Anaerobic Respiration

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[@aizekcaballero966]

I have been watching videos to understand anaerobic respiration but your video is the best! Other video just made me confuse😢 Thank you!!

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[@TonyTigerTonyTiger]

Nope. Fermentation is not anaerobic respiration, and anaerobic respiration is not fermentation: they are two very different processes. Respiration - both aerobic and anaerobic - involves a "respiratory chain" - what is more usually referred to these days as an electron transport chain or electron transport system. The respiratory chain uses energy released by the flow of electrons from one carrier to another in a membrane in order to pump hydrogen ions unidirectionally across the membrane to form an electrochemical proton gradient. In fact, the protein complexes in the electron transport system were originally called “respiratory complexes”, and still are by many sources. The protons then flow back across the membrane through ATP synthase, which allows the enzyme to form ATP from ADP + Pi. The key difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration is that in aerobic respiration the electron transport system's terminal electron acceptor is oxygen, whereas in anaerobic respiration the terminal electron acceptor of the electron transport chain is something other than oxygen, such as nitrate, nitrite, fumarate, DMSO, etc. Fermentation does not use a respiratory chain or respiratory complexes, does not generate an electrochemical proton gradient across a membrane, and does not use ATP synthase to make ATP; so it is not a form of respiration. Fermentation and anaerobic respiration are two entirely different processes. ________________________________________ “Anaerobic Respiration Under anoxic conditions, electron acceptors other than oxygen support respiration in certain prokaryotes. This is called anaerobic respiration. … As in aerobic respiration, anaerobic respirations require electron transport, generate a proton motive force, and employ ATP [synthase] to make ATP (Sections 3.10 - 3.12).” (Brock Biology of Microorganisms: Fourteenth Edition, Michael T. Madigan, et al., Pearson Education, Inc., 2015, p95, 96) ________________________________________ “Cellular respiration, or simply respiration, is defined as an ATP-generating process in which molecules are oxidized and the final electron acceptor is (almost always) an inorganic molecule. An essential feature of respiration is the operation of an electron transport chain. There are two types of respiration … In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is O2; in anaerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule other than O2 or, rarely, an organic molecule.” (Microbiology: An Introduction. 9th Edition. Gerard Tortora, Berdell Funke, and Christine Case. Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. 2007. p129) ________________________________________ “IV Anaerobic Respirations We examined the process of aerobic respiration in Chapter 3. As we noted there, O2 functions as the terminal electron acceptor, accepting electrons that have traversed an electron transport chain. However, we also noted that other electron acceptors can be used instead of O2, in which case the process is called anaerobic respiration. Here we consider these reactions in more detail. 13.16 Principles of Anaerobic Respiration Bacteria that carry out anaerobic respiration have electron transport chains containing the typical electron transport proteins that we have seen in aerobic respiration, photosynthesis, and chemolithotrophy - cytochromes, quinones, iron-sulfur proteins, and the like.” (Brock Biology of Microorganisms: Fourteenth Edition, Michael T Madigan, et al., Pearson, 2015, p410) ________________________________________ “ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION In anaerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is an inorganic substance other than oxygen (O2). Some bacteria, such as Pseudomonas and Bacillus, can use a nitrate ion (NO3-) as a final electron acceptor; the nitrate ion is reduced to a nitrite ion (NO2-), nitrous oxide (N2O), or nitrogen gas (N2). Other bacteria, such as Desulfovibrio (de-sul-fo-vib-re-o), use sulfate (SO42-) as the final electron acceptor to form hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Still other bacteria use carbonate (CO32-) to form methane (CH4). Anaerobic respiration by bacteria using nitrate and sulfate as final electron acceptors is essential for the nitrogen and sulfur cycles that occur in nature. The amount of ATP generated in anaerobic respiration varies with the organism and the pathway. Because only part of the Krebs cycle operates under anaerobic conditions, and since not all the carriers in the electron transport chain participate in anaerobic respiration, the ATP yield is never as high as in aerobic respiration.” (Microbiology: An Introduction. 9th Edition. Gerard Tortora, Berdell Funke, and Christine Case. Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. 2007. p134) ________________________________________ “Anaerobic Respiration … Fermentation and aerobic respiration occur in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Additionally, some prokaryotes have a variation of aerobic respiration called anaerobic respiration, by which they synthesize ATP. This process … is similar to aerobic respiration; the major exception is that the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is a chemical compound other than molecular oxygen. A wide variety of substances can serve as alternate electron acceptors to oxygen (Table 6.5) [which listed nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, and fumarate].” (Microbiology: 3rd Edition, Daniel Lim, Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 2002, p197) ________________________________________ “An important feature of ATP production from the breakdown of nutrient fuels into CO2 and H2O (see Figure 12-1, top) is a set of reactions, called respiration, involving a series of oxidation and reduction reactions called an electron-transport chain. The combination of these reactions with phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP is called oxidative phosphorylation and occurs in mitochondria in nearly all eukaryotic cells. When oxygen is available and is used as the final recipient of the electrons transported via the electron-transport chain, the respiratory process that converts nutrient energy into ATP is called aerobic oxidation or aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration is an especially efficient way to maximize the conversion of nutrient energy into ATP because O2 is a relatively strong oxidant. If some molecule other than O2 - for example, the weaker oxidants sulfate (SO42-) or nitrate (NO3-) - is the final recipient of the electrons in the electron-transport chain, the process is called anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration is typical of some prokaryotic microorganisms.” (Molecular Cell Biology: Eighth Edition. Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Bretscher, Ploegh, Amon, and Martin. W. H. Freeman. 2016. p515) ________________________________________ “The last few sections have talked extensively about aerobic respiration. What defines it as aerobic is its use of oxygen as the terminal electron accepter. Since this is very similar to the type of respiration that humans use, our bias is obvious. Now let me fill you in on a little secret. Microbes are capable of using all sorts of other terminal electron accepters [of the electron transport chain] besides oxygen. Below we talk about a few examples of anaerobic respiration. The one thing that they all have in common is the use of an electron transport system in a membrane and the synthesis of ATP via ATP synthase. In both nitrate reduction and sulfate reduction there are two types of pathways, assimilatory and dissimilatory. … Nitrate reduction Some microbes are capable of using nitrate as their terminal electron accepter. The ETS used is somewhat similar to aerobic respiration, but the terminal electron transport protein donates its electrons to nitrate instead of oxygen. Nitrate reduction in some species (the best studied being E. coli) is a two electron transfer where nitrate is reduced to nitrite. Electrons flow through the quinone pool and the cytochrome b/c1 complex and then nitrate reductase resulting in the transport of protons across the membrane as discussed earlier for aerobic respiration. N03- + 2e- + 2H+ -> N02-+ H20 Figure 1 - The reaction for nitrate reduction. N03-, nitrate; N02-, nitrite This reaction is not particularly efficient. Nitrate does not as willingly accept electrons when compared to oxygen and the potential energy gain from reducing nitrate is less. If microbes have a choice, they will use oxygen instead of nitrate, but in environments where oxygen is limiting and nitrate is plentiful, nitrate reduction takes place.” (©2000 Timothy Paustian, University of Wisconsin-Madison lecturer.ukdw.ac.id/dhira/Metabolism/RespAnaer.html retrieved 05/06/2018)

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[@millssJ]

Yeah thanks. I was getting confused and started panicking until I saw your comment. I would also like to add that fermentation substrates are only organic, whereas in respirations they can be inorganic also.

[@sarahismaili735]

Thx so much this really helped me for my biology class!

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[@TheFujiwuji]

I'm confused about something. At 2:35, he asks "where did that energy go? It's being converted to NAD." What does that mean? Where did what energy go? I understand that Glucose breaks down into two pyruvate... 6 carbons becomes 2 units of 3. But what energy is he referring to? I assume that the 2 ATP just created isn't being used up. He doesn't explain what or where this mysterious energy is. Also NAD just shows up out of nowhere to the right of the drawing, whereas the 2 pyruvates clearly originate from the breakup of glucose. And if the NAD's can just show up out of nowhere, why is their supposed scarcity in the process (limiting respiration) a big deal? If you already understand this, I'm sure it seems quite simple, but I've watched that section 10 times and I can't figure out what he's talking about.

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[@friendofcanisgirl]

Thanks for the video! It was very helpful! :)

[@supercooldude8966]

Yo Anaerobic respiration is the exact same as Aerobic respiration, EXCEPT the electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport system is not oxygen, hence the name; it IS respiration, but it is respiration that doesn't use oxygen. Its a common misconception that organisms surviving without oxygen (fermentation in the video's case) is anaerobic respiration, when fermentation isn't respiration at all.

[@dna1238]

Fascinating ❤🎉🎉🎉, Why is alcohol not good for health?? Curious? then what is lactate in it's " liquid " form??

[@DazzlingNishi]

me at 0:42: YOU GOTTA DIIIIIIIIIG A LITTLE DEEPER

[@naukadladzieci]

What I don't understand is why the 2ATP are called by everyone as our turbo boost etc, if it is just a tiny bit of what is created normally with oxygen. It doesn't deserve to be called like this, it looks more like an evolutionary remainder since primitive times when organisms have not used oxygen for energy.

[@noahgrasser2557]

great video:) thank you!

[@kujo3423]

Thank you for the clarification.

[@josealfaro888]

can you explain how to make vinegar and not acohol from fermantation of grains or fruits

[@Moksh_jeevan]

Which one is the electron donor and acceptor in both alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation?

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[@mikaelcan441]

Since lactate is also produced in bacteria, does bacteria get affected by lactate like us humans? This buildup causes us to feel pain, but would too much of it eventually stop the bacteria from being able to work or something?

[@gabrielkentsenajonabitago6632]

That was really helpful. thank you sir

[@ninadee9753]

Is lactic acid fermentation an indefinite or temporary process? What ultimately stops lactic acid fermentation?

[@aleksandrapodowski6051]

can u explain why and how yeast need oxygen in the beginning and use aerobic respiration and then switch to anaerobic?

[@fewhavestrength]

thanks for the upload.

[@stemandchronicles5008]

You are an awesome lifesaver

[@pumpkinfizz]

Very helpful :) Thank you once again!

[@elpaparaxy]

Can you explain me why anaerobic respiration does not yield as much ATP as aerobic?

[@tina18192]

fantastic!

[@allywong624]

aerobic respiration would propably generate energy loss as heat, but how about anerobic's? would it generate heat loss and have a temperature rise?

[@kulvirsingh819]

What about the 2 Acetaldehydes in alcohol fermentation?

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[@SlightlyLoco]

Glycolysis prodcuces 4 ATP per one mole of glucose because pyruvate is made twice, and two ATP is produced per one pyruvate.

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[@SHELLY2030]

Hii first of all I love you! You said that the lactic acid or the ethanol getting electrons from NADH but in my homework the right answer was the the pyruvate is the one that getting reduced. So il be happy to your expectation for that . Thank you.

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nice i am a teacher and this helps my students

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got it..thanks for uploading this video

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can someone please help me i dont understand anyting.

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[@selamatesfamariam4271]

Doesn't anaerobic respiration use electron transport chain? But instead of oxygen, other less electronegative element is used as electron acceptor. I believe there is a difference between fermentation and anaerobic respiration. Can you please clarify it for me?

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Do you guys know how the Ap exam multiple choice section would be graded this year? Will we be penalized 1/4 points for wrong answer/guesses?

[@PinkUnicornful]

thanks for the video!

[@sportsport1654]

And video about aerobic fermentation?

[@farhaankhan7557]

How does fermentation of yeast produce CO2 if the conditions are anaerobic? CO2 has oxygen in it?

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Thank you so much!

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so helpful, thanks so much~

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Great help!

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I just died because i wanted to feel what anaerobic respiration felt lik

[@Alicyclic-pb2hm]

thank you sir

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Excellent-thank you!

[@flukeseawalker]

Many people believe that there is no Oxygen at all in the process of anaerobic respiration, but in fact, oxygen is the main element required for the process to take place.

[@pinkcat9879]

So how many atp all in all in anaerobic process?

[@Zainabak2005]

is glycolysis exactly same in aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

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Thanks sir

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Out of 1,360 people who watched this video, only one has failed.

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Thank you!