1975 16mm Machine Shop Educational Film - THE TOOLMAKER'S ART

[@jega157]

Served a 4 year apprenticeship with GM between 78 and 82....went through layoffs and several different shops on the Chicagoland area. 43 years in the trade. Mostly manual machines. Some CNC. Lotsa precision grinding. An infinite amount of skills to learn. The video shows machines and processes very familiar to me. Retired a few years now.

[@OMGWTFBBQSHEEP]

Thank you for sharing.

[@StonesAndSand]

These crusty old toolmakers vividly remind me of the men who so deftly shaped my skills as a young apprentice. And now...some forty years later, I too, am that crusty old toolmaker. This is the best YT video on my era of the trade. Thank you for sharing this.

[@tommycarver8781]

I resemble that crusty remark. I never got a chance to be an apprentice. Learned on my own and the school of hard knocks. I remember when NC was just getting started. Best years of my life.

[@Afro408]

@@tommycarver8781 Same here Tommy. Took me 15 years to get my trade certificate. 😅

[@jackpavlik563]

I used to work with a whole posse of Mr Crusties, I was often impressed with their skills.

[@Wilett614]

YOU and ME Both my "crusty" old Friend !! : )) Been a FUN Ride Hasn't it ?? Cheers !!!!

[@MichaelKingsfordGray]

You are so old that you have forgotten your real name!

[@sferg9582]

Take a look around, and you will see that NOTHING in the modern world is possible without skilled toolmakers and machinists.....nothing. A machinist had his hands in the making of everything, from the machines that make the machines that make the tools to make the stuff we use every day.

[@hubbsllc]

Very good point. I realized when I started watching Abom79's KZbin channel (and if you care about machining at all, you should) just how critical machinists are to the modern world.

[@CNCman74]

Thank you, I’ve been saying that for years, with blank stares coming back.

[@genos2227]

It's amazing. I only opened my eyes to that fact a couple years ago when I started learning

[@Rudimentary007]

Ai will never replace them.👍💪🇺🇸

[@supahonkey]

I own a machine shop here in Indianapolis. I give tours to customers and potential customers quite a bit. I always start with telling them that every single thing that is man-made starts with a machinist and a machine tool. Just like you, I get blank stairs, some people nod their head and then some people realize it for the first time.

[@linster249]

"The toolmaker's job is never dull" is the best unintended pun in the video

[@walterretlaw4051]

..pero es totalmente cierto... yo siempre estoy fabricando diferentes cosas.

[@ll1881ll]

This is a good example of the importance of young people finding mentors throughout life.

[@ziggyironic]

I served my time as a toolmaker in Scotland starting 1978, this is a great film. Brings back many memories. I moved to tool design like the film says, and then mould and pattern design. For the skills we had/have, I don't think we were ever paid enough or valued enough, not in Scotland anyway. I've retired now but I would do it all again. Great film.

[@grottonisred6541]

Engineering has been so undervalued in the U.K. for decades......unlike Germany who really appreciate their skills.

[@fredrezfield1629]

machinists were making good money back then eh? they make sh t right now

[@scudosmyth784]

I knew a few that had apprenticeships with Anderson Boyes (Mavor) Motherwell, they took in loads of apprentices back if the 50s/60s each year. I think they produced coal mining machinery.

[@MikeJones-rk1un]

@@fredrezfield1629 They couldn't unionize like teachers. Employers just move to Mexico or India.

[@BrennanYoung]

The west will learn to regret outsourcing production. A real economy can't be built on services alone.

[@EDMDoc]

I apprenticed under a very patient and brilliant Croatian toolmaker who along with his brother and two other machinists from the former Yugoslavia, defected from East Germany in 1969 to end up in Canada. Been in the trade for 37 years and owe a lot to those men.

[@scottrackley4457]

We had an old Slovenian master, he was super good at grinding to the nuts. I learned all his setups first thing.

[@robincoope5352]

I love the guy who started the company that has 26 employees because he also has a 5" wide tie. Fantastic as always, Peahix!

[@Tommy_Mac]

That tie is pretty funny. I remember how out of style narrow ties were back then. OMG.

[@jackpavlik563]

That was probably a 5.0000 tie, +/- .0005…

[@shakeydavesr]

Omg, I noticed the tie and couldn’t stop looking at it,,,,,,

[@Parkhill57]

Looks like a Buick 4-door type.

[@christophersielski1388]

This is quite the nostalgic film for me. I was 21 years old in 1975, just starting out in the tool room of a zinc die casting company under the tutelage of long dead die makers. The tool and die industry back then was still riding the wave of the post war heyday that, in north New Jersey anyway, seemed to field both small and large shops everywhere that all had plenty of work. That certainly changed over the next 30 years as many faded away with the economic downturns. I stayed in it, eventually getting into 3D tooling and product design. My how times have changed!

[@67L-88]

The NY tri-state area was a manufacturing powerhouse back then. Look at the plants that were once in north Jersey alone, all those big places drove the small shops. Today we make much more with much less but all the big places are dust today...

[@jimpalmer1969]

I share you nostalgic feeling, In 1977 I started working for Boeing in Auburn WA. My fist job wasa manufacturing helper. I worked up to a Tooling Inspewctor by '79. I recognized serveral of the machines shown in this film, including the gage tools. Boeing had a jig bore with a 12 foot reach. Being a young upstart guy of 24, I would always upset the tool maker after he sold his hold locations to me because I would puill out my tape measure just to double check his math. Then one day I found a hole that was exactly (within .002) 1 inch off. He quickly wipped out his tape measure and agreed the hole was off. From then on we got along great.

[@microdesigns2000]

@@jimpalmer1969 Yes, there's something about finding a mistake in the master's work. Eventually I had a bunch of young ducklings working for me. It was rare, but some of them found ways to improve my work. It was a delight to share my best work with the team and to make substantial improvements with them. When I left the company, I knew the standards and practices would carry them a long time. They seem to be doing well.

[@assassinlexx1993]

What hurt the most was seeing everything moving off shore. It didn't matter how good you were. Now retired you see the mess you are in. From letting industry leave our country. Those ceo pray to the all mighty dollar.

[@Wilett614]

Try "Finding" a SKILLED Toolmaker or Even a Skilled Machinist TODAY ...... I retired 8 years ago and my Old company wishes me to Return !! lol

[@DavidTaylor-es1bt]

Wow. That brings back memories. I am a proud graduate of the National Tool, Die, and Precision Machining Institute. That was in 1979, in Dallas. I went to work after that at Standard Manufacturing, which was still populated heavily with WWII vintage machinists. Thanks!

[@trainliker100]

I always like the posed scenes of folks at drafting boards discussing a design. There was an old Porterfield joke (single panel cartoon joke that used to be in the papers) where and executive is showing a visitor their design area and three fellows are immaculately dressed in ties around a drafting board obviously discussing a design. They are very neat and Ivy League looking, and I think one of them was even smoking pipe. The executive says, "That's our design team image. Our actual design team is back there." Through a doorway you see three other guys, hair messed up, no ties, wrinkled shirts, crumpled pieces of paper here and there, obviously frustrated and stressed.

[@ciceroskip1]

where I worked in the 70's there were 7 die designers and one boss. One of the sales guys would bring customers through the design dept and would say "this is our cartoon dept"

[@jamesboardman7048]

Do they even have those apprenticeship programs

[@ypaulbrown]

OUTSTANDING, YOU ARE DOING A GREAT SERVICE to young and old with these type films being presented.....thanks yo so much, Paul

[@paulbfields8284]

This is a superb video. It’s the way I earned my journeyman card as a Tool and Die Maker having trained directly under my father for nine years in our own machine shop. I learned to become a designer and builder of so many different types of stamping, machining, fixturing, sawing, welding, extruding… honestly I’ve learned more than I can remember.. and I’m still doing it everyday 42 years later. This video is the way it used to be. It is now a push button machinist world with a programmer and set up person. The old 4 year apprenticeship schools are dwindling. Colleges now offer 2 year Tech degrees and turn out mostly idiots that can’t really use manual equipment without hurting themselves. I love this video.. these are the types of individuals that were a huge part of the industrial revolution.. I’m proud to still be learning my trade today and my learning process will end when they put me in the morgue.

[@ericeisnor]

I could watch videos like this all day long!!!

[@A3Kr0n]

No matter how many computers you throw at the problem, you still need people to make the actual parts. I love the old refrigerator and candy machine in the break room at 13:20. Ashtray, too!

[@brentonk461]

A precision "Toolmaker is extremely stressful demanding job, and requires paitents, acquired skill, knowledge, you never stop learning, and requires a high degree of concentration on the job, an ability to feel, visualise what you are doing and what you are going to do, not to mention very expensive trade. A good Toolmaker will see the flaw in just about everything ever made even when it's made the best it can be.

[@dtom1145]

I started my career as a machinist for a large multi national gear manufacturing company. I learned from the best German and American tool makers and machinists. I worked in this field for 6 years before earning my ME degree at night school and continuing as a design engineer in companies as diverse as business equipment and medical equipment. The foundation knowledge I learned as a machinist was put to use every day on every job. I knew exactly how all the various components could be manufactured, material and finishing knowledge and design for assembly methods. This gave me an incredible range of opportunities in my career for over 40 years. It all started with the smell of cutting oil in the shop...

[@paulbfields8284]

An Engineering ME degree and a journeyman card in the trade are a one two punch to being at the top of your game and a leader in any given industry..

[@rustandoil]

... Unlike today when students step out of college and know everything apart from what handles are for on a Bridgeport 😂

[@je862]

@@rustandoil Sadly, true.

[@jeroendesterke9739]

This SOOOOO reminds me of my role at Gestetner Ltd, Tottenham Hale in London from 1974 - 1980, of which the last 18 months were in the D/O. The guys in there were JUST as these fellas. Good memories! thank you 'Big G' - you are sorely missed.

[@grahammitchell8524]

Served my time as a toolmaker from 1979 to 1984....The skilled men not only taught me practical skills they shaped me as the person I am today......my time in engineering enables me to tackle any challenge with confidence and I have thoroughly enjoyed passing on my skills during 20 years as a D&T teacher. It never fails to bring a smile to my face when I tell the story of a pupil who told me that before I joined the school all he was ever taught was how to pass exams.

[@michaelslee4336]

This warms my heart so much watching these old vids, just like the ones we had to watch for training during my apprenticeship. LOVE IT.

[@zincwick99]

I served my toolmaking apprenticeship in the late 1970's in London UK. I still use some of the bench tools I made back then. Great trade that has served me well in may careers.

[@leovalenzuela8368]

Allllll that work, effort, knowledge, expertise -- all those thousands of hours spent learning/training/improving your craft, all to mass produce fuel carburators. They had no idea EFI was just around the corner.

[@terrylembke8100]

Nothing but respect for these guys . I learned from some great men too . I wish they were still alive so I could thank them again . I'll be forever thankful to them for the patience and time they had spent with me . Terry

[@matthewghardy]

This film was made at the apex of the carburetor era. Computer controls and sensors changed the auto industry, but mechanical "computers" like carburetors are engineering marvels.

[@AirDOGGe]

1978 I got into toolmaking. In 1993 I was out again as manufacturing all went overseas. All of the machine shops closed and now nothing is made here except computer code. It was fun while it lasted.

[@georgewinters3191]

I started my Toolmaker apprenticeship in 1974 just as the EDM they showed here was introduced to where I worked. It along with computer aided machines was at the cutting edge. This took me right back to a time and place of when I started out on my trade journey. Thanks for the memory’s 👍😊

[@je862]

Are you retired now?

[@giovannicintolo89]

As a high school machine shop teacher, I love these old videos

[@billdivine9501]

What high school still teaches machine shop?

[@viorel1852]

We need to preserve these as much as we can. Thank you for your efforts.

[@egx161]

Nice work. Film preservation is very important.

[@ssnoc]

Love these old 1970’s 16mm films - keep showing them!

[@bryansmith2649]

Wow! They sure got the beginning wrong. Eli Whitney was never able to make guns with interchangeable parts. They all had to be hand fitted in the end. The real award goes to Eli Terry who made wooden clocks. Between 1806 and 1809 he and two helpers (Silas Hoadley & Seth Thomas) made 4,000 wooden tall case clock movements from oak and cherry wood that were mass produced and had truly interchangeable parts. This was known as the Porter Contract from the Porter brothers who bought the finished product. Years later Terry designed a wooden mantle clock that was portable and was also mass produced with interchangeable parts. They are often called groaners from the noises they made sometimes in winding. The wooden gear clock they show as a one of a kind is actually the later mass produced groaner movement that WAS made with interchangeable parts!

[@Crabby303]

Such gorgeous film footage, incredible. I think the 70's were the zenith of shooting on film stock. Thanks for uploading :)

[@randyd.7076]

I was just starting year 2 of my gage making apprenticeship when this film came out. Oh the good ol days.

[@mohabatkhanmalak1161]

Most of the apprentices in the clip are probably retired. All in all toolmaking is one of the necessary vocations of our modern society.

[@leapnlarry]

Awesome example of something I would have seen in highschool. Brings back memories. I cant believe i watched this entire video, i hope kids are still getting a video like this in high school, not everyone needs to go to college. Larry

[@stxrynn]

I sure wish I'd seen this in high school.

[@rsc9520]

Me too !!!

[@davidbollom7189]

My uncle and his father were excellent tool makers. Their job was highly exacting with precision that's hardly found today without the aid of computers and auto cad. Thanks unc!

[@ypaulbrown]

the quality is fantastic on the transfer....

[@peahix]

Thanks! These films have faded to red, so getting all the colors back is pretty much impossible, but I do what I can.

[@randydewees7338]

Very nice look at the transition of manual machines into automated and then computer controlled automated machines. And some cool music too.

[@kkknotcool]

We're still in that transition. The CNC's have just taken the lead. I don't know if the manual machines will ever go away in the one off shops.

[@GrandePunto8V]

@@kkknotcool One-off, R&D, prototype, repair shops and hobby - manual will never go away.

[@stephenp8086]

Finished my 5 year apprenticeship program with the Tool & Die Institute in Chicago in 1975. At that time the Tool & Die Institute circulated a pamphlet that claimed that a T&D maker earned more money in his lifetime than a doctor. Some real voodoo economics there.

[@dennisbjones]

Ahhh.... Flairs, just what a machine shop needs ;)

[@GeneralChangFromDanang]

Good to know I'm not the only one that doesn't use the friction thimbles on micrometers.

[@je862]

I've never used those either.

[@lindsayrandall5488]

Feel will beat a ratchet or friction device any day. The pity is, at 83 the 'feel' is all but gone!

[@R2_D3]

Great piece of history! I didn't know that EDM was around back in '75, that surprised me!

[@je862]

I found a publication from 1954 advertising the new electric discharge machine. Maybe it wasn't used widespread right away.....just like any new technology usually takes a few years to catch on.

[@smarthome2660]

I went to work for a company out of college that had 2 Cincinatti tape machines. They were using these in manual mode. I asked where was the "type writer" that these came with. I programmed both for other employees to run. Then I was tasked to make custom cross slides. I asked them were is the J Head that came with their Bridgeport mill. It was buried in a back room. I showed them how to set it up and mill oil groves in the dovetails of the cross slides. I didn't stay there long as they had no maintenance program nor did they offer any training to speak of other than me training young dudes that had no ambition. I retired at the age of 42 & I do miss working, hence watching others on YT do the work I used to do.

[@brokentrike1243]

I still work on old nc machines like these, keep them going,SHW mill,TOS horizontal,Matsura...etc etc.Hard to work on some of them.

[@MrWolfTickets]

6:34 ahh the spread bore carb. My 73 chrysler t&c wagon had a 440 with one and it was awesome. A joy around town and 18mpg on the freeway!

[@UQRXD]

My 72 got about 9mph on the highway 440 interceptor duel pump holly..

[@JohnnyAFG81]

My dads old Kennedy tool box is as old if not older than this video. Built stronger than anything out there.

[@general5104]

My Dad raised me in a gunsmith's shop and my "summer job" at age 16, was building parts for an old worn out turrent lathe, for a local machine shop. By the time I was 18, I had built enough parts to re-assemble it and then they gave me the job of running it in the job shop. I moved up as various schools became available. This was great until the president passed the OPEN TRADE AGREEMENT and made our industry share trade secrets with those in other countries. Tgat, in itself, shut down whole towns, that were built around manufacturing plants that had to shut down due to government laws! That was our country's downfall! It would take trillions of dollars to get back the status we had as a country out in front. Made in USA meant something! There was a lot of PRIDE that was IN EVERYTHING !!! Now we have large amounts of homeless!!!

[@johns3106]

I’m not a machinist…I just have a lot of respect for the folks who make the tools that make everything else!

[@jeremyboyce7921]

The Rochester Products QuadraJet. A true legend from Rochester NY.

[@michaelg3911]

This is great. Takes me back to my early working years.

[@ronthompson2366]

As a machinist I was excited to see this. It brought back some great old memories. It's time to get the vocational trades back into the schools. Things like appretiship and journeyman programs. Or when us old timers are gone there won't be anyone left.

[@kostis2849]

The most fun part is reading and decoding the film leader

[@chaddentandt9868]

Always enjoy thrse type of videos. Things made good and lasting...

[@camgere]

Thanks for posting this great film. They skipped over my favorite: the "upsetting" machine.

[@michaelharrison8036]

RIP Mr. Richard Eister. I never met a man who knew so much!

[@chrisfuller1268]

I enjoyed this video immensely. Thank you for posting it.

[@CiviL_Machine]

Thank you for posting this. I really enjoyed it.

[@lidarman2]

I love these old school videos. Right to the point. I feel like I recognize that narrator.

[@62Cristoforo]

That Pulsar digital wristwatch with the red LEDs was the very first digital wristwatch I ever saw. It cost a whopping $700. at the time, an obvious luxury. My brother bought it. The wrist band contained small magnets, in a tiny compartment, which were used to adjust date and time, when placed in a corresponding slot on the back of the watch.

[@slingerssecretlaboratory]

I'm a home amateur but find such films and content helpful even at my skill level

[@drlegendre]

Yeah.. I still remember when we used to make stuff. We made all kinds of stuff, most of it was pretty darn good, too. Yeah, those were good times.

[@amesadamson]

love it. everyone wears glasses! love it.

[@SeattleBoatdog]

I remember this from Jr. High School - I was 14 in 75' The husband of a couple who were very close friends with my parents, was a 40+ year "Master Tool and Die Maker" with an engineering degree, who was basically any of the older guys you see in this...

[@terrychandler3969]

I'm a retired tool&die maker started in 1968 in some areas tool makers are respected in most factories corporate sees use as a necessary evil that they have to pay a little higher wage to its been my experience that every die or mold that comes thru the shop was at least 6 wks behind before we even got the prints for it. All in all it was a rewarding career except for all the overtime 12 to 14 hr days and beyond

[@Vandal_Savage]

Those eyebrows @14:41 are great! 😃 Thanks for the upload

[@Matt-uj6jm]

Fond memories of the Jig Borers Bothwell road Hamilton 60s 70s visiting my father during school holidays. I served my time as a multi coded pipe welder construction North Sea 👍🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿

[@anawanstamp]

I probably saw this film in my high school vocational machine shop class when it was released. So I guess that makes me an old toolmaker now. Unfortunately, skills like this are almost extinct, at least in the United States. The young people today don’t want any part of learning a trade that requires working with your hands and getting them dirty.

[@benruniko]

I can totally imagine my dad watching this in high school shop class

[@everlast2658]

Fantastic documentary.proper engineering

[@fmphotooffice5513]

Today the finished machine made for the American company is shipped or made overseas to where labor is "most competitive". US apprenticeship in trades is a great idea for any young person. You get to work in what you spent your time and effort learning. Most of the rest of the workforce can join the "gig" economy. Good luck. (That's an amazing film transfer BTW.)

[@ADBBuild]

Working in the manufacturing field now, it's a little bit hilarious how slow everything was back then. No high speed servo motors or carbide tooling. Stamping hasn't changed much, but CNC machining sure has!

[@entropygun3661]

Them tape drive CNC’s at the 12:20 mark were fast for their day 😅🤓

[@davehall44]

@@entropygun3661 NC I think, you can see the reels reading another block there and at 16:02. Later in the '70s you could read the complete tape into a CNC buffer. There was a lot of work in the 80's pulling out old NCs and retrofitting CNCs.

[@BasementEngineer]

Carbide tooling has been around since the 1920's.

[@rustandoil]

The same video but showing British toolmaking would be equally facinating.. 👍🏻

[@Redneck_Hero]

Found this video randomly. Something about old 70s instructional videos that have a certain charm about them. I've also worked in a metal stamping factory like that

[@franksmodels29]

Great vid brings back memories when I started out as a tool and die maker👍🏻👍🏻

[@johnlawler1626]

Great video thanks for sharing 👌 👍

[@mikecrawford5331]

Amazing film thanks for sharing!

[@drysori]

I got my first shop job in 1980 and worked with punched paper tape on an NC machine. I quickly learned to program and edit G code with a teletype. The rest is my history.

[@alro2434]

Thanks.

[@hughmac13]

That Moore jig-borer is a classic.

[@terrygriffith6121]

Started serving my time in 1963 as a student apprentice four days in the toolroom and 1 day at further education per week five years of training and learning great times loved the trade why is it young people today shun the trade skills

[@janvisser2223]

Heating up a gage block in bare hands is not a good idea when calibrating a micrometre😀

[@kkknotcool]

That depends. Primarily on if your gonna be measuring on the floor or in an inspection room. If your on the floor, the parts probably gonna be warm from machining, so you want a warm block to calibrate from. If your in a 70 degree inspection room where the parts have been sitting for a day to get final inspection then you want a cold block to calibrate from.

[@danishdart]

That was awesome. If you have more it should be saved for the future.

[@whereswaldo5740]

That stone wall looked like different stone on top over the arch like possibly a repair. But you may be right about the mortar/cement. I have been told that concrete as in side walks driveways and roads lasts 200 years. That it is a chemical reaction we know hardening for the first hundred years then deteriorating for the next hundred.

[@RHCPFAN-yk6sw]

It’s too bad we won’t see the journeyman machinist path as a very important way to follow anymore. It doesn’t really seem like it is sought after as much as it was back in the day. My company is putting me through school to be a journeyman, but most companies I talk to don’t really seem to be concerned whether you are or you aren’t. Hopefully we can put these apprenticeships back into schools, and bring the quality of our work higher

[@MickeyDunaway]

This needs to be taught in our high schools

[@crumplezone1]

The 70s `Easy Rider" look was strong here !

[@Demosthenes84]

It's so interesting to see the history of my trade. Been a progressive toolmaker for 15 years now

[@judelarkin2883]

Listening to the testimonials from apprentices in manufacturing in 1975 is like watching a horror movie and knowing the murderer is in the closet. I’m trying to yell through the screen, look out! Asian manufacturing is right behind you! 😬 I’m half joking. A lot of the skilled machinists probably managed to navigate the changing manufacturing landscape. It was the production line workers that it hit the hardest but I’m sure it wasn’t easy for a lot of the machinists either.

[@Luvurenemy]

My dad built custom pressure vessels for offshore oil platforms. Their machine shop was the dingiest, dirtiest, and seemingly disorganized place ever. I always wondered if the condition of the machine shop was a function of the type of manufacturing or a function of the owners of the company.

[@Richie_]

I miss engineering. No shops left in London where I live.

[@AlwaysHopeful87]

Mixed feelings watching this.

[@chapiit08]

Same here.

[@74KU]

10:11 so gauge blocks that are hundreds of times more accurate than the parts they can make with said blocks.. where did the first gauge blocks come from and how were they measured accurately when no 'accurate' tooling existed beforehand? Screws.. the answer is screws.

[@lwilton]

I'm pretty sure I saw a calendar in an office in this film that said September 1979. Perhaps it is a little newer than stated on the can.

[@peahix]

the copyright date at the end of the film says 1975

[@StonesAndSand]

I saved a screen shot and compared the calendar dates...it's 1975.

[@electronixTech]

I looked at that too and it's a bit out of focus but I see September 1975 on the calendar. Also the clothing and hair styles look like what you would see in 1975 and the copyright date at the end says 1975.

[@rescdsk]

Some of the background music was bananas

[@paulkurilecz4209]

Thank you

[@unwired1281]

Thank god plaid pants are pretty much gone.

[@Willhardwood]

Eli Whitney was a con artist as far as the firearms were concerned. Love these old films and thanks for uploading.

[@ellieprice363]

Proof please

[@jackfrost2146]

In this modern world, toolmakers are almost as important as oxygen....

[@tonymiller8826]

Great video but they picked the wrong clock at the beginning, that's an Eli Terry Jr. or something very close to it. They were Mass produced in the 1850s. No known American clock/watch maker ever made them one at a time. Henry Ford came up with the assembly line for cars after touring the Waltham watch factory. Many clock and watch makers were making jigs and fixtures well before Eli Whitney.