cigarette too.

[@jansariusz]

Just imagine Bill Gates to be Chinese? - Everything will be his!

[@luckarl]

Glad you are taking on this subject. It has become so political. You laid it out well in such a short video. Plus, you don’t need to apologize :-). Just the politicians need to stop the malicious lies about China. You are awesome!

[@Nicofilms]

Thanks a lot!

[@blkoenig764]

The Chinese Games: GO, Majiang... The stirrup, so that knights and fighters could use swords on a horse. The list goes on....

[@relaxwhc]

China invents.... just watch Liziqi's videos 😂😍

[@gulitzt5865]

she different, you can't tell if she a monster or a princess.

[@我爱您中国]

@@gulitzt5865 She is both, if u made her mad she's a beast if you show her love she's a princess

[@wongchanthong]

Thank you Nico. Your video clip is so refreshing amidst all the western anti china narratives. You are a smart, honest and brave young lady.

[@Andy-P]

Yes, refreshingly anti-western.

[@xuehanjiang3474]

This is a very comprehensive video! a major invention missing here is porcelain

[@Andy-P]

Agreed. I would have had it in the top 10

[@huitribewang6633]

Football as I'm a huge fan but it's not mention here. Tik Tok as it provided better entertainment than many of today soft power like music n movies.

[@RespectOthers1]

Great to see you managed to export this crazily complex and interesting video! :D ‘Made in China’...embraced by many, feared by some. But it will go from strength to strength! 💪🏼

[@Nicofilms]

Yeah it took a loooong time!

[@randomdrumbeat936]

Taichi is an ancient binary system that forms the foundation of computers.

[@gavin8535]

Wait what? Really 😂

[@PixieElixir]

@@gavin8535 the invention of binary system was inspired by ancient Chinese text of Yi Jing, the book of change. If I were not mistaken. You can look it up.

[@王际洲]

Thank you for your voice! You don't have to apologize. You guys are peaceful people in the world! by the way, a lot of today's border issues between developing countries originated in the colonial era...

[@我爱你-b9e]

Great video Nico. Keep it up and share it on Chinese social media as well.

[@Nicofilms]

Thanks, will do!

[@AZ-ul8zd]

South Korean: “ All belong to us! China, universe, all !”

[@medialcanthus9681]

Much as I love Korea, I get distressed when I see a lot of false claims or implied claims incorporated into their everyday drama such that viewers are wrongly educated.

[@bigjohn2352]

哎，踢球都不要脸，何况这个。哈哈哈

[@joshualee1675]

Thanks for putting so many efforts making such a great informative and objective video👍

[@Nicofilms]

Thanks a lot!

[@danielc4614]

Toilet paper was also a Chinese invention. Great video and very informative!

[@martincyy]

I love you Nico. Thank you for your effort to bring an objective image of China to the World. In this complicated period time, the world really needs more people like you to reduce hatred and prejudice.

[@Nicofilms]

Thank you very much that is kind of you.

[@楊子華-x2y]

I wonder if the ordinary Englishmen know about the history of the Opium War between Qing Dynasty and Britain, and how they think about it.

[@Andy-P]

I do. Not proud of the fact or some of the other things Britain did. Arguably the Opium war is the worse. Am proud of most things Britain did though. Like being instrumental in banning slavery, development of democracy, NHS ect.. There is more realization here on colonialism. Modern written histories deal with it better than before.

[@tinyhowie]

@@Andy-P The good contribution of the English were pretty impressive in modern history hands down. The discovery of electricity, gravity, etc. It's just that the brilliant ones all went to US in the end. Leaving very little to UK, and now UK is in a very weird position.

[@Andy-P]

@@tinyhowie always been in a bit of a weird position

[@raideepu4]

@@Andy-P are you proud of you nation being one of the lapdogs of uncle sam? are you proud of your country and yourself for interfering in the internal affairs of other nations? Are you proud of bullying the innocent world and annihilation of these nations by your nation? Are you proud of WMD and invading Iraq and other nations?

[@Andy-P]

@@raideepu4 I'm as proud as Nico is who made this video. I really appreciated the fact that CCP in Alaska said America does not speak for my nation and the CCP does and tells America not to force my nation against peace loving China. As I read here all of the CCP are very friendly to me & Nico. I am not made to feel quilty by actions made by my government past and present. The world would be so much better if China led it and President Xi leads China. In fact if my Chinese and belief in the CCP wasn't good enough I would enroll in one of those education camps you run. Maybe like Confucius institutes China could open one in my country?

[@BL-db6xt]

Binary system first invented by Fu Xi, 伏羲 , used in Bagua. One solid line represented for 1 or Yang, broken line for 0 or Yin. Combination of 3 of solid & broken lines (triagram) is 3 bits. so 2^3 = 8 or Bagua. The first ever single byte system. Therefore, Yin & Yang make Tao. Tao makes Bagua which is everything of the universe. The Digital world today is based on 1 & 0 Abacus is the first ever computer invented by China as well.

[@tywhite7365]

You are a sweet girl, a daughter to be proud of.

[@Nicofilms]

Thanks a lot!

[@relaxwhc]

Cupping is now popular in the West

[@kermit8112]

you have my respect for the apology for unpleasant history of the opium war. Thank you

[@tonyc6418]

great video, didn't China invented the noodles that the westerners called it spaghetti ?

[@jefflai6077]

Marco Polo brought ice cream recipe and noodles to Italy from China.

[@iamcanadianedmonton]

the best invention of all time?? chinese cuisines from different regions of china. the worse and dangerous ?? street food !!! one can gain weight and diminish the wallet from one end of the street to the next.😂😂😂😂😂. love from canada.

[@madmanjshum]

Yep. No challenge. cheers from England

[@dappaustijaiac7494]

Oh god what a panic brake...

[@setsanchew3897]

Tqvm sis. 4 promotion china in a unique way. China needs friend like u 2 debunk those v hurtful lies spread by the 4 evil eyes. Afriend in need is a friend indeed. N no. I m not from china. Just hate bullies!

[@akaitombo]

China was the first country to use paper-money that was the credit note used among the nation.

[@premium9997]

Awesome Nico 👏👏👏👍👍👍

[@Nicofilms]

Glad you enjoyed it

[@victorroyal2518]

BRAVO!!! Great content.

[@vanwong6768]

Waterwheel and paper money with Gov backing (they used to carry gold and silver coins as currency)

[@teongbengang9515]

China's reignited the ingenuity that invented fireworks.

[@ahhhlvin]

Thanks for the informative vid and entertaining editing!

[@Nicofilms]

Glad you enjoyed it!

[@Taoistimmortal]

Toilet papers are also Chinese invention beside paper money. What would the world be using today if it was not the Chinese inventions, I wonder?

[@daning9764]

The BBC is should not be the only source of information.

[@bendinobendino9134]

Meritocracy has been practice for thousand of years.

[@satplm3011]

Most used tomato sauce also from China ketchup

[@ericberen5698]

Football, nail polish, toilet paper, umbrella .... 😉

[@Nicofilms]

Didn't know all this!

[@nightowl7261]

The Four Great Inventions of the *World*

[@tommyz0123]

I also read/heard that China invented 'pizza'(bun), 'spaghetti' (noodle), 'cheese' (tofu). 😂

[@johnkiel1000]

The gun powder invented in china,utilized by the mongol,develop further by the europeans..this has the greatest impact in changing history...

[@thelastofthehitachi972]

chinatown, tiktok, mobile payments - are not inventions share bikes, as I know, first used in Netherlands in 1965 compass, paper, printing, tea, porcelain, grenades, cannon, oil drilling, gun powder, silk - these are chinese inventions

[@eddiegerahty3454]

Also Chinese Characters, Hanfu, and exam for the government jobs....However, Manchu barbarian impedes China to get achievements in modern science from 17 to the early 20 century.

[@pandasight]

I am a Chinese who is learning English. I find that your speaking speed is fast and I need to get used to it. In the next few days, I will watch all your videos to improve my listening skills.

[@martinleung212]

How about the spaghetti? The Italian version of the Chinese noodle?

[@jcai922]

Don’t need to apologise. Pasts is past, vote a good government friends with China, Chinese will happy enough. Thank you

[@fredm5245]

Nico, I have been meaning to ask you, have you managed to see any of the following? Yi Mo Zhang Impression shows, I have seen and recommend West Lake, Haungzhou, his Three Gorges show, and Mt Yulong, Yunnan. Also have you found the Luo Hong art museum at Tianzhu Town, Shunyi district. A great place and you’d love the cakes!

[@Nicofilms]

No we haven't yet but they look really good!

[@samcheung6116]

Well said Nico, I am a Hong Kong Chinese living in London for many years. I went home every year, and amazed with new changes all the time, but 1 thing I couldn't bear is SMOKING. I watch Gweilo60 today's video about Smoking problem in China. I think you KZbinrs could help to influence the public by talk about it with CGTN, CRI and CCTV. Keep up with the Good life in China.

[@AZ29174]

If I am not mistaken, many MDs in China smoke tobacco.

[@kcevol]

Here is another one. The ketchup was invented by the Chinese.

[@isuruthiwanka9448]

India for advance toilet systems 🤣🤣

[@thefourthrabbit9516]

Wow this video is so professionally-made. I mean, all of your videos are quite professional but this one is so far my favorite. And this format is quite child-friendly. I would definitely recommend any child who lives outside of China and is curious about this country to watch it!

[@Nicofilms]

Wow, thank you that is very kind!

[@JO-bw5wx]

Or decade of isolation, it was decade of sanction ....

[@forjustice1]

Thanks for the video focusing on Chinese inventions. I don't want to be too critical on many things you said, which are mostly not problematic. I just want to point out one thing you said right after the mention of the Chinese invention of gunpowder. You said there are other "peaceful" inventions, suggesting that gunpowder is not peaceful. Certainly, by nature, gunpowder is not something peaceful. However, it is important to note that even though the Chinese invented gunpowder, they didn't use it to produce massive weapons nor to conquer other countries as done by western nations that led to centuries of colonialism. Thanks again for your good intention on this video!

[@walterchin8832]

Interesting post Nico. You forget to mention China invented china.

[@chuakimlin5636]

IS NEW CHINA

[@justinli8000]

paper test, or exam as we know now are also invented in ancient china

[@keithchung3498]

Chinese invented cast iron which is used to make engine etc.

[@ycthao]

I heard there was a sandstorm in Beijing, hope you and everyone else there is doing well.

[@er3829]

Lady, you talk too fast! Average viewer like me needs English text to follow what you are explaining. Past Chinese inventions needs to be explained to the entire world.

[@charlotte1228]

Did you mention fireworks?

[@ycthao]

I believe it falls into the gunpowder category. Chinese mostly used it for fireworks while European took it mostly for warfare.

[@seanlee3863]

apparently pugs originated from China too. which kind of shocked me

[@Nicofilms]

I didn't know that!

[@donaldlineker6140]

I'd suggest reading a book written by Simon Winchester about the eccentric British biochemist Dr Joseph Needham, his accidentally discovery of China through his Chinese lover which eventually led him on a mission to China during the Sino-Japanese war. It was a fascinating read. The book is called 'The Man who Loved China'.

[@yaphinchin1589]

👍 excellent contents 🙏 reminding current generations what had happened as most likely not aware 😀 part 2 please 🎉 😂

[@Nicofilms]

Yeah I very much doubt it. Thanks, we have had a good response so working on some others!

[@chriswang6180]

that's a leap of your editing skill! nice one!