How Anthrax Changed Infectious Disease

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Check out part 2 about anthrax's role as a bioweapon on Patreon: www.patreon.com/posts/104341246/

[@nothanks9503]

Anthrax is one of few infectious diseases that my first reaction to is “that’s not fair” like Ebola it infects your immune cells not fair

[@redwoodii6226]

I seriously doubt you’d get demonetized. If you’d just be honest, saying “Hey guys, I need to make some money so I’m putting half my content behind a paywall”, it’d be a bit more palatable than the whole “they’re gonna de-monetize me” bit. It’s a shame too, because you made an otherwise excellent presentation. I’d never seen your channel before, and I was impressed up until that point.

[@osmosisjones4912]

How acurate is my movie

[@jinxedpenguin]

oh man, my favorite youtuber just dropped a video on anthrax. my mom was a nurse at a rural health department a few years after this happened and she had an obsession with anthrax (as well as ebola, go figure) so this just reminds me of my childhood lmao

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Your mom shares her focus with the protagonist of this video! Koch might not have done his work on anthrax if it weren’t for his rural setting

[@jinxedpenguin]

@@PatKellyTeaches great video, by the way! I never see comment responses on YT so I manually have to go back and check them haha. Watched your Patreon part 2 and it was great as well!

[@williamblack1729]

your mom was a nurse a few years after Koch?

[@ConnorNolan]

I was eight years old in 2001 and my mom was a postal worker. I was so afraid of her getting an anthrax envelope, but she helped me research it and figure out how she could avoid getting sick. You make amazing work that helps us all understand the world a bit better. Thank you!

[@Julius-lw4dp]

showing how you annotate the papers helps a lot in retaining the information. smart thing to do and effective.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

I'm glad you appreciate it! I mostly do it so that people know where the information comes from and can follow up if they're curious

[@mariesmith9508]

@@PatKellyTeachesI deeply appreciate this! Do you have an organization system for your research so you don’t get your facts confused?

[@PatKellyTeaches]

@@mariesmith9508 yes! For every video, I create an annotated script and link to it on Patreon in the description of the video. You don’t have to be a patron to view it

[@arghleblarghle]

15:05 I'm a disease biologist, and was absentmindedly listening (not watching) when you mentioned Avian cholera and attenuation of the cholera bacteria. I immediately came to comment about the etiology of avian cholera (Pasteurella) vs human cholera (Vibrio), and was SO pleased to see that you beat me to the punch! I appreciate how well-researched this video is, and the order in which you presented the information is pretty much exactly beat-for-beat what I would have done myself. What a treat!

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Thank you for such a nice comment! Admittedly, when I was younger, I assumed that the same pathogen caused cholera in both chickens and humans.

[@Somebodyelse141]

That's a very cool profession

[@Relesy]

Underrated channel. You’re an incredible teacher!

[@PatKellyTeaches]

I appreciate that! Plenty more videos coming this summer

[@masterimbecile]

3:11 In Chinese we call it 炭疽 (tan4 jü1), which literally means “coal gangrene”.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

That’s so interesting. I love when the etymologies share so much in common

[@hcblue]

Only just found your channel. Thanks for the dive into a fascinating topic! (And kudos to pronouncing all those long drug names lol.)

[@PatKellyTeaches]

And thank YOU for the Super Thanks! Neither of those monoclonal antibody pronunciations were first try, I’ll tell ya that!

[@ATeamBrown]

I have never been one to be interested in diseases/biology, but I love these videos! Keep up the great work sir.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Thank you!

[@Cloudsurfer69]

holy smokes!! i live in bradford england. wasnt expecting to hear my literal street name in this lol. shout out manchester road! been nasty for 100s of years haha thats gotta be a record :')

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Ayyyy small world! Shoutout to the wool mills of Bradford

[@Cloudsurfer69]

@@PatKellyTeaches i know right?? gotta love it :) never thought id hear you say that but ill take it on behalf of Bradford haha! thanks for the great video, you have a wonderful way of communicating things i have no business understanding lol. Lots of love!!

[@quintecence]

Oh snap, not too far from where my mum lives 😂

[@drbinxy9433]

When I read this I thought you meant “street name” like a rapper name

[@seanaugagnon6383]

My mom is a principal. We live in Napa valley. Back when anthrax was going on she got an envelope addressed to her as school with a bunch of white powder in it. It was supposed to look like anthrax but wasn't. Still wasn't funny to learn my mom was possibly infected with the deadly disease and then only learning you know a few minutes later well wait no it's just a joke.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

In the Patreon video, I looked into the anthrax pranks, but never realized how many there were. Over the course of like 3 months, the CDC had literally thousands of false alarms from the pranks

[@SimianIndustries]

PRincipals in 2001 Napa? Yeah I'll tell you from personal experience most of em earned some kind of scare. Their kids didn't but rofl what a dump

[@bevinboulder5039]

I just discovered your channel within the last week and have been bingeing ever since. This is the single best informative channel I have ever seen. I've learned so much about the history of medicine! Thank you! Thank you for all your work. Subscribed and joined Patreon. Your work is well worth supporting.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Such kind words, thank you so much for commenting. And of course, thank you for supporting on Patreon 🎉🎉

[@bevinboulder5039]

@@PatKellyTeachesYou're very welcome!

[@Bhatakti_Hawas]

Can you make a video on MUSCLE RELAXANTS ? Starting from Curare to the modern day. Its very fascinating

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Oooh, I haven’t done muscle relaxers specifically, but I did mention them in my recent video about antihistamines. TLDR, the invention of Benadryl was kickstarted by a search for a better antispasmodic

[@Bhatakti_Hawas]

@@PatKellyTeaches Antispasmodics and Muscle Relaxants are entirely different Antispasmodics are mainly used for pain relief. Muscle Relaxants are used for surgeries & emergency procedures

[@PartyhatRS]

​@@Bhatakti_Hawaseh. You're partially correct. All muscle relaxants are antispasmodic, but not all antispasmodics are muscle relaxers.

[@Bhatakti_Hawas]

@@PartyhatRS yep yep 👍🏼

[@Wellokayig]

AHHHH I cannot believe you did one on Anthrax! You have become my new favorite medical YTer (I binged watched your videos within 2 days) and I love this discussion. TYYYY!

[@littlegrabbiZZ9PZA]

The envelopes were always funny, every single one we got at our unit back in the day had a perfectly white powder in it. Sure, send "anthrax" letters to a CBRNe unit. Fun fact: Powderized Anthrax spores aren't white, they're more beige. Pure white is not anthrax. As for what it was: Mostly flour or baking soda, and one knucklehead sent us powdered sugar, which of course arrived quite damp.

[@cthellis]

“…needs spore cowbell…” ಠ_ಠ

[@stevengill1736]

thraxadelic baby!

[@m.streicher8286]

I never found it weird enough to look into, I've always felt like anthrax is held in a different sort of regard, compared to other infectious threats.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Totally. I think the early 2000’s terror threat definitely elevated everyone’s anthrax anxieties

[@m.streicher8286]

​​@@PatKellyTeachesI think whatever got chosen for the attacks would've gained infamy, but after watching, I know why anthrax was chosen.

[@hedgehog3180]

It's also just one of those diseases that sounds terrifying even though you know you're at no risk of catching it.

[@nikevisor54]

Will be imagining the metal band instead of the disease whenever possible in the scripting

[@stevengill1736]

That release of anthrax in the USSR when that biological warfare plant leaked was so gnarly....imagine going from "oh, there's a few bacilli in that blood sample" to "OK, five thousand gallon culture tank number three is ready to harvest!"...and then that fateful day when a small fire in the drying plant spread and then breached the walls...

[@Cloudsurfer69]

Come back to watch this again and I must say: you genuinely are one of the best teachers on KZbin. people like Hank and John green have always held the title as best but you really do come close if not exceed them both! Thanks for sharing with us:)

[@stylisticus]

Scientific principles are so much easier to understand when explained in a historical/developmental context. Much extra work for the teacher. Your description of the subject matter is clear and understandable. I wonder if your students realize how lucky they are.

[@LoyalFriend62]

I do not have the expertise necessary to declare the veracity of what is presented here. That said, I am impressed with the focused and 'no frills' presentation. Thank you, sir. I subscribed.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

I appreciate that! I take the veracity very seriously and include all my sources in the description of the video. There's also an annotated script linked on Patreon (not behind a paywall) where you can find a line-by-line fact checked copy of the script.

[@theturkeychild]

I love the new bump in production value with all the paper effects!

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Glad you liked them! Truth be told, they’re easier than animations, so I may use them in the future

[@ljr9365]

Wish your video’s were available when I was in vet school! They are great! As far as livestock, anthrax commonly occurs after flood/drought periods and then risks for inhaling spores can occur to people when performing necropsy if anthrax isn’t suspected in a live stock death. Oh and that’s interesting about the German translation as one of the common findings on necropsy is a “blackberry jam spleen”

[@CELLPERSPECTIVE]

The annotation of your references is such a nice touch!

[@Reddotzebra]

When it comes to monoclonal antibodies, the key to finding them based on substance name is that they all end in "mab", the bit right before this denotes how much of the antibody is humanized, so all the "ximab"s use active chains from some other organism that's grafted on to a human antibody, and "mumab"s are fully humanized antibodies. This usually but not always correspond to which generation of treatment it belongs to, there are other ones in between but they all represent how much of the antibody is human. This usually translates to the chance that humans develop antibodies to the monoclonal antibodies as well, so for example it's more common that the anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha treatment Infliximab (or any of its biosimilars) stops working because the patient develops antibodies to the treatment as compared to the latter generation Adalimumab.

[@sparklymishy96]

A few years back I was working alone overnight and thought I found anthrax in a blood culture. Gram stain looked identical but once the sub culture grew, turns out it was just a non-anthrax Bacillus sp.

[@StephenMortimer]

Thanks!

[@paraboo8994]

Koch's life is what got me into reading biographies. I was reading up about the history of vaccines and the snippets of his life discussed in there, were so interesting, I picked up a biography of Koch. He was such an interesting man!

[@MisterFribble]

Fun fact: not all of the 2001 anthrax attacks were inhalation. At least one was a staffer at the NY Post who got a papercut on her middle finger from the letter. This led to her middle finger becoming necrotic. She survived and got a photo showing her bandaged finger on the cover of the Post. EDIT: turns out it was 75% of the infections being cutaneous.

[@whatwhat9519]

A guy I know who I guess do to joining the military back in the day had to get the anthrax vaccine He said it still kicked his ass

[@hedgehog3180]

In this case it was actually his immune system making him sick (though really that's always the case), though that's a good thing it means his immune system reacted strongly to the percieved threat. How everyone's immune system reacts to different potential threats varies enormously since our immune systems are one of the things that vary the most between people, like I didn't feel anything from the Covid-19 mRNA vaccine but my sibling and dad got quite sick.

[@djkb125]

As someone with just a passive interest in this kind of stuff I almost clicked off when I heard you outline what this video would cover. I decided to keep watching and I’m really glad I did! You presented this in a way that was super interesting for someone that doesn’t have a reason to know this stuff. Lol. I really enjoyed learning about what it must have been like for those 18th and 19th century scientists. That must have been such an exciting time.

[@masser1a77]

The moment I’ve seen the pole on the first antrax vaccine my day was made. Most underrated KZbinr I know

[@m.streicher8286]

Why would John Joseph try chemicals before heat? Was chemical attenuation just more popular in France?

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Good question. Both Pasteur and Touissant were French, and both were some of the first to intentionally attenuate a germ for a vaccine, so I don't know if we can answer the popularity question

[@hedgehog3180]

Might just be about previous experience, Joseph might have had more experience with chemistry so that's what came to his mind first while Pasteur is obviously famous for his working using heat.

[@tanyadrochner2105]

Yes! So happy to see another video from you. One of my favorite channels on KZbin by far. I always enjoy your deep dives, explanations, and graphics. :)

[@elnombre91]

Great stuff, as always!

[@mmmmmmmmaria]

your talent for teaching and production level are insane. the fact that i can’t pay for any international purchases and therefore am unable to subscribe to your patreon physically pains me and you’re the only creator i can say that about. can’t wait for new videos.

[@gamereditor59ner22]

Interesting....🤔 Thank you for the information and keep it up!

[@Beardqt]

the cowbell is what we call an "apex instrument"

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Up there with the kazoo and vuvuzela

[@markrowland1366]

Thankyou for all this s9 very important history.

[@melinapaixao82]

Wow! I love how the epidemiologist fought for better conditions for the workers ❤

[@therealdavelloyd]

A NEW VIDEO!!! F+$k YES! I'm about to sit in a corner at work and risk getting fired for the next 26:26 to get this in my brain. Lol

[@gxxthicflower]

i have a really weird intense obsession with anthrax (likely a product of morbid fascination) so seeing this in my recommended absolutely made my night

[@CinnaChee]

It's such a treat when you upload. One of my favorite informational channels out there. I thoroughly appreciate the research you put in and the depth you explore! Btw, coming from a pharmacist, we hate pronouncing some of those mabs as well :P

[@yura2424]

Very interesting!

[@TheArcherette]

It’s amazing how far we’ve come!

[@markieannexplores]

Didn't know a single thing about this topic. Thanks bro.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

My pleasure. The stories are so fascinating and I'm stoked people like them

[@joeshmoe8345]

Great stuff Big Dog, thanks for sharing

[@ruthcole909]

A beautiful video. Thanks so much!

[@jukes_tv]

Love your videos dude. Keep it up!

[@zachhhuang]

great video!

[@nicky740]

Sir, I need your videos to be like 1 hour long cause I could listen to you educate us for forever and these 15 minute videos are just too short 😂

[@PatKellyTeaches]

I appreciate that!

[@seraphemcamille]

my moms side of the family were all postal workers at the dc location that was affected, i only found out when i was prescribed a medication they use for anthrax lol

[@cyrilio]

This shows how important a death certificate can be. Wish more weight was put on making these accurate.

[@billthorton6388]

Ok..... I'm making a German Anthrax cover band......... SPLEEN FIRE!

[@PatKellyTeaches]

MILZBRAND!

[@billthorton6388]

@@PatKellyTeaches I think that will be our own band brand beer! Lol

[@fantasywiz54]

Does your anthrax as a bioweapon talk about the US dropping anthrax coated chicken feathers and sea shells during the Korean War? That gets forgotten by a lot of people. The US has done many things like that all over the world.

[@rnbbh5100]

exactly

[@aleksandrakowalczyk6043]

US won the war, thus controls the story

[@alanaschreier9115]

I recently discovered your channel. Excellent ! How about a video about monoclonal antibodies. I was a biochem post-doc during the seventies when the first monoclonal antibodies were developed . There was a lot of hype about their medical treatment possibilities then. However, it took decades to develop. Why ? Now, I see monoclonal antibody treatments everywhere.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

I've gotten a few requests for MCAs lately! They're on the list

[@ethandudeman8359]

0:32 that 1800s lady be like: dafuq is this shit??

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Exactly. It’s a famous old illustration called « Monster Soup », in reference to a filthy River Thames in London

[@Tinil0]

That reminds me, as someone who unfortunately has multiple autoimmune diseases, do you ever plan to make a video on monoclonal antibodies? It feels like they "came out of nowhere" (To a layman obviously) within the last few decades and have absolutely EXPLODED as a method for treating all sorts of stuff. Everything is a -mab these days!

[@PatKellyTeaches]

I do! My next series is about blockbuster drugs like Lipitor, Prozac, and Ozempic, and I'll go into the history of MCAs during the rituximab story

[@Tinil0]

@@PatKellyTeaches Since I am starting Risankizumab whenever the infusion center gets back to me, I appreciate it! Can't wait.

[@ugurdinc4696]

3rd time watching it 🙈 still not bored thanks Patrick

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Thank you!

[@bronte826]

We recently discovered your channel. It is very interesting. Actually fascinating. Curious what your background is.

[@DW_25]

Your videos have been better than my med school professors at teaching me about the history of medicine and epidemiology lol

[@Woozy.0]

We need a Scott Ian endorsement!

[@NirvanicSunshine]

Daddy Explains It All. The Max Miller of medical history!

[@nexaentertainment2764]

Holy shit the level of spite writing he died due to his negligent employer... what a fucking king. Did for workers rights what all of us think we're gonna do to stick it to them in the shower lol

[@LeifEriccson43]

I was 10 during 9/11 and my dad had the news on 24/7. I had recurring nightmares about receiving an anthrax envelope...

[@petehall1900]

Thank for history and story about experimenting

[@MinhVu-zq2sm]

Great video as always 🙌 However, unrelated, where did you get that blue camp collar shirt? 😬

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Thank you! Just about all the clothes I own, including that shirt, are from @jcrew these days

[@mauryhan]

Spleen Fire should be a metal band name.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

🤘😎🤘

[@TrenaGoodhile]

The content is very good

[@actuallyapathy]

when is Nebula gonna add patrick kelly?!! genuinely surprised he isn't with them yet!

[@PatKellyTeaches]

A couple folks have commented this recently! I like Nebula and am friends with a bunch of their creators. If you’re a Nebula subscriber and want to see me over there, send them feedback and let’s make it happen!

[@actuallyapathy]

@@PatKellyTeaches I reached out to them and they let me know that they typically expand via recommendations from creators already on the platform. If you have any youtuber friends who are on Nebula it may be worth reaching out to them and letting them know you are interested in joining!

[@actuallyapathy]

@@PatKellyTeaches i reached out to Nebula and they said they add creators based on recommendations from the creators already on nebula, so if you have any friends or people you know on there you could reach out to them and let them know you're interested!

[@actuallyapathy]

@@PatKellyTeaches I contacted the folks at Nebula and they said they expand their creator base through recommendations by creators already on Nebula! So if you have any people you know who are on Nebula or in a similar sphere (i.e. Chubbyemu) it might be worth letting them know you are interested!

[@actuallyapathy]

I contacted the folks at Nebula and they said they expand their creator base through recommendations by creators already on Nebula! So if you have any people you know who are on Nebula or in a similar sphere (i.e. Chubbyemu) it might be worth letting them know you are interested!

[@hedgehog3180]

Miltbrandt is more like “Spleen burn” than “Spleen fire”, like if you have a burning throat. It sounds less like a deadly infection and more like an annoying cough.

[@V77710]

One of my favourite metal bands

[@jonathanthomas2613]

Is the fatality of the gastrointestinal infection over half or 750%?

[@aguysaid5457]

Is this the kind of video that if yoy watch more than once you never get to see the light of day again?

[@sharelessonresources]

Always interesting

[@BlisaBLisa]

watching Esotericas video about the history of vampire folklore i was wondering if some of the things it was describing was caused by anthrax. vampirism was described like a disease, it started with one person then infected the whole family and then spread to others, a vampire could infect cattle and if a person eats the cattle they get vampirism too, and iirc the affected cattle (and i think also the affected humans) were described as being found dead with blood around their mouth, which is something that can happen to cattle who die of anthrax.

[@arxamis_]

I was watching a video about Gran Turismo 4 and the automatic mode of YT send me here next... Unexpected, but highly entertaining for my ADHD brain, great!

[@arxamis_]

Yeah, this is my first video from you, hello!

[@elizabethpemberton8445]

Because I was a kid in the 70’s and we got the rise of UHF TV, when I hear “anthrax” I think of the 1947 Ronald Reagan movie “Stallion Road,” which is mostly about anthrax. They knew what audiences wanted back then!

[@markrowland1366]

Rinderpest caused the desths of millions of bovines in Sfrica in the fiest years aroung 1900. Spanish soldiers in their small fort at the entrance to the Red Sea. They landed infected cattle. The effect was overwhelming. Tribes that were centered on grazing starved. The grazing lands grew into bush covered in tetsey fly which killd many people. It got all the way to South Africa, halving their herd.

[@WilliamSmith-zk4tj]

And people who live in Maricopa Valley this is why when the people were plowing the ground and cutting the fields they have to water down and prevent the Dust they call it valley fever but it's a form of anthrax

[@CaptainBarb-jz4us]

I cant afford patron im being helped from homelessness by a friend to get back on my feet. Will the 2nd video be uploaded to KZbin?

[@douglaswilkinson5700]

Ich kann Deutsch! Gotta love those long words: Entwicklungsgeschichte "Developmental History."

[@johnobrien6415]

How come there is nothing about early speed metal or rapcore in this video?

[@ellemarr7234]

Obsessed with everything you upload. I guess I’ll be tucking into bed with a little anthrax lesson. Cheers 🥂 😂

[@haileybalmer9722]

Oh man. I was just reading that Hernan Cortez died of Dropsy. Lots of people did back then. I guess, at the time, they really thought Dropsy was its own illness, rather that pulmonary edema with complex causes. Did he die of anthrax infection? We just can't know that right now. It sort of makes you wonder what we're mistaking as one disease that's actually a symptom with complex causes.

[@DrPsychlops]

Can you put your second video on Nebula? I think you'd do well there.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

I admire the folks over at Nebula! If you're a subscriber and want to see my stuff over there, email them and let them know!

[@DrPsychlops]

@@PatKellyTeaches done!

[@IM2awsme]

Cool, now do a video on crisper and gain of function, back in 2012 it was hailed as the future of vacation, from cancer targeting diseases to mass production of rare materials/proteins, but I don't see very many videos talking about it as often, 2019-2021 most videos where immediately flagged and buried when they start sighting certain sources.

[@josephbaker9932]

I thought using the envelope as a literary device to outline the subject matter and generate interest was very good.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Thank you! I wanted to try something new that wasn't my routine computer animations.

[@mgclark46]

First thing I wonder when I hear “anthrax” is how naughty Zoot and Dingo actually were.

[@LVCKN-]

Kinda surprised that the animals didn't die when injected with a foreign blood, regardless of containing the bacteria or not Is there an explanation for that??

[@StephenMortimer]

GREAT HIGH SCHOOL COURSE

[@hailholyghost]

9:05 did he know about sheep blood types?

[@WeeWooWaah]

Man I love my Milzbrand

[@stanthebamafan]

I got at least 3 doses of the anthrax vaccine when I was in the military

[@nikitabehera5639]

Stem cells please

[@yondie491]

I'm one of those history weirdos who, when someone said anthrax, i think of those British sheep and Operation Vegetation in WW2

[@PatKellyTeaches]

That's right, Anthrax Island! I talk about it a bit in the Patreon version of this video, but Tom Scott did a fabulous video about it too

[@CassVanCat]

My mom ordered play mobile on ebay and a scuba diver had cocaine in its tank. My mom smelled it, got a little high and called poison control. It was christmas morning in the early 2000s and they thought it was anthrax. I have the newspaper clipping. Hasmat suit and emergency services. 😂 my sister and i were preteens and were like wtf is wrong with our family 😂😂

[@deKorpi]

Tried to give a favor thru patreon, but all I was met with was montly. Any other channels to give som cash?

[@quintecence]

Oh shizz, Bradford gets a shout out in an anthrax video.. it's where I'm from lol