I've had T1D since I was seventeen. My sister had it since she was twelve, and my father had it since his early twenties. Every so often, I think about how just 200 years ago, diabetes was essentially a death sentence. But now, with (aside from the price) accessible insulin, and modern technology, I can live a completely normal life as long as I make sure to use my pump correctly. My eternal gratitude goes to the scientists you mentioned responsible for this discovery. Truly, my life is indebted to them.

This was really interesting! after years of GERD and proton pump inhibitors that never helped, i coincidentally began treatment for MCAS- starting with Zyrtec and Pepcid twice a day. It's been almost a year and barely any reflux at all. Apparently Benadryl also helps, in my specific case. I had no idea theyd have this effect. I've had a number of issues with food and regurgitation, which have lessened while not completely disappearing, and now that I'm starting corticosteroids and hopefully targeting my immune system as a whole, we're all curious what effects this will have on my digestion as well. This was not only very interesting to watch, but a lot of information I didn't know until years into needing it

My grandad worked as a PhD student with Fred sanger on the structure of insulin. I’ll be very upset if he isn’t mentioned in the next video.

TRIPS has the article 5 that contemplates situations in which IP can be "overturned" - it actually allows for compulsory licensing. It was a Brazilian Health Minister and his team - that also involved the Diplomatic Service team - who created the legal case for triggering Article 5 of TRIPS for anti-AIDS medication. It did not get that far because in the end George W. Bush changed his mind and decided to support price cuts for developing countries. Recently there was a NYT Opinion video on KZbin giving all the blessings for Bush - a guy who according to American Diplomats was actually convinced to change his mind by the Brazilian team. The Health Minister at the time is a founder of the Social Democratic party, was a student leader in the early 1960s, later exiled to Chile and later escaped to the US where he got a PhD in Management - the son of small produce sellers, former senator and governor of São Paulo, José Serra. There's a printed CNN piece on the event and I'll post it here when I find it.

27:30 Public funding is a solution that is often used in technology - why not use it in public health? You have no idea how much technological development in the US was public funded!!!!

Yay! Now I have another name for my famous Georgians list: Giorgi Eliava! The other is Aram Khachaturian who was both Armenian and Georgian!

3:02 So somebody drank dog pee for science? True scholar. 🏆

No idea why youtube recommended this to me since I'm recovering from wisdom teeth removal and not appendix removal but it was still very interesting to learn about it since I do still have mine and hope to keep it for the rest of my life (ideally not ended by a burst appendix).

Also any video on the enigmatic nature of prion diseases such as BSE would be much appreciated

Chill de cojones el video no?

Was he manic?

Hi Patrick: I’m totally off topic here… just wonder if you’d do a video or a series on vegetable oils? There is a much interest in the social media, and it looks like some reforms will take place in the food industry in the near future with the new US administration.

I really want some of that Wizard Oil!

Great channel

Urine fasting is said to be healthy.

Great video as always! Late to the party but gotta comment for engagement. Love your videos.

BMI is basically a measurement created by a random using his homie as standard of whole humanity. Unfortunately is more and more popular in medicine because doctors are getting lazier and lazier.

This video couldn't have been made at a more perfect time. I'm currently researching the history and rise of pharmaceutical drug companies. I'd love to see your take on how insulin production was monopolized by these few companies and their continued impact on the the world today.

i always said that if they had just shut down everything totally for 2 weeks it would have gone away

Kind of crazy no one had tried to mix the pancreas juice with ethanol till then, surely it was a known solvent

For an embarrassingly long time I thought anthrax was a man made chemical weapon like mustard gas. It just sounds scary.

Arjune Shankapushpi Tocotrienol Helped me.

If they had opium and laughing gas before the Civil War, why wasn’t it used and all those tens of thousands of amputations of soldiers limbs?

Australia does not have rabies

Laudanum actually improves diarrhea by slowing down muscle contractions in the intestines.

I hope we can solve the market failures and misplaced government priorities for this miracle industry turned nightmare

You deserve the greatest Subscribe 🌷

I appreciate that you have the courage to review the Unjust historical narratives 🙏 Good for you to respect your conscience like this

I appreciate your work. Here are some facts that I know from my own research about the Islamic Age (8th-13th centuries). Below is a list of original contributions by scholars of that era: Medicine 1. Al-Razi (Rhazes, 865-925) • Books: Kitab al-Hawi (Comprehensive Book on Medicine) and Kitab al-Mansuri (The Book of Medicine Dedicated to al-Mansur). • Discoveries: • Differentiated smallpox from measles in his treatise On Smallpox and Measles. • Introduced clinical observation and case histories into medical practice. • Developed alcohol-based antiseptics. 2. Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 980-1037) • Books: Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb (The Canon of Medicine). • Synthesized knowledge from Greek, Roman, and earlier Islamic medicine. • Standard medical text in Europe and the Middle East for centuries. • Introduced the concept of contagious diseases and quarantine. • Described the anatomy and physiology of the eye and the heart. 3. Al-Zahrawi (Albucasis, 936-1013) • Books: Al-Tasrif (The Method of Medicine). • Pioneered the use of catgut for internal sutures. • Documented over 200 surgical instruments, many of which were his inventions. • Described the use of forceps in childbirth and introduced techniques for the removal of bladder stones. Surgery 4. Al-Zahrawi • Introduced modern surgical techniques, including cauterization for stopping bleeding. • Described the use of ligatures during surgery. • Developed procedures for treating fractures, dislocations, and spinal injuries. • Innovated plastic surgery techniques, including reconstructing deformities. 5. Ibn al-Nafis (1213-1288) • Corrected Galen’s views on the heart and blood circulation. • Described the pulmonary circulation of blood in his commentary on Avicenna’s Canon. • His discovery was later confirmed by William Harvey in the 17th century. Anatomy 6. Ibn al-Nafis • Identified the role of the lungs in oxygenating blood. • Described the wall between the heart’s ventricles as impermeable, disproving Galen’s ideas. 7. Hunayn ibn Ishaq (809-873) • Translations: Translated Greek anatomical texts (e.g., Galen) into Arabic and Syriac, making them accessible to Islamic scholars. • Contributed to ophthalmology with detailed studies of the eye, its structure, and its diseases. 8. Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar, 1094-1162) • Described the anatomy of the throat and esophagus in detail. • Pioneered experimental methods in testing surgical procedures on animals. Pharmacy and Therapeutics 9. Sabur ibn Sahl (d. 869) • Compiled one of the earliest pharmacopoeias (Aqrabadhin), categorizing drugs and their uses. • Developed standard formulations for medicines. 10. Al-Biruni (973-1050) • Documented the properties and effects of drugs in his book Kitab al-Saydala (The Book of Pharmacology). These scholars laid the foundation for modern medicine by merging clinical practice with experimentation and by documenting their methods in treatises that were later translated into Latin and studied in medieval Europe.

The Golden Islamic Age (8th-13th centuries) was a period of remarkable contributions to medicine, surgery, and anatomy. Below is a list of original contributions by scholars of that era: Medicine 1. Al-Razi (Rhazes, 865-925) • Books: Kitab al-Hawi (Comprehensive Book on Medicine) and Kitab al-Mansuri (The Book of Medicine Dedicated to al-Mansur). • Discoveries: • Differentiated smallpox from measles in his treatise On Smallpox and Measles. • Introduced clinical observation and case histories into medical practice. • Developed alcohol-based antiseptics. 2. Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 980-1037) • Books: Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb (The Canon of Medicine). • Synthesized knowledge from Greek, Roman, and earlier Islamic medicine. • Standard medical text in Europe and the Middle East for centuries. • Introduced the concept of contagious diseases and quarantine. • Described the anatomy and physiology of the eye and the heart. 3. Al-Zahrawi (Albucasis, 936-1013) • Books: Al-Tasrif (The Method of Medicine). • Pioneered the use of catgut for internal sutures. • Documented over 200 surgical instruments, many of which were his inventions. • Described the use of forceps in childbirth and introduced techniques for the removal of bladder stones. Surgery 4. Al-Zahrawi • Introduced modern surgical techniques, including cauterization for stopping bleeding. • Described the use of ligatures during surgery. • Developed procedures for treating fractures, dislocations, and spinal injuries. • Innovated plastic surgery techniques, including reconstructing deformities. 5. Ibn al-Nafis (1213-1288) • Corrected Galen’s views on the heart and blood circulation. • Described the pulmonary circulation of blood in his commentary on Avicenna’s Canon. • His discovery was later confirmed by William Harvey in the 17th century. Anatomy 6. Ibn al-Nafis • Identified the role of the lungs in oxygenating blood. • Described the wall between the heart’s ventricles as impermeable, disproving Galen’s ideas. 7. Hunayn ibn Ishaq (809-873) • Translations: Translated Greek anatomical texts (e.g., Galen) into Arabic and Syriac, making them accessible to Islamic scholars. • Contributed to ophthalmology with detailed studies of the eye, its structure, and its diseases. 8. Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar, 1094-1162) • Described the anatomy of the throat and esophagus in detail. • Pioneered experimental methods in testing surgical procedures on animals. Pharmacy and Therapeutics 9. Sabur ibn Sahl (d. 869) • Compiled one of the earliest pharmacopoeias (Aqrabadhin), categorizing drugs and their uses. • Developed standard formulations for medicines. 10. Al-Biruni (973-1050) • Documented the properties and effects of drugs in his book Kitab al-Saydala (The Book of Pharmacology). These scholars laid the foundation for modern medicine by merging clinical practice with experimentation and by documenting their methods in treatises that were later translated into Latin and studied in medieval Europe.

Let's take a moment of silence in memory of all these dogs that suffered in these experiments 😔❤️

One Health

Onions and garlic have a natural compound called Allyl Sulphid which acts as an antibiotic for some infections, a kind of natural Sulpha drug{?}. This was in a news article recently. I use castor oil ointment on burns, pimples, ear infections, as ear drops, and a sty in the corner of my eye. The ointment drained and cleared these infections in a few days.

Would it be possible to search and locate fungi and molds today that have developed MODERN antibiotic material that could control modern resistant bacteria? Fungi and bacteria must be even today in a competitive race and we could perhaps find fungi today with mutated ability to control modern resistant bacteria?

If molds and fungi were able to control bacteria until bacteria developed resistance, what of wild fungi and molds TODAY??? Could fungi now have mutated to control present MODERN strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria??? Possible to search for modern fungi with developed NEW mutated ability to control bacteria?

I enjoyed a few of the titles you mentioned here and in the doc, the rest goes on my tbr:) I'm very surprised to see no mentions of Jürgen Thorwald, his books were my introduction into the history of medicine (The Century of the Surgeon being the first I read). I would also recommend basically everything Atul Gawande wrote, not only Being mortal that I saw recommended in the comments. Besides already mentioned Emperor, Gene by Siddhartha Mukherjee is also an interesting read. I also really liked I Contain Multitudes: The Microbes Within Us and a Grander View of Life by Ed Yong If you'd like to dive more into social and colonialist history of medicine, I recommend Paul Farmer's books - in particular Infections and Inequalities: The Modern Plagues. In a similar vein but more anecdotal (very very good though) - The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down: A Hmong Child, Her American Doctors, and the Collision of Two Cultures by Anne Fadiman.

20'ish years ago I had mine removed. When I called into work HR thought I was making it up. The reason? Because I was the 3rd or 4th person from work with appendicitis that week. Also, my gut health has been hot garbage since. It's as if I don't produce healthy gut flora any longer.

I listened to the conclusion of the video twice now and I'm still confused what is the actual result of the studies mentioned. The comments full of appendicitis stories are fun though

You must be having daily panic attacks rn because of the state of the states..

Turn of the 20th century, not 19th

A recent anthropology study of a Neanderthal settlement found the skeleton of a mother and her teenage son. The teenage son had serious health conditions. Here’s what’s interesting: scientist found willow bark next to the sick boys’s body that likely was used for pain relief. A second type of bark contained the penicillin mold! 50,000 years ago! I wonder how many discoveries by prehistoric man have been lost to civilization, and when we may re-discover in the future?

My appendix was lovely enough to rupture when I was 4 years old. This sepsis and complications that I experienced with whatever went down in my surgery resulted in me having my gallbladder removed 2 years later and a lifetime of heinous abdominal scarring

I've tried watching this like 4 times now and I just can't stomach it, that sucks for me because i absolutely love Patrick Kelly videos

Thanks Dr. Kelly. It's wonderful that videos like this exist on the Internet. I strongly suspect that this video will lead to others that tell additional details about diabetes.

Thank you for being you. Regards Al from down under. This island is not what you think it is.

I notice one yhing each created drug has in common ..Massive PROFITs for the "inventing"" Company! What about the actual INVENTOR?

I so remember that metal tin for aspirin. I must be getting old?

Great video, but Taíno is pronounced Tah-eeno 😅