DMN and the Amygdala in Neuropsychiatric Issues

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The Default Mode Network (DMN) in Neuropsychiatric Issues
Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes PhD, LPC-MHSP, LMHC
AllCEUs Counselor Education
Objectives
Describe the function and interactions of the Default Mode Network, the Salience and Emotion Network and the Executive Control Network
Explore network dysfunction as a result of physical or emotional trauma
Explain how these networks have been implicated in neuropsychiatric issues
Explain how activities that promote neuroplasticity can be used to improve regulation of the networks
3 Networks: SEN, ECN, DMN
Roles of the networks include the consolidation of memory, facilitation of working memory, continuous situational awareness, processing of emotionally-salient stimuli, and the interplay between emotional processing and cognitive functions
Salience and Emotion Network
Cognitive Control / Executive Control Network
Default Mode Network
SEN
Salience & Emotion Network (Scout): Detects and filters salient emotional and sensory stimuli, as well as in recruiting relevant functional networks (includes the amygdala)
Connectivity between the SEN (especially the amygdala) and ECN may facilitate superior adaptive behavior in the context of emotionally salient information
3 Networks
Executive Control Network/ Cognitive Control Network (logical mind): Takes control and actively processes information (opposite of DMN)
The DMN
The default-mode (auto-pilot/projection/emotional mind) refers to a state in which an individual is alert, but not actively involved in an attention-demanding or goal-directed tasks and interprets salient stimuli based on prior experiences / schema
The anterior DMN participates in attribution of personal value and emotional regulation
The posterior DMN, directs attention to the internal world
The amygdala while not part of the DMN has extensive projections to the orbital frontal cortex (OFC) and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (MPFC)
Parts of the DMN...
Orbital Frontal Cortex: Reward value of sensory stimuli (i.e. taste and smell)
Medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC): Empathy
The DMN
DMN dysfunction is implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), epilepsy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), prenatal cocaine exposure, anxiety, depression, PTSD and personality disorders (ASPD, BPD, NPD)
The 3 Networks
SEN is constantly noting stimuli and based on their salience either allows the DMN to stay activated(nothing to see here) or recruits the ECN (needing input or active intervention)
The Impact of Trauma
Trauma is when a person is exposed to a threat to their person or safety or the safety of a significant other.
When people experience chronic trauma (DV, PTSD…) it keeps the HPA-Axis activated and causes the hippocampus (emotion regulation) to shrink and the amygdala (fear processing) to enlarge.
Because of its strong connection to the DMN, when the amygdala is hyperactive, it prompts auto-pilot/fear-based/reactive responses… no time to think just fight or flee.
Additionally, the enlarged amygdala in people with anxiety contributes to hypervigilance and stimulus over-generalization
When the DMN is active it often drifts into the thoughts that are most salient for the person
Greater levels of mind-wandering within the depressed group were associated with stronger SEN/DMN connectivity
Other Research
In individuals with addictions
Connectivity of the anterior DMN (emotional regulation) tends to be decreased..
Interventions
When the brain is directed towards a task or goal or being in the present moment (including guided imagery or mindfulness), the default network deactivates and there is an increase in functional connectivity with the executive control network (logical mind)....
Summary
Becoming aware of the DMN, SEN and ECN can help us understand why some people tend to ruminate more and be more reactive while others operate from a more cognitive perspective
It also helps us understand the long-tail benefits of things like meditation which improve the connectivity of the SEN to the ECN and enhance Task Induced Deactivation of the DMN
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[@suewoo5]

KZbin is a wonderful tool. This is a free university grade lecture. All of her work is. Thank you

[@DocSnipes]

You’re most welcome. Thank you for watching the video

[@lxxxicon2206]

This is definitely one of my favorite channels. The info is presented in such a digestible way, and I believe that these videos are applicative to less severe issues, e.g. forming better habits (like quitting tobacco). Watching these videos also provides a great way for those of us less familiar with the brain and neuroscience to get our foot in the door... So thanks for the amazing resource, which definitely engaged my ECN!

[@DocSnipes]

TY! Thanks for watching.

[@euripidean]

These topics are so interesting but also relevant to me personally. You are an excellent educator. Even as a lay person, I can understand much more complex and detailed information than I ever thought I could. Also, as you explain things in everyday terms, I often recognize my own experiences as I listen and become more aware and knowledgeable about my own anxiety and depression. Thank you!

[@runwiththewind3281]

Thank you for helping me understand me. My compliments to your lectures.

[@DocSnipes]

Glad you like them!

[@nicholaspaz]

You really do a thorough job at explaining and exploring such important topics as these. I am impressed by your delivery every time. Thank you for all you do. You are a great teacher 🍏

[@X786BBF]

So many pieces of the puzzle are falling into place, thank you!

[@DocSnipes]

Very Welcome

[@navitalian]

Thank you very much. Very clear explanation.

[@ahamoment3626]

Thank you so much Dawn for bringing this information to us. This discussion was incredibly informative and reminds me a lot of the relationship between the id, ego and superego discussions from way back in the day and their relationship to trauma.

[@DocSnipes]

You are so welcome! I worked hard trying to make this one understandable. :)

[@lorelimoulton741]

Excellent presentation. You did a great job explaining everything thoroughly .

[@user-qy4po3gm3y]

Thanks a lot for everything you do!

[@DocSnipes]

My pleasure!

[@ambujjain]

Great details presented in an easy-to-understand manner. Thank you :)

[@DocSnipes]

You’re so welcome. Thanks for watching

[@cristian91re]

This is good, I'm understanding much better what's happening to me!

[@DocSnipes]

Thanks for watching. Wishing you peace, health, and happiness.

[@john007abc]

The presentation was fantastic!! Thank you very much! I wonder how all of this connects/interacts with the polyvagal theory? (Specifically regarding creating new patterns that moves us away from a reaction that is fear-based(such as phobias). Thank you again 🙏

[@TheGroundedPsychic]

Fascinating and highly informative, thank you!

[@DocSnipes]

You’re so welcome. Thanks for watching. Here are the videos on the HPA axis: kzbin.infosearch?query=HPA

[@svenz.1391]

Great lesson 👍 thank you for sharing

[@DocSnipes]

You’re most welcome! Thanks for watching!

[@JUBAsniper100]

Such a very great job!

[@DocSnipes]

Ty

[@irenemacdonald4955]

Really good clear explanation of what goes on in my brain

[@DocSnipes]

Thanks for watching!

[@euripidean]

I love how you say "... when the SEN and DMN become *BFFs*." :)

[@marthadavidson8271]

Thank you for sharing this valuable information on emotional processing

[@DocSnipes]

Thanks for watching. Wishing you peace, health, and happiness.

[@TristineBarry]

Thank you again!

[@DocSnipes]

Welcome

[@0FelipeTorres0]

Superb presentation! Incredible implications =D Our mind is so untamed and our "attention" is stolen through so many media. Time to go exercise my ECN ^^

[@DocSnipes]

Thank you for watching.

[@VirtualNLPCoach]

This was amazing 🤩

[@DocSnipes]

Thank you so much for watching. What is your favorite tip from the video?

[@NoemieMarcianoKinzel]

Merci mille fois

[@DocSnipes]

Thanks for watching.

[@KarlMagnusBlindheim]

I don't know if you have the time to read comments on KZbin but I wanted to both thank you and propose an idea. I personally have an ADHD diagnosis and PTSD-symptoms from intimate partner violence. I am familiar with the DMN in relation to ADHD but I had no idea that the DMN is so involved in trauma. My question is this: how does the DMN/trauma connection apply to people with ADHD who already have dysfunction in the default mode network? I am personally looking into this subject at the moment and I am hoping to use this knowledge on my own road to recovery from domestic abuse. So a video on this topic would be amazing and greatly appreciated.

[@TheNormallyOpen]

Excellent video, is this part of a course that you offer? All the best

[@DocSnipes]

Thanks for watching. CEUs can be found at allceus.com

[@edgreen8140]

What ever happened to those calcium channel blockers which were supposed to stop cacium from stimulating the amygdala?

[@applecjack]

Very interesting and informative presentation. As someone with CPTSD and who has seen the immense benefits of meditation, I believe my SEN is constantly directing my DMN to activate to the neglect of my ECN. It is, however, impossible to know exactly what is going on from the perspective of just my thoughts. Doc Snipes: Could you possibly give me advice as to how to find a clinician that specializes in the neuroscience of CPTSD? I would be quite interested in an fMRI and performing relevant tests (such as Task Induced Deactivation of DMN). Such information would not only be informative but might be used to guide future therapeutic interventions for me such as rTMS, etc. Thanks!

[@DocSnipes]

* Finding a clinician who specializes in the neuroscience of Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD) and is experienced with neuroimaging techniques like functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and therapeutic interventions such as repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) can be a nuanced process. Here are some steps you can take to locate a specialist who fits your needs: 1. Research Clinicians and Institutions: Look for clinicians or institutions that have a focus on trauma and PTSD. Many times, these professionals will have experience with the latest neuroscientific approaches to understanding and treating CPTSD. 2. Check Credentials and Specializations: Ensure that the clinicians you consider have the necessary credentials and are specialized in trauma-informed care. It's important that they understand the neurobiological impact of trauma and are trained in the specific interventions you're interested in. 3. Inquire About Neuroimaging and Tests: Directly ask potential clinicians if they have experience with fMRI and specific tests like Task Induced Deactivation of the Default Mode Network (DMN), which is relevant to understanding the neurobiological changes in CPTSD. 4. Discuss Therapeutic Interventions: Have a conversation about the use of rTMS and other therapeutic interventions. It's crucial that the clinician is not only familiar with these treatments but also has practical experience administering them. 5. Consider Their Approach: Some clinicians may use a strengths-based biopsychosocial approach to treatment, which can be beneficial in understanding the functional aspects of behaviors and reactions in CPTSD. 6. Look for Trauma-Informed Care: Clinicians who are trauma-informed are aware of the wide-reaching impact of trauma and can provide care that is sensitive to your experiences. 7. Ask About Their Treatment Philosophy: Understanding a clinician's approach to treatment, whether it's eclectic, humanistic, or based on cognitive-behavioral interventions, can give you insight into how they might work with you to address your CPTSD. 8. Seek Recommendations: Sometimes, the best way to find a specialist is through recommendations from other healthcare professionals or support groups for individuals with CPTSD. 9. Verify Insurance and Accessibility: Make sure that the clinician's services are covered by your insurance if necessary, and that their location and availability align with your needs. * Remember, it's important to find a clinician who not only has the technical expertise but also one with whom you feel comfortable discussing your experiences and working collaboratively towards recovery. If you have any more questions or need further assistance, feel free to ask.

[@healing_and_humor4530]

Are the CEUs offered here approved by the NBCC and/or Washington state LMHC? You have great content.

[@DocSnipes]

No, we do not do either of those approvals anymore. We just do the approvals that are the most time and/or cost effective for us.

[@stay_curious_BATS]

Really wonderful. I arrived here as I’m searching on this hypothesis I had earlier today: we would do well to teach humanity to minimize DMN. I’m curious how this would help people and affect depressive thinking. Instagram and depression in women comes to mind as I wonder what parts of the brain feed comparison, a factor in the depression research from Meta. I’m finding that comparison processes across DMN in YT videos, correct me if wrong. Hm. And I don’t personally like Facebook, using it makes me feel sad and has since 2006. I don’t look at any profiles. I’ve always said “I don’t like nastalgia” or “comparison makes me sad”. Maybe I could say I’m engaging DMN? I practice yoga and meditation and find value in focusing on the present moment, as you shared across the video. Present moment thinking forces attention toward noticing, turning off some thought. Is this not turning off DMN? As you said, it’s engaging its opposite, the ECN. If this helps people minimize sad feelings, everyone benefits in learning how to influence DMN. We learn the value of nutritious food long ago, more recently the power of slow nose breathing, and perhaps now how to minimize DMN. This is where my thinking is now after your insightful video. Thank you for making this!

[@DocSnipes]

Thanks for watching and for sharing

[@playsavedthechild.2848]

As always.... Needing to take notes. How ever do you do it?!

[@playsavedthechild.2848]

Also wondering if you were driving in water when you saw the turtle cross the road :p

[@DocSnipes]

LOL.... No...the was a www.boxturtles.com/common-box-turtle/

[@playsavedthechild.2848]

@@DocSnipes Oh thanks :) What confused me is in Africa turtles are in water(normally) and tortoises are on land(normally). Thanks for saving the Turtle!!

[@absolution1878]

great lecture. psychiatry needs to give importance to the network level of the brain not just the serotonin imbalance way of looking at things.

[@DocSnipes]

Thanks for watching. Wishing you peace, health, and happiness.

[@whatsgood4531]

I think it being called the "default" mode network implies relative mental illness and trauma/fear based programming and reactivity is/has become the norm in modern society. Also interesting how DMN sounds like and is characterized by "damn", and it's like a dam in that it involves blockages of blood and energy flow in the body.

[@playsavedthechild.2848]

Sounds like I have to think before answering. Not easy stuff.... :p pity so many of us don't... enjoy life. grrrr...

[@sravasaksitam]

Lol

[@imtryinghere1]

Dr. Snipes is looking like a smoke show.

[@DocSnipes]

Thanks for watching!