What Was The First Antibiotic?

What was the first antibiotic discovered? While Alexander Fleming’s discovery of penicillin gets the most hype (and a Nobel Prize) there’s evidence that humans throughout ancient history fought infections with remedies like mold, honey, beer, and some interesting home recipes. Then in the 19th century, Emmerich and Low came up with pyocyanase, what has the best claim to the title of first antibiotic. And then by the early 20th century, the duo of Paul Ehrlich and Sahachiro Hata discovered the anti-syphilitic effects of Salvarsan. And while it didn’t count as an antibiotic, it became the inspiration for an entirely new class of drugs.
☠️NONE OF THE INFORMATION IN THIS VIDEO SHOULD BE USED AS MEDICAL ADVICE OR OPINION. IT IS FOR GENERAL EDUCATION AND ENTERTAINMENT☠️
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🔑 P A T R O N S 🔑
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📜 S O U R C E S 📜
Miracle Cure, the Creation of Antibiotics www.amazon.com/Miracle-Cure-C...
Annotated, line-by-line fact checked script available here: / first-antibiotic-87768332
What are bacteria and antibiotics
www.osmosis.org/answers/eukar...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptido...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3755...
ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub...
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7001623/
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/1...
www.livescience.com/11028-anc...
journals.plos.org/plosone/art...
www.frontiersin.org/articles/...
europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcre...
www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056...
www.nature.com/articles/srep0...
journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
jmvh.org/article/syphilis-its...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
www.health.harvard.edu/newsle...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Staining and Dyes
www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/en...
fashionhistory.fitnyc.edu/ani...
thedreamstress.com/2013/09/te...
www.researchgate.net/profile/...
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32965...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
www.microbiologyresearch.org/...
www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/3/1368
www.sciencedirect.com/topics/...
www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4182...
www.frontiersin.org/articles/...
Ehrlich and Salvarsan
academic.oup.com/labmed/artic...
www.nature.com/articles/nrd2582
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
💻 C O N T A C T 💻
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⌛T I M E S T A M P S ⌛
0:00 Intro
0:25 What is bacteria?
3:10 Ancientbiotics
8:34 Dyes
12:57 Gram Stain Procedure
15:00 Paul Ehrlich and Salvarsan
Correction: 7:56 Semmelweiss also used chlorinated lime antiseptic
#historyofmedicine #medicalhistory

[@PatKellyTeaches]

As always, I couldn't make these videos without my supporters on Patreon. If you get value from my videos, consider signing on as a Patron at www.patreon.com/corporis

[@ShreyanshShei]

How you make videos and how you do research? Please share with us

[@PatKellyTeaches]

@@ShreyanshShei That sounds like fun. I’ve been thinking about trying live-streaming, and talking about how i make videos may be an interesting topic

[@allangibson8494]

Hoechst is actually pronounced “Herc-st”. (I used to work for them).

[@henrythegreatamerican8136]

The first antibiotic was the touch of Jesus!

[@calorion]

19:54 You said you'd link the trailer below, but I don't see the link.

[@blunderchips]

I keep forgetting this channel has less than 10k subs, should be a hell of a lot more. love the content btw

[@PatKellyTeaches]

0 subs or millions, I'd still make videos. Thanks for the kind words

[@merbst]

Today it gained one more! (Me)

[@RaptureDragon1]

Itll get there one day for sure. This channel has such good, detailed content 🥰

[@Xsiondu]

It gained 8100 over the last month as of now it has one more.

[@2nostromo]

I wish I'd had access to this channel in 1962 when I was 8 and my grandfather bequeathed my most valued gift ever... a beautiful Bosch&Lomb microscrope. Changed my life. for the better :)

[@samsalamander8147]

My Uncle in his 90s had blood poisoning when he was around 5, he was bitten by a dirty South Boston Crab and he told me he watched a line form that went from the cut on his foot up his leg, he didn’t remember how he got home or how he got to the hospital. He also told me they had no penicillin and they were injecting him with a black fluid. He said he almost died. It surprised me that they didn’t use penicillin. It’s something we take for granted but many of us wouldn’t be alive today without the help of antibiotics.

[@kerryevans7283]

I was taught A level biology by Alexander Fleming's granddaughter. Awesome teacher. After 45 years of no problems, I'm now allergic to penicillin.

[@pamelasmith7740]

See my comment. Given penicillin many times as a child. 20 years later an abscess tooth, penicillin gave me hives.

[@AndrewGillard]

12:03 “Aspirin 5 grs.each” scared me for a second, thinking those tablets were _5 grams_ each! That would be more than 16× the strength of modern 300 mg tablets here in the UK, and 5.5× the maximum recommended dose (900 mg). _Per tablet._ Yikes! 😮 … But then I remembered that drugs used to be measured in _grains_ 😅 So those tablets are only 8% stronger than those I buy today - assuming my calculator's “1 grain = 64.79891 mg” is accurate and definitions haven't been changed in the intervening decades. That makes 5 grains = 324 mg. … and that probably explains why the aspirin tablets my housemate brought back from the USA were 325 mg instead of 300 mg. What a fun rabbit hole that single image sent me down! 😹 And yes, great work as always!

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Excellent eye there! I actually don't know anything about when or why that convention changed... Might make for a good Short

[@larryscarr3897]

You, and Watson should be out solving crimes.. I hear the great maple syrup theft is still unsolved.. (largest theft in Canadian history)

[@Svensk7119]

Yes, grains are an old measurement, so many in an apothecary pound (the sole surviving measurement of that is the Troy ounce), and so many more in a flesh pound (the measurement still of the US, and understood 'round the English speaking world). They are the same grain. Aspirin (in the US) is primarily, that is most often, dosed at 325 mg. Also, that is the dose doctors recommend for those suffering a heart attack. If you are having a heart attack, i.e., take that much aspirin.

[@SombreroPharoah]

Interestingly though, we still have some medications formulated in grains over in Europe. I'm not sure US. They're being phazed out overall, for better alternatives. But they're still out there. It's always fun to see them Tbh. ​@@PatKellyTeaches

[@TheAlchaemist]

A little note. Semmelweiz didn't just use soap, they washed their hands with a kind of bleach knowing that more than simple mechanical removal was needed.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Ahh, you're right. I'll issue a correction

[@mariekatherine5238]

Ah, yes! An evening with Venus, a lifetime with Mercury!

[@PatKellyTeaches]

One of my favorite idioms from medical history!

[@thomasborgsmidt9801]

Well, my dad was a pharmacist apprentice in the 1930'ies and he handed over Salvarsan to regulars from the navy - that had been in Danish colonies in their youth - and naturally caught syphilis - which in practice meant that they for the rest of their days had to take antibiotics (Salversan). The problem was: a) The side effects of Salversan was no joke. b) Salvarsan had a notoriusly low toxic index - meaning that the differnce between effective terapeutic dose and toxic dose was low - just about a factor of 10. The contrast to penicillin is staggering. The point being that with increasing bacterial resistance to penicillin - the remidy is simple: Ooumph up the dose - penicillin is incredibly non-toxic. It has allway been a mystery to me, that sulphonamides have not stayed on the repertoire: Simply because the working mechanism of sulphonamides and penicillin is so totally different. The point being: A combination treatment gives the bacteria not one, but two problems which they have to evolve away from simultaneously. It also shows that "difficult" diseases from mycobateria like tuberculosis and Hansens diseasy do need a combination terapy with more than one weapon. Same thing for HIV (though it is not a bacteria). How incredibly effective penicillin is shown by the temperature raise at the start of treatment - the bacteria are blown up by the aminoacids having a chiral - which creates a weak point the cellular wall of the bacteria - which is like a nail in car tyre. As soon as the pressure goes up the organism explodes and its enzymes float around - and as enzymes are VERY temperature specific in their working the immunesystem ups the temperature - known colloqualy as fever.

[@martinpollard8846]

Microbiology was hard work in med school and you needed to be well caffeinated for the lectures , this is just great, well presented, historically accurate and entertaining. Excellent work.

[@gustavgnoettgen]

I had an unfortunate episode in my life, long story short my fridge was a mess. Anyway, I could witness how Camembert mould on half a cantaloupe would prohibit any other mould nearby. That was kind of cool.

[@frankpape7274]

Methylene blue mentioned around 15:25 is a dye which i use at my work in a brewery regularly to check for yeast viability (a.k.a. see how much of the yeast is still alive (dead yeast=blue)).. from what i know methylene blue still has some medical aplications to this day.. Treating methemoglobinemia.. which is a misfolding of hemoglobine in blood causes the skin to appear blue and debilitating the oxygen transport... always found it funny that theyre fighting blue with more blue.... also methyleneblue is an antidote to cyanide posioning.. but people tend to die rather quickly from that. I dont think it gets used much for this last purpose... alright, enough trivia

[@erikjohnson9223]

It is also the end product (tested colorimetrically for light absorption) in some forms of analytical sulfide testing (to monitor the poison H2S, common in wastewater and anaerobic systems)

[@frankpape7274]

interesting! i do hope you dont get to smell that compound much though@@erikjohnson9223

[@S3lkie-Gutz]

It's used in aquaculture and aquarium keeping too, not a fish keeper myself but I've seen goldfish owners use methylene blue used to disinfect goldfish and get rid of tumours and masses that grew on them

[@jan-willemvandijk3850]

Soap doesn't kill bacteria? Detergents go to town on membranes as far as I know, leading to the collapse of the cell. I'm really confused on why half the links on google just say it washes off cells (even a Harvard link). I work with bacteria and if soap would just allow them to not stick to plastics and glasswear it would be great.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

This one surprised me during research too.

[@nikevisor54]

It's so much fun to trace the links across all of your content. I'm starting to understand why medical history can be so much fun to research :)

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Aye, I'm glad the overall narrative is coming together!

[@Jadinass]

I love love love that you went so deep on the dye innovation that was happening. Staining is such an important and ubiquitous part for any kind of microscopy and has only grown more sophisticated over time that by now with a great number of methods we can design system that very specifically delivers a dye to any part of the cell that we want and thus confirm the presence and precise location of a target. The general public might not know this but cells really aren't that colorful. Even a very vibrant orange carrot only has a very tiny amount of orange carotenoid in each cell that is mostly clear.

[@dvoiceotruth]

With Jenner, Pasteur, and Fleming as my heroes, this channel is golden. I studied biology in school only but, this topic comes off to me as a culmination and the highest goal of both chemistry and biology. Indeed it takes a lot of creativity which is why I love it even though I am from the engineering background with a touch of design.

[@michaelogden5958]

I think the association between dyes and pharmaceuticals is fascinating.

[@jimhewettjr3730]

KZbin just showed me your videos/channel a few days ago, and I'm thoroughly enjoying your content. Extremely interesting. I'll have to watch more as time allows. Keep up the great work.

[@joseotaviocarvalhosenadeal2779]

Great video, Patrick! I love your work on the history of medicine and I'm anxious to see your development! As a pharmacist that graduated recently I must say that the context that you give was missed during my time studying(haha)!

[@PatKellyTeaches]

This comment makes me so happy. Thanks for the kind words, and best of luck on the start of your career in pharmacy 💊

[@Conex145]

This is the most underrated channel I came across in a long time 👏

[@station3841]

Thx for these vids (the series). Found them very informative, and adjusted some of my knowledge on the antibiotic subject.

[@briantaylor3031]

Exceptionally interesting and high quality content. Hello from a new sub and patron. Im looking forward to adding you into my watch on release rotation. Your presentation style in particular is excellent, well paced and the right amount of information to inform but not overwhelm.

[@Mau5ron]

Recently discovered this channel and I'm absolutely loving the accessible way you explain this info! Love listening to your vids while working, keep up the good work 👏 😊

[@alexbowman7582]

Otzi the 4,000 year old Ice Man found frozen and mummified I the Alps in the early 90’s had a leather sachet containing beech fungus an antibiotic.

[@mariahgronbach7858]

I just watched all of your videos in one go. So much information, but so very interesting! Thank you so much for all of your research and knowledge. Keep up the great work!❤

[@PatKellyTeaches]

You are so welcome! I genuinely love making these videos, and I'm glad yall like emm

[@gstlynx]

Well researched, thought provoking and entertainingly presented. Thanks.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

I appreciate that. Penicillin video coming out soon

[@Gator-357]

The ancients used different molds,plants, and honey to treat infections. So I would say those were the first anitbiotics. The first modern antibiotic was probably colloidial silver before they developed sulfa drugs and later penicillin and it's offshoots

[@kiterunner2]

I really appreciate your efforts in making these videos and bringing out wonderful content to all!🙌

[@PatKellyTeaches]

I appreciate that! I'm really interested in this topic, and am excited to share it with yall

[@bram5683]

Really fascinating story, and so well researched and annotated - been following all your videos and looking forward to the rest of this series!

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Thank you! I take pride in showing you all the research process and where the sources are coming from. Transparency >>>>

[@rylandavis2976]

​@@PatKellyTeacheskeep it up man. You'll have 200k subs in no time

[@chanceklippstein]

Watched a few of your videos now and im impressed by the quality and how easy the videos are to follow. How in the world do you not have more subscriptions! Anyways you got 1more, keep going .

[@murpmope9831]

Amazing video. So professional and entertaining. Been showing all my friends that nerd out to this kinda stuff like I do.

[@Rumptzsh8kr]

Awesome work! Very interesting

[@chris93122]

Seriously one of the best educational channels out there. I'm sure this channel is going to be huge soon

[@Zeitgeist329]

great video, great hoster.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Doing my best! Thank you

[@ZGoddessLola]

Ancient Egyptian used the molded bread as form of antibiotics on infected wounds 1000s of years BC

[@laratheplanespotter]

You dude are awesome. I’m fascinated with the history of medicine and I’m a student of forensic science so all this is really interesting. Earned a subscriber!

[@patrickrose8325]

incredible and useful as always

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Glad to hear! Next video coming in about 2 weeks

[@CZPC]

Love your content!

[@PatKellyTeaches]

I appreciate that!

[@Howtomake12261]

Extremely rich content. Thank you for the videos!

[@FirstLast-vr7es]

This channel deserves a lot more attention than it's getting.

[@renegade1520]

Great content! Thanks for the science lesson!

[@darriansea]

Great video, antibiotics and how they work was something I was always interested in but only whenever I had to take them and wasn't usually in the mood to find out how at the time. The concept of the magic bullet for a subfield of medicine seems common, last night I heard the phrase in regards to when chemo was first developed and similar hopes about it.

[@ellemarr7234]

I’m enjoying my last few days of unemployment by bingeing this channel. Thank you for the incredible research, presentation, delivery, and editing. This is how I felt when I found Tasting History with Max Miller 😊😊😊

[@san-yl2zc]

incredible video as always! thank you so much :-)

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Glad you enjoyed it! More antibiotics vids coming soon!

[@zanthornton]

Thanks for captions

[@echalone]

How did I not know of this great channel before :D

[@mistydhudd]

Why have I just found this channel? This content is fantastic. I know what I’m binging this weekend. 😊

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Ayyyy that's awesome, thanks for chiming in. Working on the penicillin video next!

[@carolynh6852]

I'm glad the algorithm brought me here. I'm also surprised the channel isn't bigger. Going to share with my public health nerd friends

[@SecularMentat]

Keep up the good work.

[@merepug]

so so excited this channel got recommended to me! i love medical history!!

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Loads more coming! Just filmed the penicillin video today

[@DavidAlsh]

Just found your channel, it's amazing! Can you do a video on antivirals?

[@Lucky_Lucas_]

Very interesting video! This year I had a chance to attend a microbiology class and this video was a great summary of the subject of antibiotics! On 8:15 probably the right word would be cytotoxic instead of antiseptic that is the name of the antimicrobial products we can apply on a living tissue =D

[@Felipelipe298]

Great video and great content! New sub here!

[@skcyclist]

Great information.

[@anthonyburke5656]

I’ve read of ancient cavalry using the mould off the leather on the underside of their saddles to pack into wounds to cure infection. I’ve also heard of a “broth” made from old bread (mouldy bread) being used in some medieval medicine (that was not controlled by the Church). Of course, use of cobwebs was a common anti coagulant and, in my youth, my Father “doctored” us using poultices he packed with various things from the bush, including stuff from the forest floor.

[@patricial.6758]

He's at 10.9k now!!! Deserves way more.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Woooo! Let's goooo!

[@andrewbatts7678]

Has anyone here ever had c.diff?? I had it while in the hospital. It dam near blew out the blanket and put a splatter on the wall a couple feet away. You'd think i just got done mud wrestling because due to the sedatives, by the time i woke up everything was well underway 😂. I even let a few blasts go while they were washing me off in the shower. I felt bad for the tech, but he was a trooper, if he was bothered, he didn't show it. I will never forget the smell it is unmistakable

[@viktoriaalden3452]

I love how often different people are mentioned by name, and you can remember their last name from some random medical term. It's like watching a video about the history of trade, and suddenly some guy named Jonathan Money is mentioned

[@bramcoteelectrical1088]

😊love your style of learninng and i really want to learn more virology and biochemistry and you present the technical parts into laymans terms😊 great channel

[@sethmcsnotter7872]

This chanel is amazing

[@Joy-TheLazyCatLady]

When I was young, I had to use coal tar to treat my psoriasis. I hated it. It made my elbows look dirty. Eventually, they came out with a version that was yellowish and didn't stain. It still smelled like hot asphalt. 😂 I was so happy when they came out with something besides tar.

[@alexanderball2048]

Would you please do a video on the history of Arsenic as an antibiotic? Also, I love your channel, I hope everyone learns from you!

[@mmmmmmmmaria]

i think he did :)

[@Nikki-lodeon]

It gives me so much joy you have the Plague Doctor in your background on videos. 😆

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Gotta stay on brand ☠️⚰️😷

[@Rokabur]

I had Strep Throat once and Bronchitis 4 times and needed to take antibiotics each time (one time of Bronchitis it took 3 or 4 rounds of antibiotics to get rid of it).

[@cgreenland05]

Great series cant wait for penicillin.

[@TheSuperwrenchGarage]

As a pharmacist I love this channel

[@nrok113]

great video

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Thanks! More in the series coming soon

[@robertschnobert9090]

Awesome stuff 🌈

[@enobmah1955]

What is the name of the movie you mentioned as being listed as part of the use of arsenic as an antibiotic?

[@2nostromo]

Colloidal silver? I don't know. Some people swear by it... till they turn blue

[@2nostromo]

I am glad I found your channel. Does anyone know or have reference for that image shown at 11:30?

[@PatKellyTeaches]

I sure do! If you google "monster soup" or "thames water animalcules" it'll pop up

[@2nostromo]

@@PatKellyTeaches Much obliged. That will soon be hanging in my lab :)

[@PatKellyTeaches]

@@2nostromo Excellent choice.

[@rogerscottcathey]

Lysozyme was Flemming's first discovery of note. Parenteral hydrolases are the true front line of immunity. Contact cells are secondary.

[@chillphil967]

subscribed 🙏

[@jedstanaland2897]

There is an antibiotic effect from most soaps even if they don't claim to be antibacterial. It deals with how the molecules of the soap are so aggressively polar that they will burrow into and even though the cell wall of bacteria. No it's not as effective as other things but it is true.

[@biotechbabe8886]

Love your videos, if you ever find yourself needing a researcher for this channel, let me know!

[@stargazingstar3239]

It's crazy how few subs this channel has

[@ettinakitten5047]

My answer, before watching the video, would probably be honey. Ancient Egyptians used it in a poultice on wounds, and modern scientists believe that it was actually effective at killing bacteria.

[@eedobee]

I for one welcome the coming algorithmic wave. This channel is S teir and it ought to take off.

[@Acemans]

This is all very interesting content

[@johnnesbit2371]

"Gram-negative, etc" : Nothing to do with weighing it. Good example of the dozens of reasons why we need History of Medicine.

[@kyletaylor6942]

How does this not have 1 mil subs

[@snigwithasword1284]

Always assumed Gram stain was related to the size or weight of the bacteria, no one ever explained its just named after a guy.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

That’s what I thought at first too! I always have to remind myself to capitalize Gram when I spell it out

[@hamzadarnif1117]

Hello, i thank you for your great videos that you make m, please, would you recommand books for such a subject.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

I keep a Google doc with current recommendations. Enjoy! docs.google.com/document/d/1wuG-8EiF2lMbFdEG-9k1qi1d1KZAdGK1o41o7SYed_k/edit?usp=sharing

[@alrightyy.aphrodite]

Patrick has a video for everything

[@wzburzonykisiel]

7:58 It was sodium hypochlorite, not soap. Soap might have been good enough but it didn't remove dead body stench and the stench itself was thought to cause childbed fever.

[@freyashipley6556]

I love the trailer for Dr. Ehrlich's Magic Bullet! ("Forged in the white fires of one man's courage!") Has anyone watched the whole thing? Do they actually mention the word "syphilis"? Did the Hays Office allow that?

[@clusterfer]

As a user of digitalis I thought that Foxglove had heart rate effects and belladonna had antiinflammatory. Was I mistaken?

[@mistersir3020]

The reason most life needs cell walls but animals don't is that we incorporate cholesterol in the cell membrane which increases its stiffness & strength.

[@murph8411]

I think you mixed up fox gloves (digitalis) and belladonna (atropine) when you said the heart effects of belladonna and the anti inflammatory effects of fox gloves. Of course maybe I’m missing something.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Totally fair comment. I'm oversimplifying a bunch, but digitalis was used for a condition old-timey doctors called dropsy (swelling now more commonly associated with heart failure, not general inflammation) while atropine is used to *increase* heart rate

[@charlesReed239]

I'm guessing honey. Gotta be the first.

[@mistydhudd]

What’s the adorable plague doctor stuffies name? I notice he’s ever present there behind you on the table.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Mhmm, I call him Alexander after the discoverer of the plague bacillus, Alexandre Yersin. It's this one here: www.amazon.com/Squishable-Mini-Plague-Doctor-Plush/dp/B08F5KQFXJ?&_encoding=UTF8&tag=corporis-20&linkCode=ur2&linkId=1a30387aeac44d700145d7321f3aef7f&camp=1789&creative=9325">Plague Doctor squish mallow

[@AlyxGlide]

I wonder if wormwood in absinthe made the drink popular around malaria

[@Melissa0774]

What happened to the third video?

[@okaro6595]

I would find a weird coincidence that the ancient doctors used mold if it had no effect. Where would they have gotten the idea? Now the effect may have been small.

[@lewisbrodnax7898]

I don't know if this is relevant, but I do know of a treatment that was used by soldiers to treat battle wounds in t pre christian era. It was a plant relative of onions& garlic used as a poultice over a wide circumference of t Mediterranean area. Mentioned in the first botanical encyclopedia and specimens of it found in Tutanchamen's tomb, it was used to extinction. So no luck for us today. And no, I don't recall a name. But I'm sure it would have been t first known antibiotic.

[@jafinch78]

Is the oligiodynamic effect still controversial? Like I assumed literally throughout my life that was how mercury was effective, due to the oligiodynamic effect. Silver is another more commonly demonized oligiodynamic effect heavy metal, albeit safest seems of the useful bunch outside of the human nutrients that still cane be dangerous in higher dosages. Yet during my questioning of and tenure at Perrigo and later, silver became more available on the market outside of burn dressings. I also assumed that is why the door and rail materials were made from the specific metals. Maybe a Wiki search for oligiodynamic effect and go from there maybe? Now I'm wondering about the research, or lack there of, in regards to USP NF treatments active ingredients that were pre WW2.

[@jafinch78]

Great videos by the way! Looking forward to seeing your channel growth.

[@casedistorted]

Why is the 4th video on this series hidden??

[@PatKellyTeaches]

I'm not sure. I originally had a Patreon exclusive video in there, but have since deleted it

[@petefluffy7420]

It would have been something unknown to science at the time probably. A traditional medicine of one type or another from somewhere or other.

[@kgunthorpe]

This guy and his content are fantastic. Very educational material worth far more than a lot of the misleading junk of KZbin.

[@ryandavis9898]

What about colloidal silver

[@elektro3000]

I'm not really convinced that the "made by microbes" criteria is still relevant. Whether it's originally synthesized through artificial chemistry, naturally by microbes, or synthesized to copy something made by microbes, it's the selective function of the compound that determines its application to bacterial infection, not the manufacturing process.