A Neanderthal Perspective on Human Origins with Svante Pääbo - 2018

(1:45 - Svante Pääbo, 52:37 - Q&A) Most people are part-Neanderthal, the closest extinct human relative. Svante Pääbo explores human genetic evolution by analyzing preserved genetic material from the remains of ancient organisms, including Neanderthals. What can we learn from the genomes of our closest evolutionary relatives? Pääbo is an evolutionary anthropologist and pioneer of paleogenetics and the director of the Max Plank Institute of Evolutionary Genetics. He won the 2022 Nobel Prize in Medicine and was awarded the 2018 Nierenberg Award for Science in the Public Interest. Recorded on 10/03/2018. [12/2018] [Show ID: 34037]
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[@TheAj253]

This enthusiasm for what he does is why he's won the Nobel Prize! Infectious energy

[@Q_QQ_Q]

his father also had nobel .

[@Mojave4ever]

Paabo is the master! Always excellent, never includes a single ambiguous statement in his presentations, and although English is his second language - his ability to communicate is unsurpassed.

[@herrfriberger5]

English is his third language, after Swedish and German. He also know Russian and French as well as some Estonian, from his mother.

[@Reciclador817]

Scientifics are not ambiguous normally

[@jabbassoapbox4533]

I'm less than 10 minutes into presentation, but already gave video a like because this guy is explaining things much more clearly than most other people I've watched.

[@vinm300]

I've come across this lecturer before : he's the bee's-knees.

[@rockinbobokkin7831]

He is literally the top of the game in this field. That's not an exaggeration.

[@cesteres]

Because he actually knows what he's talking about

[@Thedamped]

Many of his papers are very readable as well. The guy's a badass!

[@dickhamilton3517]

learn to spell the thing you are accusing others of, johnny

[@sgrannie9938]

His enthusiasm is contagious. And I love listening to people who love what they do.

[@glutinousmaximus]

Superb presentation. I love his style and dry humour too. :0)

[@irajsaniee9384]

Excellent lecture accessible to a wide audience.

[@boabrahamsson7858]

superb information about Svante's research, longing for next step

[@lifetobelived9102]

Mr. Paabo has such a relaxing voice that just draws me into to absorb the information more fully.

[@sam08090]

Such an amazing Lecture ❤️ Congratulations on the Nobel Prize Dr. Svante Pääbo

[@rickbishop5987]

Thank you for this excellent video.

[@bobjackson4720]

Excellent update on information previously released.

[@kedarbhide007]

Prof SP is a recipient of Nobel Prize 2022. Glad to have watched and known him before that happened 😃😃

[@wolfgangneuhaus8782]

congratulation, dr. pääbo, for the nobel prize!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

[@johannageisel5390]

Thank you for sharing this! I have several times attempted to understand the process of human migration and intermixing in prehistoric times but I have never found that much detail about it. This was so enlightening!

[@zipsteri]

Johanna, keep in mind all migration and intermixing is derived from single markers (mutation) caused randomly in copying. Mutations are also caused by many other factors including radiations, diets, lifestyles etc.

[@21972012145525]

Me too! The closest I’ve seen is dr. Alice Roberts, but this is just as good! I started watching sapiens by dr. Hariri but couldn’t finish it...was getting boring

[@buckrogers5331]

Fantastic lecture. Impressed by the depth of search and research. Like, even the splitting of cells and the behaviour of stem cells between species.

[@johnmarks227]

Excellent presentation. Full of good information.

[@Tiili20]

Underbart bra föreläsning, som vanligt av dig, lugnt och sakligt. Jag brukar börja spela föreläsningen när jag går till sängs och sedan får den gå hela natten, om och om igen. Du har så rogivande röst.

[@theenglishlearningchannel259]

Fascinating! Mr Paabo is just wonderful!

[@alanreynoldson3913]

WOW! You can't just listen....you will get lost! The graphics help it make sense! A great lecture!

[@Ozgipsy]

I’ve rarely seen anyone so roundly respected and genuinely liked.

[@rowdeo8968]

What a great man who can actually communicate science to us lay people.

[@rudyvillalon]

Thank you Dr Pääbo for this excelent material and presentation!!! So, please hurry up to extract, analyse and publish about DNA samples from the new fossil discoveries of Homo floresensis, Homo naledi and Autralophitecus sediba. Their remaining DNA new information will add much more to our evolution understanding, such as you have done so far with Neanderthals and Denisovans.

[@asexualatheist3504]

I read about this chap. He and his team are brilliant.

[@MrTimetravler]

fascinating i hope there's more videos like this i love this type of subject

[@Greatblue56]

Fascinating presentation (and he’s funny too). Great video and presentation. 😊👍🏽

[@Yeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeet]

Fascinating Thank you... can’t wait to see what is known in 5-10-15 Years

[@chrissyb1885]

They’ve known

[@Joellarainbow]

Vary helpful, thank you!

[@janverboven]

Excellent presentation !

[@asexualatheist3504]

Excellent presentation

[@AjaySharma-jh7pr]

Wonderful lecture on our journey.

[@dawnandy7777]

Really interesting. Fun to listen to as well!

[@carstenlauridsen4961]

fantastic video!

[@thomasf.5768]

Pääbo is brilliant, as always !!! Great presentation ! **❄ Could "diabetes" be an anti-freeze for the blood in extreme cold?? ⛄ Some frogs push sugar into their cells before freezing. 🐸

[@scottengel6166]

I would think the opposite, as Pääbo said, type 2 diabetes occurs later in life. Neanderthals may have been set up for a low or no-carb diet with periods of fasting. Hunting, gorging on fatty meat, using the hide and fur to stay warm and burning ketones for energy would be the formula for success. Living in extreme cold, I haven't seen diabetes help anybody, it is not an adaptation. But I have seen the frogsicles you mention and that is a fascinating thought. Thank you for your insightful comment.

[@michaels4255]

Africans get diabetes too.

[@mmestari]

Diabetes type 1 and 2 are very different actually. And for type 2 there's different genetic effects, that cause similar condition, but if we look at them individually as adaptations, they would be adaptations for different things.

[@auto-did-act]

Oooh! interesting thought!

[@76rjackson]

@@scottengel6166 intriguing thought! From one perspective it makes a certain sense if you think about how sickle cell confers a kind of adaptive advantage against malaria. But diabetes leads to amputations because it plays hell with the microvasculature since it strokes out the capillaries of the extremities so blood flow is greatly reduced or completely impeded. No or low blood flow in the severe cold of an ice age climate would lead quickly to frostbitten fingers and toes. Lose your fingers and you lose your hands and hunters don't catch much prey saying, "Look, mammoth, no hands!"

[@dogfacedgod]

Absolutely fascinating.

[@mariusj8542]

Congrats with the Nobel prize!

[@hypersonicmonkeybrains3418]

This is absolutely fascinating stuff tho, i hope they make more discoveries so they can garner more dna to feed into the picture.

[@zianian]

Happy Nobel Prize Day Y'all !!

[@Andor.Schobin]

Einfach Super.

[@TropicalCoder]

Fascinating!

[@pixelpatter01]

The fact that 40% to 50% of the Neanderthal DNA still survives was a surprise. I had always assumed it was around 2% but now I understand that each individual carries a different and small part of that surviving neanderthal component.

[@afterthedrjay]

No , you misconstrue the evidence. He refers to the very old and dead bones found on site in a dig and the DNA testing of it to determine its sequencing. The majority of their genes are long gone unless Genetic engineering brings it back.

[@pixelpatter01]

@@afterthedrjay I may have misunderstood but this article says what I was thinking. www.livescience.com/42933-humans-carry-20-percent-neanderthal-genes.html At 20:10 he states that about 40% of the Neanderthal genome still exists "walking around today".

[@cathjj840]

As I said elsewhere to you, I believe it's you, Linda, who have misunderstood.

[@zipsteri]

Where did the neandertals in Europe come from? They pass over this fact by saying verticals have existed for over 2 million years. Maybe everybody didn't come from Ethiopia?

[@cathjj840]

Ravi - Neanderthals also came from Africa, but I don't know if they can determine from which part of it. I saw a chart once with a sort of arrow from the Northwest part pointing straight across the Mediterranean Sea, but that was probably no more than a general indication from Africa towards Europe. it should be noted, however, that the continents, seas and oceans were not the same as they are today (for example, the Sahara desert has seen many periods where it was green savannah with the world's largest fresh water lakes). Was it possible for them to go directly into Europe or did they have to go via the Middle East? Estimates I've seen speak of their arrival in Europe (or Eurasia?) around 500,000 years ago, and a last common ancestor with h.sapiens (us) about 700.000 years ago. I haven't seen any conjecture about where or when the Denisovans originated.

[@DulceN]

Simply fascinating.

[@johnbryant8603]

Thank you 🙏🏽

[@davidjames1007]

Very interesting, thank you

[@Dyslexic-Artist-Theory-on-Time]

Very good info!!!

[@ArkyHaynes]

Excellent speaker!!!

[@mrmosk2011]

Congratulations to Prof. Paabo for getting the Nobel prize. This is the kind of leading research that we should keep strictly academic and not used for any political reasons. Similar to AI, cloning, and nuclear weapons, it can be used by bad people for evil goals. The ethical questions raised by this research require wide and deep discussions.

[@correalgeco]

Amazing. I loved it.

[@parmacron]

Fantastic

[@noahschmartz2354]

Really starting to like this guy, genuine straight talker to the layman.

[@BigPictureYT]

Excellent. Thanks!

[@kathrynreid2508]

Wow, what a formidable brain this man has....he fascinated me with the depth of his knowledge,,,,Bravo!

[@JS-zy6pw]

Wonderful

[@patrickbrumm1282]

seven minutes in and I can feel his excitement

[@rainerausdemspring3584]

I didn't know he has such a sense of humour. Greetings from Erkrath the city of the Neanderthal.

[@davidkuder4356]

Wow. Excellent!!

[@monicabennett6620]

Svante Paabo gets my vote as THE scientist of the 21st century.

[@rridderbusch518]

He got a Nobel Prize today! :-D

[@baskerlovelyquotes5324]

Congratulations on your achievement of Noble prize

[@rhondasisco-cleveland2665]

Fabulous

[@moonoggin]

What a great title you have here

[@rollinwithunclepete824]

Very Good Video! This is why I love KZbin!

[@theknave4415]

An interesting presentation. Thank you!

[@mikeharrington5593]

A very engaging lecture, though I remain skeptical that scientists can really be so confident at this stage that their accuracy in assessing the effects of gene expression is 100%. However it's such a highly specialized expert field that outsiders can't really question their reporting & conclusions, but I hazard a guess that any small oversights or incorrect assumptions may have significant repercussions upon those conclusions reached to date.

[@poliandro9957]

Of course, science is fallible as it will always be: inquiry is open ended in that sense. However Paabo seems to have very ably presented the state of the art. So by now--until discordant real data emerge or other precise objections are found-- scepticism is unwarranted. This is the best interpretation available.

[@HeySenthil]

The gentleman at the end who asked questions had a valid point but was surprised to hear an uncritical answer from Dr.Paabo. Modern human technology development didn't progress for a long period of time (100000 years) and then we have this almost expontential explosion of technology in a short period of time(5000 years). If we arbitrarily choose one of the stagnant period in our evolution we will not look so "special". So far it seems like imodern humans had more babies and had more offsprings survive than other human counterparts. We just seem to out number other human cousins. That's more of a biological evolutionary advantage than us being more "intelligent". Our technological development takes an upward trend after the end of the ice age. Shouldn't we entertain the idea we were at the right in the right place, with right numbers, with right tools to take advantage of intelligence that all human cousins possessed?

[@BoDiddly]

Evidence today (gobekli Tepe, Teotihuacan, and many other sites) is showing that humans have been using technology long before 5000 years ago by humans we know nothing about, so you can't say that it just happened suddenly.

[@HeySenthil]

I didn't mean to convey early humans didn't use technology but the rate of development sped up very rapidly after urbanization.

[@aylbdrmadison1051]

@ Senthil Vinu : I thought the exact same thing when he said that. Who knows where Neanderthals and Denisovans would be if they had been left alone for the last 40,000 years. But as far as technology goes, I've always found wisdom, even plain common sense, to be far more important. One should ask themselves: has technology really been the best answer? I am still unconvinced. It is often used to help humans, and to a much lesser degree, our environment. But that is exactly my point, through the extreme lack of wisdom of a large portion of humanity that see's more often solely through the eyes of greed than not, our environment has suffered tremendously, as has our ability to coexist with each other without risking even total annihilation of our entire species. We ourselves as individuals suffer more in many ways _because_ of technology, and we even potentiate our own demise as a species, and of course as individuals then too.

[@ohmrnorway9830]

Senthil Vinu gobleki tepi is much the same as stonehenge. A religious place, no huge population in the area, but probably people from all around came helping to build it. Like a pilgrimage. They buried it when religion changed. Easier then destroying it all

[@ohmrnorway9830]

Monuments yes, citys? Not likely

[@KeithPluas]

Absolutely fascinating. I have a layman's question, though. Interbreeding with Neanderthals provided some of us homo sapiens with an average of 2% of their genome, but we can reconstruct up to 40% or more of their genome by adding the individual contributions. Does it mean that such contributions are random in their distribution?

[@chrissyb1885]

You think we could be so advanced?

[@nomadpurple6154]

Layman answer. It means many of the bits of Neanderthal DNA I have are different to the bits of Neanderthal DNA you have, even if we both have 2% But there is not equal distribution. Some places in the genome will have no Neanderthal DNA hence the 60% that isn't found - a couple of reasons would be it was incompatible with Homo Sapiens, it was a disadvantage compared to Homo Sapien DNA (so deselected by natural selection) or if there was a gender bias in the flow events (mostly male Neanderthal or female) then maybe it was not transferred. There is known clumps of Neanderthal DNA in modern humans from natural selection ie the pigmentation & behaviour ones identified by the analysis which means you and I are more likely to both have these bits. So it was likely to be random on the first hybrid but as we go down the generations some parts stay randomly distributed and some have not.

[@Scroticus_Maximus]

Fascinating lecture but his hypnotic voice keeps putting me to sleep.

[@rodolforiedel9973]

Grazie, bellissimo.

[@aylbdrmadison1051]

So in essence what this all tells us; is that it is our ability to change, our diversity, that made us more adaptable and why we flourished more rapidly than our "archaic" cousins. *Celebrate diversity. It is where true strength and tenacity lie.*

[@ArthurHau]

He told us NOTHING. He is trying so hard to support the now very shaky hypothesis called Out of Africa Theory that is no longer supported by the most recent archaeology findings. The only thing we know right now is that we are all hybrids of possibly many different kinds of homo species depending on the regions our ancestors were in. The hybridization of different homo species resulted in something we call races today. People from all over the world are different because of the different hybridization pathways our ancestors took. But races were the result of isolation in the past. As our world is becoming more and more open, we will be mixing together much better so that races will be non-existence in the future because everyone will be different and racial differences simply mean nothing.

[@toserveman9317]

"Celebrate diversity. It is where true strength and tenacity lie." Not what be should be focused on politically when looking at the nature of selection and extinction.

[@nicktecky55]

"Celebrate diversity. It is where true strength and tenacity lie." The Vikings weren't so hot on diversity, they were pretty strong and tenacious. There was this bloke called Genghis Khan, you might like to look him up sometime. "Diversity" in a population is always a temporary effect, anything that weakens the genetic pool is selected against, anything that enhances it is selected for. Uniformity is the rule. Changes in the environment drive genetic change in the long term. The most recent archaeology in the UK, for example. That shows that the story that the Anglo Saxons arrived, raping and pillaging like the Vikings before them, laying waste to the country, and driving the Britons out to the "Celtic" fringes, is a myth, driven by a more recent victim complex rather than the facts. What is now clear is that any violence around at the time was consistent with the occasional drunken brawl after a night on the mead! It is still speculative to give a mechanism, but my money is on Female Preference. The Anglo Saxons arrived and settled; maybe they were more effective at farming and thereby providing for the family, especially the children; the British women said to themselves "I'm having some of that", the rest, as they say is history. The Britons disappear within 3 or 4 generations. We saw the same effect when the Romans arrived, in almost no time the Romano-British came along, for my money, the British women took a good long look at their wooden huts, saw the mosaics and spas, and decided to move in.

[@toserveman9317]

@@nicktecky55 While it could be true about briton in those time periods, it is NOT a universal that "females choose." 'Female choice' is political concoction the north invented -- both 'wishful thinking' and at best an 'argument ad nature' to bolster our modern pro female zeitgeist as 'natural.' Male mammals and repts and many other clade's males notoriously engage in tournament _mano a mano_ violence (ends female choice); even handicap-principle orgs (most birds) -- i.e females do choose -- are still environment selection more than freewill choice. Lastly as a political motivator narrative, it seems this 'fems choose' _argument ad nature_ would strengthen and legitimatize men's rights NOT the reverse. (And our pro female belief [e.g "females choose"] is actually a political tool runts males use to get rid of heartier males from childhood [''sneaky male' reproductive strategy]. I.e feminism is still rooted in *male v male* tournament;' i.e males trying to limit female choice.)

[@pugilist102]

@@nicktecky55 I wouldn't include Genghis Khan as an example against diversity. His army, his people, were actually quite diverse. Central Asia is the crossroad between east and west. A large portion of the Mongol army were not 'Mongols' per se but other nomadic Steppe peoples that ranged from Turkic to Iranian speakers. He also included Chinese and Persian engineers and his empire tolerated diverse religions.

[@LynxSouth]

The map at 46:00 shows two migrations from Africa toward the east, with one going through the south of the Arabian Peninsula and India, then on to Oceania. It's attributed to Prof. Wang of Beijing. Didn't I read that this theory has been disproven? Anybody (with clarifying info)?

[@ivtch51]

Great talk. Svante is always interesting to listen to.

[@philipcunningham4125]

Brilliant.

[@darslandr]

Wonderfull👍

[@christopherellis2663]

Very enjoyable, I have visited some N sites, and like experimental archeology.

[@lifetobelived9102]

If my 2 3 and me genetic testing is accurate I have an above average amount of Neanderthal and one variant for shortness. My second cousin has even a higher level. When I looked up what that meant health wise I found research studies showing people with more having a higher amount are more prone to anxiety and depression. It is actually reassuring in an odd way to know that there is a genetic basis for my anxiety and depression prone personality.

[@lifetobelived9102]

It's funny the type 2 diabetes and early births also runs in our family. Not extremely yearly but up to a month early.

[@afterthedrjay]

Epigenetics triggered by stress "cortisol"in the womb can switch off and on genetic expressions that may cause the fetus to later be more easily depressed. Check out the research outline. kzbin.info/www/bejne/on7TZ2Wkesx6hKs

[@_Diana_S]

Life tobelieved, maybe, you should go to the diet that Neanderthals had (low-carb, keto or carnivore with fasting), this may help you to relieve your anxiety and other symptoms? I am watching lots of these videos lately, and I hear in many of them, and read in comments, that people got better with change of diet. Especially, if you know there may be a genetic justification for you to go on it?

[@Jefferdaughter]

@@_Diana_S - Yes. Dr. Georgia Ede, MD is a psychologist who became interested in the effects of diet on the brain. In one of her presentations, she shares how a study found that people experienced an adrenaline spike a few hours after consuming a sugary beverage. Some experience that as anxiety, others as aggression. 'Mood and Memory: How Sugar affects Brain Chemistry' kzbin.info/www/bejne/hWnIg2OIaNiAftk Also - 'Our descent Into Madness: Modern Diets and the Global Mental Health Crisis' kzbin.info/www/bejne/ionPh5mtf5uFh7c Of course no one on Earth ate refined/processed seed oils (deceptively marketed as 'vegetable') until the 20th century. Refined flours and sugar were not widely available until 'a blink of an eye' ago in human history... or the chemical solvents used in extracting seed oils... or the 10,000 +/- chemical additives or residues transferred from food and beverage packaging... or the increasing amounts of synthetic pesticide residues contaminating our food... Real, whole foods and traditionally prepared foods - like fermented foods, seem like the best choice for all of us.

[@erynlasgalen1949]

@@_Diana_S I have a high percentage of Neanderthal DNA according to 23andMe, and I have lifelong anxiety and depression. I also have excellent spatial reasoning abilities, which is supposedly from Homo Heidelbergensis ancestry. I take the good with the bad. One thing this knowlege has led me to do is follow a paleo diet as opposed to the low fat high grain diet recommended by the medical experts. I feel much better and have lost weight, although obesity was never a problem for me due to lifestyle. Once I realized I wasn't designed to eat high quantities of grain but rather large quantities of red meat and fat, I feel like I did when I was a teen and ate more or less the same diet -- a high quality protein and crunchy green vegetable diet with little starch. I totally cut out soda in favor of water and don't even miss it. I'm proud of every drop of Neanderthal in me. That hybrid vigor allowed my ancestors to function in the chsllenging climate of northern Europe.

[@angelosenteio]

That last part about humanizing the brains of mice sounds like a bad idea. What do I know I’m part Neanderthal.

[@headfirst6227]

Think it might break out of it’s cage every night and try to take over the world?

[@juanitaschlink2028]

What could possibly go wrong? I, for one, welcome our new mouse overlords.

[@georgeexorc3121]

if we make a human-chimp genome comparison and a neanderthal-chimp genome comparison, which shows more similarities?

[@tamorap1614]

Känner mig stolt!! 😃

[@tomithy6047]

This dudes olympic level footwork in dodging those eggshells. Dont blame him, though, one awkwardly worded phrase could cost him his career.

[@guineapig55555]

f*k off nazi

[@ichmalealsobinich]

Pääbo mentioned that between the 1st occurrence of Neanderthals 500kyr ago and their total decline in 25kyrs ago no difference in technology can be observed. But he forgot that Neanderthals were the first human beeing who buried their deaths and that the oldest artworks such as the paintings of Chauvet caves and the Venus of HohenNeuendorf were created >40000 years ago, a time point when Neanderthals still lived in Europe and modern humansfrom Africa just started to invade Europe. One can also doubt that ancient modern humans are still the same as the African human beeings of our times. Evolution is not stopping and not an one-way-street.

[@vandalheartz4]

stop at 9:49 my mind floating, great works btw specialist brain only

[@MiloLabradoodle]

Fascinating conclusions and future research questions derived from machine learning.

[@j.b.4340]

@11:40, I’ve found that when a challenge goes out that something cannot be done or found, it motivates people to prove them wrong. So, the “negativity” has value.

[@tmstani23]

This is fascinating and this guy's voice puts me right to sleep.

[@LeeTheMagnificent]

this guy is a genius. he knows what he is talking about. and funny too.

[@LeeTheMagnificent]

we need to clone him before his dna deteriorates or mutates.

[@DavisMann]

Fly suit, too, Svante! Looking fresh!

[@HYTELES]

I really like his voice!

[@rajatjha707]

Who's here after Professor Paabo won the 2022 Biology Nobel prize.

[@maryistulsafox]

Good question is anyone checking bears the way were checking people?

[@zipsteri]

Excellent information. But puzzling questions arise. Nuclear DNA has 3.2 billion nucleotides of which about 30000+ form controlling genes in humans. So if a small fragment of Neandertal DNA is found, where in the genome does this fragment sit? I know duplication is used to lengthen the sequence. But where on the 3.2 billion long sequence? Genetists have to conduct studies to see how many modern polymers in our blood stream (from plastics, pesticides and pharmaceuticals) are affecting the mutation rates, the socalled markers, in the genome. Reich calles them random mistakes. It appears the basis of all studies is the location of these markers. It seems people like Svante Paabo, David Reich and others are very creative in their fields. But the question of 30000+ genes ( about 600,000 base pairs) spread over the whole is a very very small fraction. And statistical manipulatation is also used a lot in analyses. The picture becomes even more murky, when you consider that many genes influence the formation of one end event in the physical body. Help! help!

[@chrissyb1885]

I’d love to pick your Brain!!

[@cgfreeandeasy]

Mr. Pääbo, what about the Group of Y-DNA-Haplogroup R1b arround northern Gabun? Are they comes to Afrika bevor they become any Gen-transfer from Neandertalers?

[@CrazyLeiFeng]

There were "back to Africa" waves in the antiquity.

[@I_leave_mean_comments]

One thing that everyone is afraid to talk about is the MCPH1 gene... which came from neanderthals, and is related to increased brain growth. It's the reason that non-sub-Saharan Africans tend to have higher IQs.

[@elliottbrown1329]

That is categorically false Quote: "Later genetic association studies by Mekel-Bobrov et al. and Evans et al. also reported that the genotype for MCPH1 was under positive selection. An analysis by Timpson et al., found "no meaningful associations with brain size and various cognitive measures".[23] A later 2010 study by Rimol et al.[12] demonstrated a link between brain size and structure and two microcephaly genes, MCPH1 (only in females) and CDK5RAP2 (only in males). In contrast to previous studies, which only considered small numbers of exonic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and did not investigate sex-specific effects, this study used microarray technology to genotype a range of SNPs associated with all four MCPH genes, including upstream and downstream regulatory elements, and allowed for separate effects for males and females."

[@liiviplumkvist5746]

Hi, can we find also some Australopithecus or Ardi genes in modern day or ancient chimpanzee populations? Can they also interbreed sometimes? If I remember right, there was a “ missing link” humanzee Oskar? Can that strange chimp bee some acient human genes carrier?

[@7inrain]

We don't have the genomes of Australopithecus or Ardipithecus because at 3 - 5 million years of age they are too old. Specimens of that age most likely don't contain extractable DNA, at least not with today's methods.

[@curt_allred]

I'm so glad I watched this! Now we have the scientific answer to the question: "Are we descended in part from Neanderthals?"

[@rondonalves2897]

in the genetic line we are cousins, but yes... we are part descendants if we considered that our ancestors had mate and carry few genes from them.

[@bigbones2010]

This explains so much as far as Genesis and all of our origins. I see why we differ, and the purpose why we had to be different to progress as 1 species. I love you guys. All of you.

[@Appleblade]

I was going to hold off with my 'like' until he produced some content, but as soon as he sounded like the Swedish Chef, I had to let it drop. Like!

[@zippedydoo1]

I'm cracking up at 17:35, people who claim scientists lack a sense of humor have never met one

[@hiyacynthia]

Maybe women write in saying their husbands are Neanderthals but this professor is definitely not a “Neanderthal”! So knowledgeable and gentle too

[@dank560]

If we extrapolate from the statement that modern humans are 'special', I think it's a fair speculation to suggest the possibility of human genetic intervention from an outside source. There is no other species that has demonstrated such a rapid evolutionary development. I can't help but feel that Mr. Pääbo was hinting at this possibility...

[@Leogalassi75]

Danny, I risk sounding rude, and that's not my intention. But I think we see what we want to see. I didn't get that at all from the presentation. No hint of intelligent design or something like it... Hope you'll excuse my comment.

[@dank560]

@@Leogalassi75 ​ Not rude, at all. The more discussion, the better, imo, and I welcome your discourse! It's obvious that science is, really, still in it's infancy regarding modern human evolution. The confirmation that we interbred with Neanderthal, at all, is less than a decade old! I wasn't suggesting intelligent design, ( though, I believe it would be intellectually remiss to deny the possibility)...my own thought was drifting more toward interaction with an alien species! (Albeit, an equally ludicrous proposal in the eyes of many!) I have, simply, yet to hear a compelling explanation for such an enormous leap in the cognitive development of modern humans. Consider that Neanderthal existed for 400 thousand years, virtually, unchanged. Yet modern man went from the stone age to walking on the Moon in less than 40k!? Even with a chance genetic mutation resulting in a more complex brain circuitry, it strikes me that it would taken longer to evolve to current levels. Language skills explain a lot, but that also seems to have occurred suddenly and we still don't know why... Regardless, I'm too old to be easily offended! Fortunately, my curiosity remains intact! ;)

[@Leogalassi75]

@@dank560 Flawless reasoning. You're absolutely right when you imply that we cannot dismiss a theory just because we don't like it and still call ourselves "scientific". Well, I shun any outside involvement in our development, but I can't just dismiss it altogether. I cumpliment you on your clearness of mind, and thank you for your kindness. Cheers!

[@leebarnes655]

Me three if I can join late. I'm more in line with Leogalassi with a possible way to explain the rapid 'evolution' of the modern human. My pet theory involves the OOA humanity pump utilizing a unique to Africa tool known as the Sahara Desert today. But at the peak of the ice age that same area was verdant grass land with fresh water lakes that surpass the Great Lakes of North America in size and volume. Plenty of fish and wild game on those grasslands would draw hominids as well. And then the receding of the ice age causing three things to happen to our hominids. Die in situ, migrate OOA or migrate back into Southern Africa to back breed and cause hybrid vitality among other aspects known to geneticists. Evolution following the same lines as genetics but often stated as taking eons to occur, I call your attention to the overnight appearance of the dog and all it's forms created by human design in their breeding and interbreeding, backbreeding and straight line breeding used at will and with a purpose, it still happened overnight in comparison to the ways of evolution. There have been thousands of ice ages and possibly thousands of ejaculations of hominids OOA, each one a slightly better human than the last perhaps? Rapid evolution in short and in a nutshell, its actually based more on what we know of genetics. Some time apart, and mutations take place in both populations and then back breeding causes both the originator to appear again as well as something else that never did exist before. And the better equipped then would naturally replace others by simple overpopulating the lesser equipped. Rinse and repeat. This does explain the one way purity of Africa not having denisovan or neanderthal, those hominids could have backbreed more than one step backwards with different results, combined with the traffic flow is out, not into Africa due to the very effective check valve of a vast waterless zone of death that quickly follows each OOA migration. Language alone, although a major advantage, is nothing without traditional histories told around the camp fire. Verbal history tradition being the only way outside of writing to store what knowledge has been gained over several generations. Writing is what took mankind out of the stone age as he has been thrown back into the stone age countless times. It's only the written word on clay tablets that have us where we are today. And only by happenstance that we find those clay tablets that survived the eons since they were written and cached. The written word spanning 300 years on paper better than nothing, still leaves us much more informed than ever before. But only significantly so when combined with educating the young universally to read and write as well, not all advancement has come from the privileged elite who too often set the rules about educating the masses to favor their own selfish inbreeding habits. And we know how badly this habit of theirs turns out to be from the almost timeless written word. Knocked back into the stone age, our only hope is find some more clay tablets and figure out yet again what they say and then emulate them as best we can yet again.

[@johnvonshepard9373]

thx

[@rondonalves2897]

QUESTIONdoes anybody know what is the most likely common ancestor of neanderetal-denisovans-homosapiens? is it hidelbergensis or homo erectus? i believe it's hiderberngesis since it is more recent, but recently i heard that there's a chance of being erectus or variation of that. thanks

[@LynxSouth]

I'm no expert, but as far as I know, it's (still) heidelbergensis.

[@auto-did-act]

Progesterone also has a function in brain tissue recovery after trauma. The genetic variance may have little to do with premature births and more to do with brain development and recovery in a dangerous environment.

[@cathjj840]

I wondered if favoring miscarriage when resources are scarce isn't a way of not squandering them on the superior needs of pregnancy and nursing as well as the resulting extra mouths to feed that would remain unproductive for a long time.

[@carriestaker3856]

Is it not possible that as babies got larger they needed to be delivered earlier. Humans are most dependent at birth....