(37) Paper Chromatography = Introduction, Methodology, Development Techniques | Chromatography | MAT

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Introduction to Paper Chromatography:
Paper chromatography is a type of chromatographic technique used for separation and analysis of mixtures. It relies on the differential partitioning of solutes between a mobile phase (usually a liquid solvent) and a stationary phase (a paper strip). This method is based on the principles of capillary action and differential migration rates of components in the mixture.
Methodology of Paper Chromatography:
Preparation of Sample and Paper Strip: A small amount of the sample to be analyzed is spotted or applied near the base of a chromatography paper strip. The sample should be water-soluble or dissolved in a suitable solvent. The paper used is typically cellulose-based and possesses capillary action.
Development: The bottom of the paper strip is placed in a container with a solvent (the mobile phase). As the solvent ascends through the paper via capillary action, it carries the sample components along. Each compound interacts differently with the solvent and the paper, leading to separation based on their affinity for the stationary and mobile phases.
Visualization: After the solvent front reaches near the top of the paper, the paper strip is removed and dried. The separated components are visualized using various techniques like UV light, staining agents, or chemical reagents that react specifically with certain compounds, producing visible spots or bands.
Development Techniques in Paper Chromatography:
a. Ascending Paper Chromatography: In this method, the solvent moves upward through the paper strip, carrying the sample components along. It's the most commonly used technique in paper chromatography.
b. Descending Paper Chromatography: Here, the solvent moves downwards through the paper strip. It's less frequently used compared to ascending chromatography.
c. Two-Dimensional Paper Chromatography: This method involves running the chromatogram in one solvent direction, drying the paper, then re-running it in a different solvent direction perpendicular to the first run. It provides enhanced separation of compounds.
d. Multi-Dimensional Chromatography: This advanced technique involves multiple rounds of separation using different solvents and/or stationary phases to achieve higher resolution and separation efficiency.
Applications of Paper Chromatography
Identification and separation of amino acids, sugars, dyes, and other organic compounds.
Qualitative analysis of plant pigments, pharmaceuticals, and forensic analysis (e.g., ink analysis).
Paper chromatography, while simple and cost-effective, might not offer the same level of resolution and sensitivity as other chromatographic methods like HPLC or GC. However, it remains valuable in various fields for qualitative analysis and separation of compounds.
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