Antibiotic Resistance: How Humans Ruined Miracle Drugs

Antibiotic resistance is possibly the biggest existential threat to humanity. What were the causes, how does it work, and what do we do about it?
☠️NONE OF THE INFORMATION IN THIS VIDEO SHOULD BE USED AS MEDICAL ADVICE OR OPINION. IT IS FOR GENERAL EDUCATION AND ENTERTAINMENT☠️
🔗 L I N K S 🔗
📱Instagram: / patkellyteaches
💰Patreon: / corporis
📚My favorite books docs.google.com/document/d/1w...
🔑 P A T R O N S 🔑
Joanne K
Sal F.
Ansel K
Anton
Brandon K
Pranav M
Paul
Brendan P
Dane M
Kristoffer R
Jakub V
Joe B
Karly N
Mindi F
Drake W
Kathy K
Mike W
Hyeon-Seo
Jacob S.
Robin B
Robb W
Sarah B
Carl
Dontae W
Karen S
Michael R
Brian H
Jonathan G
Brian T
Thelma S
Silverstar
Brian B
Michael G
Zoe C
📜 S O U R C E S 📜
Annotated script found here: / antibiotic-video-95558251
[Affiliate links] I get a commission if you decide to buy it through this link.
Miracle Cure, the Creation of Antibiotics by William Rosen
www.amazon.com/Miracle-Cure-C...
Big Chicken by Maryn McKenna
Antibiotic Discovery and Resistance: The Chase and the Race (2022) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35203...
THIS ONE WAS GREAT Antibiotic resistance in microbes: History, mechanisms, therapeutic strategies and future prospects (2021) www.sciencedirect.com/science...
The antibiotic resistance crisis, with a focus on the United States (2017)
www.nature.com/articles/ja201730
Origins and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance (2010) www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
WHO Fact Sheet www.who.int/news-room/fact-sh...
FDA Fact Sheet www.fda.gov/emergency-prepare...
CDC Fact Sheet www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/ab...
CDC 2019 AMR report www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/bi...
The evolving response to antibiotic resistance (1945-2018)
www.nature.com/articles/s4159...
Chain & Abraham Penicillinase (1940) www.nature.com/articles/146837a0
1945 Fleming Nobel Prize speech www.nobelprize.org/uploads/20...
Ampicillin www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Methicillin trial in BMJ (1960) europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcre...
Carbapanems www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Evolution of B-lactamase inhibitors (1991) www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4456...
Animal Protein Factor by Jukes et al (1949) CC BY 4.0 DEED
www.sciencedirect.com/science...
ON THE MECHANISM OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MULTIPLE DRUG-RESISTANT CLONES OF SHIGELLA (1960) onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/p...
Swann Report (1969) wellcomecollection.org/works/...
A Review of Antibiotic Use in Food Animals: Perspective, Policy, and Potential (2012) journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/...
Pharming animals: a global history of antibiotics in food production www.nature.com/articles/s4159...
Staphylococcal Infection in Meat Animals and Meat Workers, Ravenholt (1961) www.jstor.org/stable/4591310
Study on genetic engineering of Acremonium chrysogenum, the cephalosporin C producer (2016) www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
A Glimpse of the early history of the cephalosporins (1979) www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4452...
Celbenin resistant Staph (original MRSA paper - 1961) www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
MRSA in Boston City Hospital (1968) www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM...
Five decades of MRSA www.thelancet.com/journals/la...
Carbapnems: Past, Present, and Future www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Thienamycin to Imipenem (1983) academic.oup.com/jac/article-...
FDA GFIs www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary...
GDI 213 FDA Document www.fda.gov/media/83488/download
Use of Ichip for High-Throughput In Situ Cultivation of “Uncultivable” Microbial Species (2010)
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Discovery of teixobaxtin (2015) www.nature.com/articles/natur...
💻 C O N T A C T 💻
If you’d like to sponsor a video or have other business inquiries:
patkellyteaches [at] gmail.com
⌛T I M E S T A M P S ⌛
0:00 Intro
0:58 Biology of Antibiotic Resistance
5:51 Human Use
16:24 Agriculture
26:41 Solutions

[@PatKellyTeaches]

That's a wrap on 2023! Thank you for all the support and positive feedback this year. Your comments have me excited to make more videos next year, starting off with the phage video in January! 🦠💊🩺

[@NicolaiDufva]

Thanks for adding to my year of learning-while-being-entertained. I always know a new video from you will be interesting and educational!

[@altonwilliams17]

You're amazing

[@lourias]

Thank you for producing such great historical facts about medications and such. I do have a challenge for you... if possible. Would you do a history of allergies? I have a 9 year old grandson who is STILL so allergic to he cannot be in a home with dogs for longer than 20 minutes. The, he comes home, showers, 50 mg ig Benedryl, and an Albuterol treatment, before we feel that he is safe enough to rest ourselves. Full face masks, epipens, inhalers, diphenhydramine are his companions IF we go visit a family member. This is still after 3 years of injections to minimize his reactions. Then, there is the problem of adult-onset allergies, especially to foods. It seems like there has been an explosion of Mast Cell Activation Syndrome, also.

[@izenkixiron5173]

Oh, phage therapy! Definitely looking forward to this one!

[@Halokrogg]

Your videos are ridiculously interesting. Keep up the great work.

[@MrBones105]

I unfortunately got a very early introduction to this issue when I got MRSA in high school from poorly cleaned wrestling gear. Thankfully they found an obscure antibiotic on the third try that killed it but I didn’t even fully recognize how much danger I was in until my biology teacher explained resistance to me. Since then I’ve been very careful about never taking antibiotics unless absolutely necessary but it genuinely scares me how little we are talking about this as a society.

[@harrietharlow9929]

You're wise to not take antibiotics unless absolutely necessary. I wish this topic had more public exposure and discussion because this is truly a serious issue.

[@caiden3396]

I prefer to use non antimicrobial soap and to alternate between ice water and hot water whenever I get cellulitis. It hurts like crazy but is often sufficient if I do it early enough. I did have a really bad sinus infection in November which I was going to try to fight off on my own, but the experience quickly became so horrible that I went to get an antibiotic and a steroid.

[@lolsoos4205]

@@caiden3396does hot and cold water have an big effect on the immune system or just cellulite? Btw I don’t really know how the latter works or what it really is because I know no one who has it

[@caiden3396]

@@lolsoos4205 I know it has a big effect on the immune system. Cardiovascular and I think lymphatic systems too which I think might help. Not sure about cellulitis specifically. Cellulitis is a type of bacterial infection involving the inner layers of the skin.

[@jin_cotl]

As well as, if your doctor tell you to take that antibiotic for 7 days or two weeks, you need to take it for that amount of time. If you stop taking the antibiotic before the 7 days or two week just because you feel better, it’s going to make the infection/ bacteria more resistant to the medication, thus making you sicker next time. Also, do not save your antibiotics for future uses. This is recommended by the CDC.

[@starbock]

33:13 - "How do we financially incentivize pharma companies to research antibiotics?" And therein, in one sentence, is the root of the problem ... many problems ...

[@EllysaE]

No it’s really not. Innovation is driven by gain because humans.

[@juvenilia_in_hell]

​@@EllysaEkys

[@walter-vq1fw]

​@@EllysaEthat's what propaganda says. But just look at the man who invented the polio vaccine. Contrary to popular belief, people have free will

[@sophcw]

I mean we could just use our tax dollars for it

[@tuxtitan780]

​@walter-vq1fw in general, it is true. Some people doing good simply to do good does not mean that, in general, innovation isn't driven by potential gain. Innovation has historically been driven by gain. Industrial innovation was driven by the prospect of enrichment, military innovation was driven by, obviously, the prospect of overpowering other nations and this securing more wealth, innovation in transportation has been driven by the prospect of wealth, innovation in exploration has been driven by the prospect of wealth, innovation in everything is driven by potential gain that comes out of it. Take any major invention in history, look at who invented it, and it's more likely than not that they did so because they were getting something out of it, not because it helped people. If medical innovation wasn't driven by potential gain, then we simply wouldn't have massive multi-billion dollar corporations dumping millions of dollars into said medical innovation. It's not propaganda, it's factual. The example you utilized to support your argument is fallacious reasoning, because you looked at one case and generalized vastly. You looked at one thing, the person who made the polio vaccine only wanted to help people, and assumed that goal is the goal of most people who innovate and make new things based off of only that. That is hasty generalization, and it doesn't make a good argument, because it doesn't actually prove your assertion entirely and absolutely correct.

[@Eliphas_Leary]

Around 20 years ago I worked as a mortician. One day we had a case where the death certificate said "MRSA". We didn't know what it was, so we called our institute and it took them a while to give us what they could find out, it was worrying and we didn't feel good handeling the case. Over the next few months, we got cases of MRSA from most hospitals in the larger region. Looking back, I can still feel the shock of seeing that pale body in a white plastic bag with a black liquid on the bottom. But the true horror of what we saw back then is how fast we got used to those cases. Another one of those with a bag? Just don't open the bag and carry on.

[@dannymoneywell]

Please explain, can't find anyone else describing black liquid oozing from MRSA victims' remains.

[@Eliphas_Leary]

@@dannymoneywell Sorry, but I can't explain that. Morticians do the transport, research is what other people do. So I don't even know if that liquid is something completely normal that we only saw in this case because of the plastic bag. If you find something, please let me know.

[@dannymoneywell]

@@Eliphas_Leary considering there are no other reports of the black liquid i can find relating to MRSA it was either natural intestinal discharge, the result of complete sepsis of the abdomen or some other unusual kind of decomposition pattern. And yes, it was very likely the result of the bag.

[@somekindofdude1130]

​@@Eliphas_Leary most likely the black liquid was the rotting content of the corpse's intestants

[@baloog8]

Colloidal silver in conjunction with antibiotics buys us some more time.

[@robertfrank886]

Interesting video- I am a physician and one of the bigger issues I encounter is people who clearly have a viral illness based on their history and exam (and even with a positive flu or covid test) basically demand an antibiotic for their symptoms, despite my careful explanation that not only will they not help, but have potential adverse effects that can be very severe (like antibiotic induced colitis that requires different anti microbial agents to treat that type of diarrhea)- doctors aren’t really permitted to do the right thing in many cases as medical practice is ‘patient satisfaction’ score driven, which is very sad. I’m just happy I’m on my way out in the next few years (as a doctor). I fear for the future as many may die as a result of poor decisions and inappropriate use of medications such as antibiotics. The same thing is happening with use of antifungals as well as some strains of fungi can’t be treated with some of the more typical medications used today (see Candida auris for an example)

[@fireincarnation2348]

My grandma died from c diff from an antibiotic so ... the risk is real.

[@nielskorpel8860]

what if you disobey the score?

[@Amandaaa2244]

It’s so difficult, between the crippling fear of litigation and getting punished for patient satisfactions scores, we are just plain screwed if we don’t prescribe what people are asking for even if it will do more harm than good and we tell them that. I had someone threaten to sue me because I didn’t find a pneumonia over a week before it started 🙃

[@chickensalad3535]

Unfortunately for my grandma and I, it's been the opposite. Doctors prescribe my grandma antibiotics for everything.

[@LordWaterBottle]

Negative scores should only be counted if a panel of qualified physicians agree with the patient that something was actually done incorrectly. Refusing to give antibiotics for viral infections should be a positive point, regardless of patient satisfaction.

[@IMBlakeley]

As well as the rush to pump animals full of antibiotics in the US (approx 3x the rate of other western countries) there's also the issue in some countries they are sold OTC to the ill informed.

[@vylbird8014]

The US meat industry is optimised purely for cost of production. The aim is to get the cheapest possible meat into the stomachs of customers, no matter what. Imagine the outrage if the cost of meat were to increase.

[@scottlarson1548]

I was hoping the prescribing of tetracycline for skin problems would get a mention. It seemed like half my friends in the 1980s were popping tetra every day in fear of acne.

[@rachel705]

Watched the same thing in 2010 California, was also hoping it would get a mention.

[@-IE_it_yourself]

that was crazy i did that too. it worked for a year then came back. this was in the early 2000's

[@theuglynovember]

On doxycycline for my recurring infections now... Working to some degree

[@basskitten808.]

Yeah, they still overprescribe antibiotics for acne.

[@milkymilk2884]

I got a doxy prescription for awful, painful and treatment-resistant acne when i was about 12. To this day, that's the only thing that's ever completely cleared my skin. After I stopped, I'd beg to go back on it, because I hated the judgement and pain from acne...I knew why I couldn't go back even then, but as a dumb tween, all that mattered was fixing my face, not the danger I'd be putting myself in over an ultimately cosmetic issue! Nowadays I wish they'd never given it to me at all.

[@Litepaw]

I had aureus-based sepsis and bacterial endocarditis last year, and i almost died. Im just so so SOOO grateful that people actually care enough about this problem that they are slowly starting to change some things to mitigate and prevent a future of untreatable super-infections. The strain of staph. aureus was only mildly resistant to a single type of antibiotic, but it was still a huge problem because nothing happened even after 2 weeks of being on a single i.v antibiotic. The bacterial load started dropping after i was given 2 different antibiotics, one was flucloxacillin and one was some cephalosporin derivative. They ended up doing heart surgery too. I'm extremely lucky to be alive. And im only 29 years old with no long-term health issues. Shit like this can just creep up and surprise anyone.

[@andrewfidel2220]

Such a great series, I really wish the algorithm would reward long form informative stuff like this more!

[@whiteb09]

at the rate this channel is growing, I think it is

[@misteratoz]

It led me here!

[@iamjvckpot]

Watch more long form creators and your algo will feed you more. This is relatively short for my feed.

[@ievavainoraite2097]

Great video! As a pharmacology graduate, it's very refreshing to see simple but not overly simplified summaries of mechanisms of drugs and resistance! Not too complicated for someone who isn't familiar with the field, yet enough specific detail and well explained concepts. Good job!!

[@HavenNemiroff]

I have a question: I have no issue understanding the pharmacodynamics of the drugs that I have researched and thats my favorite aspect of medicine. I'm no stranger to the medical field, I originally planned to go into genetics have to pivot away from a phd or M.D route. What careers and degrees would be good for someone interested in that area of medicine? A pharmD? I'd love to study mechanism of action in novel drugs, or help create some. Would I have to get a PhD or would a masters in biochemistry suffice?

[@user-jr6pv8mb9o]

slightly offtopic, but how is a pharmacologist different from a pharmacist? can they perform clinical roles as well and can they also operate a pharmacy?

[@user-jr6pv8mb9o]

⁠@@HavenNemiroffif ur into novel drugs I think a PhD in any pharmaceutical science related field > PharmD is the way to go. PharmDs lean more heavily towards clinical functions/patient-centered duties. A PhD in pharmaceutical sciences / or any related field is geared towards drug discovery and development.

[@ievavainoraite2097]

@@user-jr6pv8mb9o a pharmacologist works on the development side of the drugs, more concerned with elucidation of mechanisms of action and pathways and effects. a pharmacist, on the other hand, is involved in clinical applications of the drug, e.g. prescriptions and such. a pharmacist needs to know a lot more about drug interactions, pharmacokinetics/dynamics and applications of specific drugs for specific diseases. pharmacists, at least in uk as far as i know, can prescribe medications too, as they would be communicating with the patient and should have full context of their disease(s), which would affect what medicines can/cannot be used (say if a person comes in for treatment of a heart condition but has kidney disease which prolongs drug clearance, the toxicity and prolonged effects of the heart drug need to be considered by the pharmacist). pharmacologists aren't involved with patients directly and mostly work in research and development or other labs. it's quite a general qualification id say, as from pharmacology you can go into quite a few different things

[@dominicbrunsmeier]

The fact that bacteria can catch up to human medical advanses is scary and interesting at the same time.

[@alexisflory6496]

Just noticed the plague plushie and I approve his presence

[@PatKellyTeaches]

My sister got it for me last Christmas. It’s my favorite little set decoration 💀

[@ashleycantrell9844]

​@@PatKellyTeaches you need to get some Giant Microbes plushies. I have a set of Keychains that are antibiotic resistance superbugs and they have little capes

[@biopharmmarkets2115]

Scientist here. This was an Excellent video. One thing you didn’t mention was “mining” bacterial genomes for silent biosynthetic gene clusters (aka genome mining). Many bacteria can make tons of different types of antibiotics but they just never turn those genes on. It’s also very hard to force them to turn those genes on to see if they make anything cool. We can use tools to analyze a bacteria’s entire genome which allows us to identify these “silent” clusters of genes that potentially make antibiotic molecules Once you’ve identified an interesting cluster of genes, you can use fancy techniques to force a different bacteria to make that molecule for you so that you can study it. If you’re curious about this feel free to reply to me. I’d love to tell you more! Check out the work of researchers like Dr. Bo Li at UNC Chapel Hill or Dr. Wilfred Van Der Donk at UIUC.

[@lilalexq22]

Sounds like magic, very cool

[@biopharmmarkets2115]

@@lilalexq22 it feels like magic too! The way we force the genes to turn on is by taking the DNA from the original bacteria and putting it into a different bacteria that has been selectively bred to be easy to control (normally some type of non pathogenic E. coli). We can force the E. Coli to induce expression of the genes it’s super neat! The technique to do that is called heterologous expression. It’s super cool 😎

[@SmileyxKyley]

There’s a company that does this but with fungal genomes called hexagon bio! Very cool work 😎

[@mcr257]

Antibiotics are over used in farming and even materials yet only my doc will restrict thier use.

[@razy7609]

No joke your videos helped me pass a very rough microbiology semester. Cannot thank you enough

[@jiscuteperemhale6726]

A review on bacterial biofilm formation and its impact on antibiotic tolerance might be a good follow-up

[@rileymerson8781]

Your content is fascinating, succinct and very well researched. Your videos have a perfect balance of digestible yet thorough history and data, while also using pharmacology and biology jargon in a way that anybody who is reasonably versed in either will take something from it in a huge way. Seriously, it’s so rare to find content that’s this in depth and expansive with longer videos to boot!! You have a great talent for explaining a topic in a way that simplifies the information but only to the extent that it drives the video along at a good pace and where you’re not generalizing or dumbing it down. It’s so refreshing to have some high tier biology and pharmacology content. You’re on par with sci-show and Anton in my opinion as far as science educators on KZbin go. I’d love to know what your background is professionally and what you studied as a career! Much love and happy new year❤️

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Thank you for such a kind review of my videos! I’ll do a video about my origin someday, maybe for 100k subscribers. But it’s funny you mention SciShow; I wrote scripts for them from 2018-2021 and became interested in medical history because of it. My very first script was about the history of the heart-lung machine, and I later wrote a video about the history of aspirin for them. I credit my fabulous editors for getting me hooked on medical history!

[@nikevisor54]

Thanks for the end of year banger, Pat! Settled in with snacks and mentally prepared to be scared of bird flu for at least a month

[@KellyClowers]

*All* drug development should be done/funded by governments and universities, no patents, and on a non-profit basis. Any profit from the drug R&D gets used to fund further R&D.

[@FenShen-us9tv]

Most of the world benefits from R&D done privately in America.

[@nezuminezuminezumi7266]

All money should be gathered at gun point(taxation) and people must be forced to use their scarce skills which they took years to develop against their will without any incentive. Yeah, no. You aren't entitled to the labour of others and no one owes you a cure. You sound like nothing more than a thief who wants to steal things you know full well you can't make yourself.

[@stefthorman8548]

good luck, because that's an horrible idea.

[@Uniquenailsbybrie]

More about Bacteriophage !!! Bahhhh I'm so excited for the next video,I learned about these viruses a few years ago.

[@babayaga6376]

I don't think "phage therapy" is the silver bullet we are looking for. It's hard to make the "phage" invisible to the immune system. So, even if you have a phage that can target and kill a bacteria, you can use it only once on a patient. After that, the immune system will go after the phage.

[@Uniquenailsbybrie]

​@@babayaga6376I don't think it's a silver bullet either, but it could potentially help those that have run out of medication to fight certain infections.

[@dr.michaellittle5611]

This is absolutely correct. And it’s why phages have utility only for recalcitrant infections. But there are other reasons why phage therapy is not part of routine patient care. One is that, unlike antibiotics which cover large classes of organisms (ie gram pos, gram neg, etc), phages don’t have this broad coverage trait. They are very specific only for a certain genus or even species. This means that to use them for treatment one needs to find to know the identity of the organism. This isn’t difficult as many labs have FDA-cleared diagnostic tests not only for ID but also susceptibility. This information ensures the correct Rx for a given patient. However, to treat using phages, you need not only the ID but will need to test that strain with multiple phages (called phage-typing) to find the most effective one to use. But most labs don’t have the ability to do this due to the specialized nature of propagating and maintaining phage many stocks. And then, beyond that, one would need to produce large pharmaceutical batches of each phage for use in treatment, which means a lot of wasted cost because the non-utilized phages would simply reach their expiration date. So, contrast this with the routine patient care cycle and costs associated with antibiotics, where even empirical selection with antibiotics is largely effective without additional testing. Another consideration is manufacturing. One can produce at very high scale chemically-defined compounds with reproducible performance lot after lot. However, with phages this is much more difficult because phages are not chemically defined and, as biological entities, they undergo changes in their specificity and affinity for their target organisms by virtue of being propagated. This is because random mutations associated with DNA synthesis occur. Dealing with this challenge as well as the need to upscale manufacturing on what might be hundreds of phages for pharmaceutical use (as mentioned above) just doesn’t make economic sense and may yield higher lot failures than the highly repeatable synthesis and purification of chemically define compounds. Included in the manufacturing challenged is dosing, which as you know for antibiotics, nearly all are oral tablets or suspensions; phages on the other hand cannot survive the gastric journey and must be given as infusions. This fact also impacts the use in routine clinical care.

[@Charrbonic]

This is such an important topic. The consuming pursuit of capital and "efficiency" is truly a disease. Medical advancement and security, while often historically motivated by profit, is always motivated by a desire to help or to solve a problem. These corporations and people do not have a desire to help; they desire to create the illusion that the problem has disappeared, all while doing as little work as possible to solve it. While these groups do not typically develop medicines, they have such a large influence on the industry and on every living thing on Earth that they contribute to medical advancement by stunting it.

[@JZGreengo]

@@RandomGuy-lu1enthen tell me where it is and it seems like people are exploiting capitalism because of poor FDA regulations, essentially the current system is ass and for there to be innovation in healthcare we need reform

[@nezuminezuminezumi7266]

No it's not. Access to healthcare and equipment in Europe is not nearly on par with the US. Not to mention most of the drugs you use were developed in the US and basically just given the rights to them for free. And above all of this, the places where it kind of works, are high trust monocultures where everyone pulls their weight. This is changing with the influx of migrants to the EU. Soon you too will have Canadian state sponsored euthanasia.

[@alphana7055]

​@@RandomGuy-lu1en Who was the first man in space and was he a capitalist?

[@alphana7055]

@@RandomGuy-lu1en Cherrypicking? Your statement was absolute, so any contradiction could've disproven it. Just look up who created insulin and how well capitalism managed this innovation. "Disregard for safety and human lives"? Look up how many irish wage slaves died per mile of american railway contructed.

[@Tuberuser187]

Nice way to wrap up the year, thanks for the upload. I cannot express how grateful I am to be able to learn more about these issues in a way thats detailed, contains lots of info and straddles the line between being suitable for a total laymen and someone interested and able to understand a little more than the ABCs.

[@bounceday]

I had MRSA. It was spreading fast. Thank God there's something that works

[@bounceday]

Got it from the gym toilet I believe.

[@anthonygross226]

I've really enjoyed your educational videos, gaining a lot of perspective and learning something new with each video. Thank you for all you do.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Thank you! Since my videos don't really teach people /new/ things, I'm glad they can give more context to topics

[@apeacebone6499]

This series is beautifully researched and phenomenally presented. Can't wait for the next installment... have a happy, healthy, and joyful new year!

[@iloklok42]

This is SUCH a great series, I can't believe I only discovered your channel recently! I've been watching one part after another, but even in this case I really appreciated how you quickly explained/reminded concepts explained earlier, like reminiding that this chemical is what builds bacterial walls. It nudges my brain to remember what the full explanation was. It shows that you are an excellent educator, who considers that new terms can slip newcomers' minds. Amazing work

[@NukeNukedEarth]

Excellent video as always! I study in horticulture, but I seriously considered microbiology so this content feeds the brain worm aha

[@PatKellyTeaches]

The power of KZbin!

[@a.rudesill]

If you want to read more- Missing Microbes by Martin J Blaser, although covering a lot of similar stuff to this vid, also talks about some of the consequences of abusing antibiotics and was as fun to read as this was to watch!

[@junisaresilvosa9430]

I'm allergic to amoxicillin and penicillin so I needed those over priced antibiotics. getting an infection is a hassle to my body and wallet.

[@mikki_s1100]

So excited for the in depth about bacteriophage! I’ve seen some folks online with cystic fibrosis who’ve been able to use phages, and the results are life saving!

[@panchitoborja]

Physician here! Absolutely extraordinary video! Very informative and deliciously detailed. I hope you have an amazing 2024 🎉 and for us to, that you may bring us much more fantastic videos soon!

[@princesssshortie]

I'm allergic to clavulanic acid and it's suuuuch a headache getting all the automated EHR and pharmacy systems to understand that I can't take augmentin but I don't have an amoxicillin allergy. 🙃 Edited for typos

[@GorgyCL]

I was so hyped after the last video! What an awesome new year's gift!

[@King.Andrew]

This video came at the perfect time I’m in the middle of writing, a philosophy, paper arguing for the efficacy of germ theory and antibiotic resistance as a side effect of the implementation of germ theory is one of my arguments! This really helps me figure out how to put the problem of antibiotic resistance into simpler terms!

[@martinperales3531]

This channel is my absolute dream, please, go on with it, theres so much I would like you to treat, like cephalosporins and monoclonal antibodies. Love that you show bote technical, medical, biochemical and historical aspects.

[@e2622]

OMG thank you for this great info and NOT DOING SPONSOR SHILLS. I can actually watch your channel on my TV.

[@TheGrindcorps]

This channel is great. Can’t believe you have so few subscribers. Love your vid on phage therapy. My mom had gotten MSRA and I was really worried about her a few years ago.

[@Uniquenailsbybrie]

Enjoying this series, happy new year!

[@dmdrosselmeyer]

Love your content! Leaving a comment, like and sharing for the algorithm; it's criminal you don't have a larger following!!

[@blessedwhitney]

After 8 sinus infections and 2 strep infections in one cold/flu season (due to a ENT surgery delayed), I developed c. diff. Every. Single. Time. that I was prescribed antibiotics, I pushed back because it gives me side effects (yeast infection). But Every. Single. Time. the doctor told me that there was no other way and cycled me through amox and amox clav. I'm really sick and tired of all these stories of "patient pressure." What about doctor pressure? I now am colonized with c diff for the rest of my life and have to take things like vancomycin and worry about megacolon because I trusted the medical professionals (who had full histories from me and mychart).

[@AD_AP_T]

One of the things that's sometimes done to try to reduce these risks in people who need antibiotics frequently (eg due to immune deficiencies) is to not use the same antibiotic or antibiotic combo twice in a row. Not all GPs seem to be knowledgeable or confident in implementing this, but I also have to wonder, is that an option that's even available in places like the USA where insurance companies are able to influence doctors' clinical decisions...?

[@dann5480]

Your videos are great. You are currently underrated. But you will get the amount of recognition and engagement pretty soon. All the best.

[@nazzkid23]

this was SO informative, I love your style of presenting these videos!! The info is really digestible ❤

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Thank you! That is the goal

[@eric6504]

Perfect blend of information and pace of story! No nonsense and got right into it. I like your cuts to text as well from where you got info. Maybe a few more jokes here and there for comic relief during your recaps or something. Bravo overall!

[@eric6504]

The summary at the end has some good jokes!

[@Felix-nz7lq]

When the sole buyer of these medicines are government run hospitals and healthcare institutions it seems backwards to me that these corporations would be privately run to begin with. You miss out on a lot of net societal savings when your only metric of success is product profit margins, and government awards or any sort of private incentive structure is only ever a band aid to that effect. I think the results in Cuba despite decades of inhumane sanctions should speak for itself.

[@nezuminezuminezumi7266]

Pray do tell. Who makes the drugs that Cuba uses? The capitalist US. Communism only works as long as you can steal the labour of others. You are not entitled to healthcare or the labour of others. Theft is immoral. Simple as.

[@aryamansingh9884]

Ending on another cliff hanger - great video as usual!

[@rogerscottcathey]

Flemming had a discovery that was better in concept that antibiotics: lysozyme. The active principle behind Abderhalden's protective proteins were actually hydrolases and later both Metalnikov and Metchnikoff altered their thinking about what constitutes immunity: the circulating digestive enzymes.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

I mentioned lysozyme in the penicillin video. It's eery how similar the origin story is to penicillin

[@rogerscottcathey]

@@PatKellyTeaches : Yes, I recall. Excellent video. Both of these

[@tanyadrochner2105]

You are my favorite creator to have discovered in 2023. Great videos! Looking forward to more in the coming year. Happy 2024!🎉

[@PatKellyTeaches]

That means a lot, thank you! Happy 2024!

[@tunneloflight]

The underdosing and intentional prescribing of marginal antibiotics as required in some States is a large problem. So too is over use or misuse. But as you started, the use of the same or related antibiotics in agriculture, the crowding of animals spreading disease, and other factors are bigger by far. Sewage is another problem. Most of the pharmaceuticals we use pass into the sewage systems and become breeding grounds for resistance.

[@RustyShakleford1]

More like more antibiotics are use in the agriculture industry than on humans. It's not the humans we need to regulate it'd the big agriculture industry

[@RustyShakleford1]

So true I agree with you 💯 it's the antibiotics entering the environment through sewage and feces of animals and humans

[@hedgehog3180]

@@RustyShakleford1 I mean we should absolutely also be careful about their use in humans, in many cases where antibiotics have been used they weren't necessary and other methods like prevention are much more effective.

[@RustyShakleford1]

@hedgehog3180 agreed but the over exposure and unnecessary is being used on animals and agriculture

[@kratombutterfly9959]

Subbed...I really enjoy channels that put real scientific proof out for us. Thank you. 🍃☕️❤️🙏💪

[@SmileyxKyley]

I can’t believe how criminally underrated your channel is! I’m shocked you’re not part of the nebula network yet :) Your comment section is so positive and constructive and nerdy, and your content is polished and super engaging. As a biochemist who works in oncology drug discovery, I already know a lot of the general info in your videos, and I’m still super excited to watch to get the narrative and the exact history of how these things developed! Subscribed and excited to see you grow.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

That's such a nice comment to see. Thank you! As far as Nebula goes, I'm a big fan of their business and friend with lots of their creators. Big respect to that crew.

[@MichiaLatia]

Nice video! Perfect amount of actual information and explanation, and I like the presentation.

[@bienenfreund1085]

I am really loving all of your content , so educational + somehow exciting !

[@NickHammer99]

Your channel is sooo underrated. These videos are so good. Keep on making amazing content in 2024

[@a52productions]

dear god we need to nationalize healthcare and the pharma industry. we cant let people's lives be cut short by the whims of shareholders and the market

[@debeb5148]

Yes we can.

[@shwingleman]

​@@debeb5148we really shouldn't

[@MissMelissa04]

Just discovered your channel. You're freaking awesome. Don't be scared of long form content! Your audience will eat it up. ❤❤❤

[@priyanshusharma9267]

I really enjoy your content .Keep up the good work, dude!

[@drhamza3589]

Interesting and Informative! I am a Pharmacist and I Thank you for making this video !

[@sunfI0wer]

Binge watching your videos over and over so the algorithm promotes you

[@markarca6360]

Some years ago, the Philippine Food and Drug Administration issued a memorandum circular that antibiotics can be dispensed ONLY with a valid prescription or a doctor's order.

[@SMAR_1903]

We should call antibiotics antibacterials like antifungals to maybe help some people understand them better

[@nerd26373]

We appreciate your insights, Pat. We will always support you no matter what.

[@notaspeck6104]

This is such an important issue, we really need to prepare for the future. Commenting so maybe more people see this!

[@vylbird8014]

At least antiibiotic resistance has a slight metabolic cost to build and run those efflux pumps and enzymes. So the resistant bacterium has a slightly slower growth. Not much, but it's something.

[@RustyShakleford1]

Great point and overall they will be a lower biomass compared other bacteria and will only be largely present in cities with large scale antibiotic use

[@catkins132]

idk why suddenly im so invested in these vids but omg you speak so well

[@conradsieber7883]

So from your example of chickens does the FDA still allow chickens to smoke or did they require them to go smokeless?

[@Pr0toPoTaT0]

Just found you last night. Great, infotmative content. In a world where people churn out useless content for $, yours stands out as the opposite!!! Subscribed!!!!

[@PatKellyTeaches]

That's very kind of you to say! Thank you, and I hope you enjoy the back catalog

[@Pr0toPoTaT0]

@@PatKellyTeaches ❤️🧡💛💚💙

[@lovesgibson]

Interesting. Can you make a video on the Flox fluoroquinolone antibiotics? I don’t think you mentioned them in this video. And then talk about the occurrence of “floxxed”, or people who have had severe health side effects from these antibiotics, often severe permanent damage, and why these types of antibiotics are still so commonly used, such as in UTIs. “In 2016, the FD@ enhanced warnings about the association of fluoroquinolones with disabling and potentially permanent side effects involving tendons, muscles, joints, nerves and the central nervous system.”

[@LMB222]

A generation in a bacterium takes 20 minutes. Can you appreciate the speed of genetic changes in bacteria?

[@bobbygetsbanned6049]

Recently I had a friend in Mexico that felt sick and went to the doctor and got antibiotics even though the doctor told her she had a viral infection. Now, maybe she was mistaken, but she was certain she got antibiotics and it was a viral infection. So I'm glad Drs in the US are taking this more seriously but it makes me wonder if other countries are, because bacteria doesn't care about borders.

[@laulaja-7186]

Sounds about right. Somehow a lot of people who call themselves doctors don’t actually differentiate between bacterial and viral ailments. I have encountered that with doctors in the USA too. Not sure if the blame should go to the medical education system or to something about medical economics.

[@CarrotConsumer]

It's usually something like 'It's probably viral but I'll give you antibiotics just in case.'

[@Mute_Nostril_Agony]

British guy chuckling at mention of “a company named Beechams” which is now part of GSK. Here in the UK, AMR and another pandemic are regarded by the gov as the major future threats- more real, likely and consequential than terrorism, war or a banking crisis

[@markarca6360]

It was Beecham that was first acquired by SmithKline, forming a merger, Smithkline Beecham. Then Glaxo acquired that merger, and the surviving company is GlaxoSmithkline.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Ohh totally! It’s like when I learned that Lederle, which I talked about in the tetracycline video, was acquired by Wyeth…which was acquired by Pfizer. All that corporate consolidation

[@erraticonteuse]

​@@markarca6360I knew this because SmithKline Beecham sponsored a summer science club at my public library in the '90s. I didn’t go into STEM, so their investment was lost on me 😅

[@maxnova9763]

10:46 so if Cephalosporin Acremonium gets an evolutionary edge in sewage producing their own antibiotics shouldn’t we look in the wild if they evolved theirs along with the resistances?

[@Atomchild]

When I first learned about microbiology, infection, and virology, my first question was, why don't they use bacteriophages to fight bacterial infections? I anxiously listened for you to mention this in this video, and lo, it was the cliffhanger at the end! I am definitely going to want to watch that as soon as possible! Building phage libraries, I think, will be the way of the future when it comes to this kind of tactic against infection.

[@wulfrir8607]

So happy you uploaded this morning! Happy new year, here's to 2024 and gaining more knowledge every day

[@relwalretep]

Happy New Year to you and yours, mate!!! 🎉🎉

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Cheers to that! 🍾

[@thinktwofold]

@@PatKellyTeaches Are all of these commenters real or AI comments? There's not a lot of people discussing the content of your videos.

[@ARebuh]

This is a great video to teach this subject. Resistance should a big topic

[@EcclesiastesLiker-py5ts]

Very educational, thank you.

[@0xmmn]

i got mrsa on my prostate before and I struggled a lot.

[@zoeydeu2261]

I'm a huge fan of phages! Can't wait for that video ❤❤❤

[@gabytorres9767]

Okay so just five minutes in, and I had to pause to like and comment: loving the MCR reference in 2024. Alright. Back to the video.

[@martinperales3531]

the history of taxol (paclitaxel) is really interesting, I think that deserves being told by someone who has such good comunication skills as this channel

[@EricaDiebold]

Interesting video. I developed severe rheumatic heart disease from not having adequate antibiotics when I was a child

[@ThisBitchHere]

Great video!

[@markbracegirdle7110]

Thanks for another excellent video. I feel that a lot of the problems with US food production stem from the fact that the government guarantees the corn harvest. The surplus corn is used to produce HFCS (which we know is bad for the liver) and finds its way into animal feed. The animals get carbohydrates but no other nutrients and they take no exercise. So they are given antibiotics and so it goes on. This is factory farming at its worst. As a footnote, the British farmers' leader James Turner was rewarded with an hereditary peerage in 1959.

[@Sagesat]

Antibiotic Resistance: How CORPORATE GREED Ruined Miracle Drugs - Let's shift the blame where it really belongs and start doing something about it.

[@rutkauljanowa]

Exactly!

[@tunneloflight]

I think you would find it interesting to research and make a video on the use of plants and their oils for treating infections. There are antibiograms for these, though they are hard to find and largely outdated. However, as antibiotics become less effective, we may need to return to plants. more though, combining five effective phytoceuticals is sufficient to prevent building resistance. One famous study involved using plant oils as an airborne means of controlling infectiins in burn wards. It was highly successful. But when the study money ran out, they stopped. The patients resumed dying. The mechanisms involved are mostly very simple natural molecules.

[@0xmmn]

dude i'm so afraid of upcoming epidemic.

[@FeedMeSalt]

Reminds me of my father force feeding UTI meds to our dog after it got fucked up in a fight. I knew right away this was a dumb idea. But not my dog, not my drugs.

[@snehapradhan5591]

loved this

[@swordmastersam483]

I have an allergy to Amoxicillin which makes getting treatment for bacterial infections super annoying. If I catch strep, I seem to always get a Z-pack

[@josedelnegro46]

I religiously watch MicrobeTV. I did not know how they developed resistance. Thank you so much. Who is going to win the Superbowl? Knowing the game microbes are playing all around us makes that question secondary. Who is the next Microbe to develop a resistance device?

[@snakejones9965]

Informative!!!

[@misteratoz]

Physician here... This was amazing. Keep going. Kpc keeps me up at night.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

I appreciate the kind words! Thank you!

[@elizabethmckenzie3373]

I genuinely believe that I have IGA because I had uti my doctors, dad worked at the practice, and he’s one of those old Timey women are hysterical ppl and he gave me five days worth of antibiotics said I’d be good. I came back I still UTI he goes na ur good three days later I got a kidney infection. Had to go to the hospital….

[@marvinm7338]

After 10 months in hospital, including rebuilding bladder twice after trauma, I have a couple of “colonies”. The infectious-disease specialist said my biggest issue will be making sure to tell any Dr ordering a urinalysis, as there will always be live bacteria in my urine.

[@chuck728]

Anyone excited to be the hipster saying "I knew this youtuber before he was famous?"

[@crysteldogg8936]

20:57 that was indeed a good pun, probably flew right over most peoples heads lol

[@FunkcijaDijagonale]

I had a couple of situations where my GP prescribed antibiotics when i had some symptoms. Once i had a viral infection which i tested and thus didnt use the a.b. The other time i was later diagnosed with GERD and again knew not to take antibitoics. Often doctors just give out a.b. as a "super drug" but it only makes things worse

[@easycake3251]

What are the causes ? Same as for most of humanities ills, greed and ignorance. Drug companies trying to sell hand over fist to increase profit margins, and ignorance of how to properly use. You should ALWAYS drink the package till the end. Never leave for "later" even if you suddenly feel amazing again.

[@69waybetter]

Great videos

[@dietitiandaddy]

@PatrickKelly thoughts on Doxy PREP/PEP and potential for antibiotic resistance?

[@nlpascal]

And another option is to tax the pharmaceutical companies insane profits and fund research with that. I'm glad you mention bacteriophages at the end, I think there's a real future there. Experimental treatment is already done with them with some success.

[@danielsykes7558]

35:14 not fair. Half an hour in and I have to come back for more, lol

[@danielsykes7558]

It worked. I subscribed

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Hehehe, I'm glad! I'm deep into research of that video, and it's so interesting so far!