CARTA: Ancient DNA and Human Evolution - Johannes Krause: Ancient European Population History

Johannes Krause (Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History) and his research team analyzed more than 200 ancient human genomes spanning the last 10,000 years of Western Eurasian pre-history. They found direct evidence for two major genetic turnover events at the beginning and at the end of the Neolithic time period in Europe, which they attribute to two major migrations. This explains why all modern European populations are a genetic mixture of steppe pastoralist, early farmers and indigenous European hunter-gatherers in varying proportion. This genetic mixture together with local biological adaptation has led to major changes in human phenotypes such as eye color, skin color, and the ability to digest milk sugar over the past 10,000 years. [9/2016] [Show ID: 30982]
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[@49metal]

The show starts after 1:30.

[@Psyhoduck]

Thank you, you are a good human.

[@kingmephisto8552]

You are impatient

[@49metal]

@@kingmephisto8552 Impatient? With my time/life being needlessly wasted? Yes. Only a fool would not be.

[@sgassocsg]

Good news: great learning and progress being made about roots and identity and who we are. I love this stuff. Bad news: WAY too early to make any conclusions about anything. We need more ancient DNA samples. So Let’s go dig up more ancient corpses and Please avoid modern political/racial demagoguery.

[@vivekswaroopsharma6385]

This is exceedingly interesting. Thank you for posting this.

[@pfg5617]

The old Irish myths say that the race of people which first brought farming to Ireland was wiped out by plague and replaced within a few years by another ethnic group.

[@alexdunphy3716]

We do have a good explanation for the migration and invasions; the horse, the wheel and bronze

[@elbuggo]

I agree.

[@elbuggo]

Sound points.

[@lglovespleasurebunny]

Hahahaha

[@whatabouttheearth]

The initial migrations werent because of the the horse, wheel or bronze. We made those because we got drunk. -2500 Old Kingdom AE builds pyramids and Sphinx. -3200 writing invented -3500 wheel invented. Iran-Persia area invents beer 🍺 -7000 earliest known evidence of alchohol in China. 🍸🍷 -8000 humans have stopped being nomadic hunter-gathers

[@sanderscupac7278]

@@whatabouttheearth much older than -8000.

[@chcomes]

Amazing lecture. Any updates since?

[@cernunnos_lives]

Underwatched and underappreciated. But already has far reaching insights into our past. And with each new discovery this picture is becoming more into focus.

[@deanchristie3829]

Can we agree 15,000 years ago most of Central Europe was covered in ice? The coastal areas may have been warmer due to their proximity to water. Then the melting of the glaciers would allow the populations to gradually move into and occupy the center most areas. Could this explain the distribution of DNA over time?

[@petarpan455]

No we have microclimate Serbia Lepenski Vir 9500BC and nort from us 200km wos ice how ice melt we go on all side of world and shere symbols, letter, calendar agriculture, metallurgy. Europe and part of Azia is Serbian lands. Sorry

[@JohnnieF007]

Language can tell us a great deal about our past ancestors. The most common surname in Ireland is the name Murphy. The common Irish surname Murphy is a modern form of the ancient Irish name "O'Murchadha," which means "descendant of sea warrior," from the Gaelic muir meaning "sea" and cath meaning "battle." it is a very significant definition to a name as it is one example of how people travelled quickly around Northern Western Europe and beyond.

[@bratic80]

John Finlay Well, your word (Gaelic) for “sea” in Balkans is MORE, so it’s not much different.

[@fidenemini111]

@@bratic80 And Latin "mare" - common IDE ancestry.

[@tinttiakka2028]

@Bj D finnish meri

[@konstantinschuh1777]

German: Meer = sea, Moor = swamp, bog, March

[@shone_m]

@@bratic80 And "more" similar to "mora" as in "nightmare" signifying how terrifying sea travel was prior to bronze age. Pls note Serbian "Morava" and "Moravian" for significant rivers from Blue Sea "Adriatic" to Muddy Sea "Baltic Sea = blato = mud, lake Balaton in Hungary, i.e. Blatno jezero (muddy lake), etc.

[@SirAbraxas]

Very insightful. Thank you

[@elrondur1142]

Keep up the great work. Modern Genetic Studies explain so much we couldn't explain before. A lot of mysteries will be solved by this in the coming decades.

[@johnbryant8603]

Thank you so much 🧬❤️🔬

[@juliuskysar9337]

Excellent talk!

[@andreac674]

Wow I am so addicted to this and really want to study this further

[@amrineferreira]

Who are the ancient ancestors of the Circassian people that pulled their DNA so high and to the right on the map? What is the genetic history piece that is missing between them and the Yamnaya?

[@smarterthanurkel]

It should be taken into consideration that the whole picture is speculation due to the limited amount of data available.

[@mariannehuston3814]

This a comment regarding January 27 2016 lecture. I was wandering which category you would classify the CUCUTENI CULTURE- 5500 - 2750 BC. They were very advanced, more than one floor houses, large communities, potery had swastika on them...almost identical with later chinese pottery

[@DalakusRex]

I was just looking at the map and noticed that there is a blank spot from Romania to Grece. Looks very well documented but very one-sided opinion.

[@tinytinky9975]

Pleasure to be enlightened by this news.... so interesting.

[@ogimia]

"Lepenski Vir" 9500BCE and "Vinca Civilization" 7000BCE in Serbia. Oldest anthropology genetics from 7000BCE showed I2a Haplogroup in Vinca Civilization. Oldest bronze and Iron objects found there too. Its worth checking it out,changes lot of what we learned in schools.

[@sincity7890]

oldest bronze and iron objects are found in Eastern Serbia or modern day Bulgaria and also the oldest humanoid remains 7 ,2 million years old so this all theory is big flap

[@nikolabozic6720]

@@sincity7890 that 7.2 milion is a lie you added

[@sedwillful]

@@sincity7890 humanoids aren't humans, just human-like in qualities; limbs, a head, 2 eyes, 1 mouth, etc.

[@kimberlyperrotis8962]

Wonderful, thank you.

[@incazzatoperenne8780]

Hi just came here for curiosity and now I am amazed. I'm from north-central Italy (close to the ancient town of Spina). I have a friend from Sardinia and although we were born from different areas and I have green eyes while hers are dark brown, all people ask us if we are sisters. That's because we are indeed similar by somatic traits, body shape and color of hair. I concluded that genetics is not an exact science but....well I'm now very very curious. I'd like to trace back our ancestors.

[@allisoncurtis4260]

Maybe try one of the dna test service's. I've heard '23 and me' have very thorough results that will tell you where your ancestors are from and even what diseases you could be genetically predisposed to. I do not work for them and have not used their services personally but you can watch result videos on KZbin. I plan on doing it as soon as I have the money. I've always wanted to know what ancestry I have as all I have to go on is white 😂 with Choptank Nanticoke Native American from my great grandmother.

[@Stephanthesearcher]

if you are shown sardina, it does not tell that your ancestors came from sardinia. it tells that the ppl of sardinia came from the same population you came from, wich are the the farmers from anatolia that moved into the alps and northern italy area. from there they spread further to sardinia , middle and south france and spain. only in sardina that population was isolated enough to still be mostly pure decendants from that population. everywhere else they get mixed up with later migration streams.

[@Lauschangreifer]

Sehr informativ. Er bräuchte das aber nicht so durchzukurbeln. Etwas langsamer, etwas weniger Wörter... Wir sind ja nicht auf der Flucht...

[@MultiSciGeek]

Where can I see the same type of research but for Central and South Asia please?

[@MultiSciGeek]

​@@texasrox2010 Yeah I did. Couldn't find it. Even though I should mention that a new study has since been released... I am still looking for a video presentation such a this one.

[@user-hh2is9kg9j]

@@MultiSciGeek David Reich has a presentation that included South Asia. Although this field is quite recent and most of the studies are about Europe.

[@faramund9865]

Perhaps that’s something the Asians should look into themselves? Obviously most research BY Europeans is focused on Europe.

[@user-hh2is9kg9j]

@@faramund9865 He asked if there was research already done about south Aisa. He didn't say why don't they make a research about south Asia.

[@toady7741]

@@faramund9865 Well, Whites have researched every culture and population on Earth: Aleuts, Amish, Eskimos, Pygmies, Hunza, Corsican, Tibetans, Jews, Muslims, Tocharians, Egyptians, Faroese . . .

[@darkoneforce2]

hunter gatherers + anatolian farmers + steppe/PIE = modern europeans.

[@davidrapalyea7727]

Were Steppe people riding horses yet? If so suggests conquest. Horsemen got to Hungary in more modern times and the hungarian plains lead to places with fewer grasslands where farming would take over. No mention of horses at all so maybe no evidence for horses.

[@APsupportsTerrorism]

@@davidrapalyea7727 The male genetics strongly suggest conquest. The Yamnaya dominate Y chromosome to such an extreme that a third of Europe can be traced to 3 dudes. Female ancestry remains highly diverse. Meaning Yamnaya men came, conquered, and had children with *many* local women.

[@jamespaternoster5045]

@@APsupportsTerrorism please elaborate... what three dudes? r1a and r1b? how far back do they date to?.. Also, don't 40% of Europeans have mtdna H? when does that date to comparatively?

[@esramnor6734]

maybe pie is anatolian origin

[@faramund9865]

Ye but as you can see the amounts vary greatly. Where Norwegians are on average 50% yamnaya 25% indigenous and 25% farmer, the Southern Europeans are mostly Farmer and very little yamnaya and indigenous.

[@john10661492]

Ötzi the Tourist! XD

[@johnrogan9420]

Stay hydrated!

[@samuelandrews3829]

Great Presentation. His presentation explains most of European origins, but there's a fourth ancestor for Southern Europe not mentioned. It isn't mentioned because we have little ancient DNA samples from Italy and the Balkan peninsula. Johannes Krause, The work you do is amazing. If you watch this video I want to let you know there's a fourth ancestor for Southern Europe who lived in the Near East and arrived after 3000 BC. They closely resembled modern people in the Near East. Most of their ancestry derived from people similar to Anatolian farmers and the rest of their ancestry comes from ancient people from Iran and the Caucasus who also contributed ancestry to the Steppe people. So, they were very related to the people already living in Southern Europe and are hard to detect. Their ancestry in modern Europeans gets mistaken as being Anatolian farmer ancestry. I'm sure there are people gathering DNA from Bronze age Southern Europe, so someone is going to discover this soon.

[@thomasmichael6266]

I've HEARD OF THREE - FOUR IS VERY INTERESTING TO ME --- THANK YOU ----- TOM PS I HADN'T WATCHED THE PROGRAM - Not TO BE MISUNDERSTOOD - I WAS REFERRING TO MODERN HUMANS - NEANDERTHALS AND REMNANTS OF AN EARLY HUMANOID I BELIEVE WAS CALLED DENOVAN WHICH CARRIED GENES THAT THAT HUMANS Have TODAY

[@BigE.Celula]

Samuel Andrews Albanians?

[@gio7799]

Samuel Andrews Sardinia?

[@Agras14]

Samuel Andrews, here is a study published in August 2017 that relates to your question. Specifically a study on Minoans, Mycenaeans, and modern Greeks, their relation to each other and their ultimate ancestry. Here is an article reviewing the study, www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/08/greeks-really-do-have-near-mythical-origins-ancient-dna-reveals. And here is the actual study without a paywall, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5565772/.

[@johnmellon1820]

Very interesting

[@user-hh2is9kg9j]

I am from the middle east I have 74% Farmer, 24% steppe, 0% European hunter-gatherer and 2% unidentified( probably middle eastern hunter-gatherer).

[@TheAussieRod]

@14:47 is it denesovans?

[@natanyaaberra4984]

It's a shame that C G. Seligman didn't know this!

[@GR-sg2lv]

Back in this time, around 2000-6000BCE most people would have been frightened to travel long distances over 20 miles in fear of getting lost and loosing the safety of their tribe and the safety of their group and shelter ( in my opinion this would make sense as there were no maps at all and loosing your family would have been challenging at the least ) It is more likely that those select few travellers who valued adventure and travel over family would travel long distances and wander across the land in search for new ideas and information. There were probably enough of these travellers, who travelled by land or ocean to eventually bring back grain or products or ideas to share or trade with anyone. The possibility also exists that the farming idea naturally evolved seperately in seperate areas. So the idea to transplant ( kale, cabbage, carrots, lettuce ) to my own farm to make life easier is not too far fetched. The particualar cereal grains ( wheat, barley etc ) would have been brought from dryer climates when travel became more widespread.

[@peternolan4107]

And with all those thousands of years of developing culture and civilization some people still don't know how to proofread before they send.

[@fern7306]

@@peternolan4107 UR A TWAT

[@THEcommitteeVISION]

Why do people say modern day Europeans suddenly started looking white about 4000-6000 years ago?

[@simdal3088]

Its a part of the deconstruction of european identity, science makes way for politics.

[@bakaribradford]

@@simdal3088 haha that’s actually would be crazy if it was true…

[@simdal3088]

@@bakaribradford It is, revisionism is a huge problem in the sciences. It is impossible for recessive phenotypes to become completely dominant in that short of a timeframe. That is not how genetics work.

[@bakaribradford]

@@simdal3088 Science evolve which intern technology has too also and because of that we should expect to see more and more discoveries on a anthropological and genetic level that will begin to challenge speculation and theories that were once held as truth… your right It doesn’t make since I guess… but is it up for me and you to raise our eyebrows and scream about politics and whatever? It is what it is science will continue to evolve and make new discoveries and trash the old beliefs that’s just how it goes…

[@simdal3088]

@@bakaribradford Sure that can happen but not in this case. This is part of a much larger picture that uses science to drive a political agenda. Its like the nazi's using "science" to declare themselves aryans to legitimize their expansionist ambitions. This is clearly about undermining the european nationstates and identities in favor of some globalist philosophy that prefers a future without them existing.

[@faramund9865]

Is there any way to have my DNA compared to ancient European, including Neanderthals without ruining my privacy? I wish we could test our DNA ourselves and that there would be an open database for DNA of ancient peoples.

[@alexdunphy3716]

Not really, all commercial DNA testing companies collect data banks of genetic info that they then sell

[@hasanx4637]

my heritage doesn't sell DNA according to their website.

[@alexdunphy3716]

@@hasanx4637 Doesn't sell DNA or doesn't sell information gained from people's DNA?

[@hasanx4637]

@@alexdunphy3716 ?

[@alexdunphy3716]

@@hasanx4637 Sorry, reread it now(I made a mistake and just edited it). Companies often word things deceptively. In this case they might not be selling the actual dna that you sent them but they might be selling the information contained in your dna

[@shone_m]

Sadly, no insight is offered for the fact that Paleolithic and Mesolithic inhabitants of the Balkans (i.e. Helm peninsula) have largely not been impacted by the R1b march from the Eastern Europe. 75-80% of modern Serbian/Croatian genome is "old-European", I2a, E/J, and 15% of R1a. R1b is only 6%. Interestingly, the official history still maintains that Serbs moved to Balkan/Helm peninsula in 6 century AD. Very biased and incorrect.

[@gahdhsh623]

brda su nas sacuvala

[@jiritichy7967]

The first graph and its various marks are not very well explained.

[@shone_m]

There is a contradiction in Starcevo culture (Serbia/Bosnia/Croatia) being shown as 100% Anatolian farmers (E/J presumably) while today's population is ~50% (ranging to 75% in Hercegovina) I2a haplotype, which is an old-European haplotype.

[@vesnajelovac3951]

Ovde se ne pominju haplogrupe vec samo autosomalna poredjenja.

[@TheLionFarm]

19:19 interesting

[@cecilshaw207]

Great video, grandparents where krouse very similar to your name.

[@pennygretch]

Interesting talk....The only thought that I would inject is that I believe that domestication of animals came prior to farming...….I believe that early people (probably women, while the men hunted), were gathering food for the captured animals, and discovered two things.....That the feed for the animals could also be used by humans for food, and that seeds could be planted and manipulated by selective propagation to increase yields...... Later, animals were selectively breed to increase domestication.

[@aggelosdimitris3605]

So if I’m Greek I’m basically a mix of western hunter gatherers and Neolithic farmers who came from the Middle East?

[@user-zm8nb8pk4n]

Neolithic Farmers came from Anatolia. Greeks are more Neolithic Farmers then hunter gatherers and Yamna, while a German for example is more hunter gatherer and Yamna then Neolithic Farmer. Thats why we have different Phenome-types in Europe, but we are still all Europeans.

[@giannis_toupolemou]

Greeks and Arabs share a lot

[@vif3182]

wow so in 20 minutes all you get from this lecture is that "ytppl didn't exist thousands of years ago" that's a very weird vibe to rest on, but whatever, the 'evidence' says otherwise.

[@tequilamockingbird2743]

The arrival and subsequent flourishing of a farming culture/community into a presumably sparsely populated hunter-gatherer region is analogous with the seventeenth century arrival and subsequent flourishing of the Dutch Boer into Southern Africa.

[@faramund9865]

Untrue, most of the southern region of what is now South Africa wasn’t even populated when the Dutch arrived. What is now Kaapstad and its surroundings were just dry plains without people on it back then. It was only later when the Brits came who drove the Dutch north that that happened. A better comparison would be between the native-Americans and Columbus IF you’re talking about taking a land by accidentally spreading disease.

[@TheJenniferKK]

True. The Khoi San were and still are itinerant pastoralists.

[@kevin6293]

Tequila Mockingbird, a better analogy is the Bantu migration.

[@kevin6293]

Horses, germs, and bronze.

[@toady7741]

PIE = forerunner of the Conquistadors.

[@Luke-eg1gn]

The skincolor phenotype information at the end is cherry-picked. There are other genetic markers that predict skin color but I guess those will not produce politically correct results?

[@kingmephisto8552]

Right wingers getting mad at science, what is new

[@VendPrekmurec]

Patrimonial haplogroup R originates in Siberia and Ukraine. It was separated from I haplogroup (most probably original farmers - men ) which is the original survival of the Antediluvian global cataclysm and flood which scientifically happened around 110 - 75 000 years ago...Other patrimonial haplogroups (if i remember correctly Alpha and Beta YDNA) besides of I died out. Africa, but Europe were mostly completely flooded at that time. Both branches of R; R1b and R1a went towards the Middle east, while R1b went into the central Africa, where so called "pharaonic Tut" r1b trace comes from, although all their descendants are already black in color, while breeding with their women. R1b haplogroup created also Sumerian civilization, which indicates they most probably spoke proto Turkish (not in current nationalistic Turkish point of view; because Turks are pretty much already too much mixed society), while R1a went to current Middle East, like Iraq, Afganistan, India and current China (so called "white tall mummies of China") and into the western and central Europe; current Iberian (Iberian actually means "Avar" or "Ibr" or "Hebrew"; but there also existed so called Caucasian Iberia!) peninsula, from where they were then pushed out R1a and I carriers, around 4000 BCE; men with haplogroup I were then almost wiped out by R1b men. I haplogroup most probably created copper mines in Iberian peninsula which were later taken over by aggressive R1b carriers... R1a (current Slavs) was then pushed back into the eastern Europe, while I haplogroup survived in the Balkans and Scandinavia. Also what it is important in so called molecular studies is the fact that they speak different story as it is told in so called historical books... about several "mass" migrations of people. Historians sadly ignore exact sciences like Molecular genetics. For example the R1a haplogroup in 1-10th century AD did not "arrive" from the East, but was present there and was actually pushed towards the east and not vice versa; also if there would have been major mass migrations from the "Pripyat wetlands" into the "Roman empire" then this would be visible; it would be visible also the arrival of N haplogroup into the central Europe, which did not happen neither, because there is almost 0% N haplogroup today in central Europe. What i want to add to the end that I am not buying your "multi kulti" bullsh**, simply because of the reason mentioned above; men were wiping out men in history, they wiped out whole cultures, raped women (that's why mtDNA was "staying at home", not migrating too much, but this is of course totally ignored by so called "social scientists"). Europe, Asia was a territory which people today ignore because they do not know any more wars since WW2. A slaughterhouse. And if somebody tells me that "people lived in freedom with black people" are ignoring historical FACTS.

[@marlostanfield582]

Takes a second to look at the descendant tree for R1B, europeans carry the youngest clade wheras the oldest remains dominant in central africa so your theory of it creeping into africa is nonsense, the maternal of r0 originates in east africa

[@VendPrekmurec]

@@marlostanfield582 According to Molecular genetics recent studies still show that R1b originates in Siberia. It is very similar to other R haplogroups. Some men from so called American Native diaspora or culture also arrived from that same ancestral haplogroup, which originates from current Russia. Men with R1b haplogroup moved through the Paflagonia, Iraq, Egypt and went to central Africa where they all become black with only 1 exception, they were preserved in Egypt as "royal mummies"... some among the royal pharaohs shared ancestral origins also with Hittites... this is why Nefretete or Nefertari wanted Hittite king after the death of her husband, Akhenaton.

[@VendPrekmurec]

@@marlostanfield582 Men with R1b were extremely aggressive, they wiped out all men with I haplogroup from central and western Europe. And pushed men with R1a haplogroup to central Europe and into the Eastern Europe.

[@marlostanfield582]

@@VendPrekmurec that’s the point though, any specimen studied had 0 neanderthal admixture so the original mutation of r1b would be from the first africans migrating out of east africa. Geographically it was found in siberia but in essence it of an african origin, any European now has the youngest subclades of this mutation, and the oldest clades are in central africa

[@marlostanfield582]

@@VendPrekmurec and neferiti’s grandparents and parent STRs were found and they matched roughly 93% SSA with 47% reliability, only because of the limited STRs available but anymore STRs would’ve just pinpoint the exact location, the amount of mutations makes it impossible to be anywhere out of ssa

[@gorila987k]

big links are missing here. Lepenski Vir and Vinča culture people.

[@seatleon7368]

Vinca culture (?) is a just a thesis pushed up from some pseudo historian based in modern day Serbia. It is lack of identity and some pseudo historian from that area desperately want to have some ancient connection with the modern nation. May have been in past some Vinca tribe culture which has been used some hand work but doesn't have nothing with this subject. This study is about genetic line were is switched from hunters to farmers who took a change in the genetic line. You are missing a big part of this presentation mate, also I see "hysteric act" giving a lecture to expert on that field. Chill out mate, or made a similar presentation supported by some University of DNA were you will support that theory. Can you do that?

[@thebrocialist8300]

Those are probably among the least interesting peoples anyone would ever care to look into.

[@savarinaweekwnd5344]

@@seatleon7368 They didn't took sample from East Europe (Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania). Now I see why!

[@noway2434]

What ?

[@GGTanguera]

@@seatleon7368 Lack of identity? Hysteria? Just a theory? You should practice a bit of reading and a little bit of traveling mate. It's very beneficial for proper brain function.

[@amarmrkulic1389]

My Halpogrup is ev-13 is possible that is Neolithic farmers halpogrup?

[@themartian4879]

Yep,that's Illyrian haplogroup...... You need to be proud of your illyrian origin,like me :)

[@kawaikoneko7301]

@@themartian4879 hm no, e came from North Africa. Prehistoric haplogroups of Europe is I1, I2, R1 and G.

[@amarmrkulic1389]

Nah bro im 100% European

[@alpit5128]

you forgot the vinca civilisation - cities ,pottery,etc. and that their genes match witch the slavic population today - ca.7000 BC

[@las8889]

Genes of Vinca are G slavs are I and R stop talking bullshits.

[@razielthesniper9241]

slav civilization? lmao

[@noway2434]

What ?

[@role6159]

Kakve gluposti vi srbi pricate, kakva vincća I kakav srprki Gen, to ne postoji, postoji samo indo-europski Gen, vecina smo tursko-iransko-indijskog podrijetla, pogotovo vi srbi vi ste 80%turci,zato nelupetajte o Vinci i ne sramotite se

[@gigilafonte1621]

@@role6159 Where did you get this info? Have you done a DNA test yourself?

[@dreammfyre]

Couldn't something that happened to the native Americans have happened to the native Europeans? I.e. common diseases that their immune system couldn't handle?

[@mrfunnyswag6555]

re hash maybe but there is a large linguistic differance tho

[@JacobafJelling]

re hash it did. The Black death killed as much as 50% of the European population

[@JohnSmith-ys4nl]

@@JacobafJelling This video is about a time period long before the black death. This guy is talking about the bronze age. The problem with the plague theory is that DNA tells us only the males disappeared. The "Old European" female haplogroups are still prevalent in Europe today. I have never heard of a plague that only kills males. So, what appears to have happened is an invasion where the native men were killed (or exiled) and women taken as concubines. Whatever the case, we know that the Indo-European Y haplogroups (R1a and R1b) dominate Europe today (very high percentage of men) while the female haplogroups are much more varied and diverse. This can only mean that the various peoples who invaded Europe kept the native women around and dispensed of the men. Seems typical of what one would expect to happen in those days. And it makes sense when you consider that most armies are made up largely of young men. They are going to find "wives" among the conquered population as that's the only women they have access to. To be clear we know women did migrate into Europe as well, but the IE migrations were overwhelmingly male (10 to 1 at least). Also when I say the forager and farmer male lines died out, I dont mean completely. You can still find men who have those Y haplogroups (such as G2a). It's just they are much more rare today than they were then. This can only mean they were either killed en masse, enslaved or outcompeted for female "affection."

[@JacobafJelling]

John Smith is it known how these rare genomes look? Do they look like us Danes today or where they dark. Sometimes I’ve wondered Why there are so many blonde girls here in Scandinavia and fewer men are “pure”ly Scandinavian

[@mweskamppp]

There is evidence that the people from the steppe brought yersinia pestis to europe what could have decimated the population. But we also know of the replacement of the y chromosom especially in spain.

[@JungleJargon]

Are you trying to say they didn't have grain in Africa? Or chariots or boats?

[@bakaribradford]

What???

[@JungleJargon]

@@bakaribradford What?

[@bakaribradford]

@@JungleJargon so we just going to pretend like you made sense there?

[@JungleJargon]

@@bakaribradford Did you watch the video?

[@lmtt123]

Skip to 2,05

[@aaronmrl]

Red & blonde hair; Green & blue eyes. The Mycenae, The Tartars, The Khazars, The Scythians (Gog, Magog), The Aryans. Tribe of Dan, Great Tartary, Atlantis, Lemuria.

[@sedwillful]

Those are all genetic mutations that happened recently; from dark skin people. The tale of Atlantis is an Egyptian tale, retold by Solon, then passed to Plato.

[@aaronmrl]

@@sedwillful I am familiar with the mainstream theory: Out of Africa. The particular people I was referring to are not quite “European,” more “West Asian” or “Aryan” and “PIE.” Words do us no justice, but I hope that was clearer 🙏🏼

[@sedwillful]

@Philippe James You're here because of "blacks"; formed in our image; kinda.

[@sedwillful]

@Philippe James Ancient Europe is a nationality; not ethnicity. So it has more to do about "blacks" than caucasians. How were the first Europeans described; in terms of phenotypes?

[@sedwillful]

@Philippe James you're making up l terms as you go; terms that don't even exist in anthropology. You've just posted a public record of your lack of education and intelligence. European is a nation with numerous ethnicities. Some would take offense to being called Caucasian; particularly the Russian Slavic community. Your ethnic group is Caucasian, now tell how much history you find; not much. This is why "some" of you began adopting or appropriating European history/culture. Spain is a Caucasian; different ethnicities

[@gwynwilliams4222]

When the Roman's invaded Britain they got to were Wales is and discovered that the British/Welsh were using a plough well the Roman's were a little shocked because the Welsh were using the most advanced plough the Roman's had ever seen and copied it and took it all over the Roman world and ended up all over the world that plough is still being used today specially in third world countries. So how did the British/Welsh have this plough how were they more advanced than the Roman's

[@flektoprime]

The Neolithic revolution started in central Europe? Wait, what!? This must have been a language slip of some kind. I am thinking of Göbekli Tepe or Vučedol or Vinča.

[@sveu3pm]

there is another very simple explanation about mtDna uniformity that is forgotten here - that in all wars and migrations women that moved were in minority (armies were molstly from men) and domicile women were just too precious war booty to be killed.

[@harleyquinn5774]

Bugsy Segal They are not treated as valuable at all.

[@hrvatskanarubuznanosti1548]

Fake. I2a haplo Balkan is start.

[@leightonjulye]

arctic dna Ancient DNA Sheds New Light on Arctic's Earliest People; how does this DNA adapt them to cold weather

[@cristianmartin865]

Miss tha beginning. ..Bulgaria, Romania , Albania. ...

[@noway2434]

Then go back and watch it ?

[@valterusvalter8480]

Luzer!

[@MrMezmerized]

So how does the biblical flood fit into all of this? X-)' Glad to see a video on human ancestry, with reasoned criticism, without overzealous religious folk saying it's just all wrong because of Adam & Eve and the deluge, yadda yadda. Sometimes those people seem to find anything conflicting their biblical views.

[@masada2828]

MrMezmerized - scientists do not recognise the Flood or the biblical beginnings of nations; they pursue evolution as mankind’s beginning. There is a conflict. According to the ‘after the Flood’ beginning they were growing crops and were well versed in metals and tools. Not ‘Stone Age’ at all. Evolution is a theory and unproven but taught as fact.

[@BrandydocMeriabuck]

MrMezmerized The floods probably happened about 14,000 years ago after the last ice age. There are actually some scientists who take a serious look at the idea of a flood, not because they’re religious, but because it seems too many cultures across the world have myths about floods for it to be a coincidence. Not to mention that there’s a massive meteor crater in Greenland which formed at the end of the last ice age when the seas rose again. They also believe it was a series of floods, not just one. Check out Graham Hancock on the Joe Rogan podcast. He and a few others are the only historians taking it seriously

[@noway2434]

Fairytale

[@joannechisholm4501]

he bible made up sorry

[@jebatevrana]

@@noway2434 What is? Old civilization? Nobody knows, but it is far from fairy tale. BTW, what do you believe?

I have noticed that there is a type of people in Europe with gold blond hair and blue eyes and distinct iris ring who can be very brown in the sun in a natural way and they can keep the fine tan very long. Ucrainian and scandinavian, mostly swedish and danish girls and north germans some norse and some polish and russians are of that type.

[@susomedin5770]

Sten-Åke Dahl so what?

[@unikitty5131]

Me.. i have green (blue and yellow mix) eyes, with navy blue circle around, my eyes change balance of colours like kaleidoscope, I tan into golden colour and stay tanned for long time, my hair bleaches in the Sun. According to dna test I'm 90% slavic-baltic and 10% Scandinavian 😁 So you're quite right👍

[@fintanoclery2698]

@@unikitty5131 I'm Irish and my eyes are the same as yours, I also stay tanned and my hair bleaches although I haven't had a DNA test so I'm not sure what the results are.

[@thebrocialist8300]

Seen a lot of Scandinavians, Germans and Slavs like that. That was why Benjamin Franklin initially regarded those groups “swarthy” instead of white lol

[@TheJenniferKK]

Swarthy means "blackish"

[@JohnnieF007]

One thing that concerns me. If someone could answer. I was taught that blue eyes are a recessive gene. However, I dispute this as maybe in fact being a dominant gene. Lol, I'm a little biased on this issue, as blue eyes are very dominant feature on both sides of my family.

[@MrPanos2000]

It really isnt dominant, personal anekdotes aside

[@kevin6293]

John Finlay, Are there any brown-eyed children in your family from two blue-eyed parents? If so, then you might be onto something. If not, then you just have a lot of blue-eyed genes in your family. A blue-eyed father and a brown-eyed mother having a blue-eyed baby doesn’t mean blue eyes are dominant, it means the mother was carrying one gene for blue eyes and one gene for brown eyes.

[@SoloTravelerOffTheBeatenPath]

Less than 10% of people on Earth have blue eyes. It is definitely not a dominant gene. All the more reason to be happy you have blue eyes. You are special! lol

[@steve19811]

The whole recessive thing is b.s. it's really about preferences and how they manifest in your offspring. If you believe your children will have blue eyes then it will manifest. Studies show throughout the world there is an overwhelming blue eyed preference over other colors.

[@guynado402]

@@steve19811 That preference now days is due to brainwashing.

[@stevejames9531]

Blue eyes and dark skin interesting solid proof open debate is important keeping modern social engineering out of the patch work of ancient theory

[@Dublincityhandymandublin]

Nothing about half the world been wiped out about 12 thousand years ago..

[@marsian7240]

ILLIRYA🇦🇱?????

[@ogimia]

Its Proto-Serbs I2a Danube Civilization. "Lepenski Vir" and "Vinca Civilization"

[@marsian7240]

@@ogimia 😂😂🤦🏻‍♂️

[@user-wy3qm9dv5k]

ILLIRYA=SERBIA... 🇷🇸🇷🇸🇷🇸🇷🇸🇷🇸🇷🇸🇷🇸 💀💀💀💀💀💀💀

[@marsian7240]

@@user-wy3qm9dv5k 😂😂 WHAT IS SERBIA SLAVIC OR ILLYRIAN😂😂😂😂😂

[@user-wy3qm9dv5k]

@@marsian7240 SLAVES, ILLYRIS, DALMATIANS, TRIBALS, GHETS, GOTHS, DACANS, PANONIANS, MORAVS, TRACANS, VANDALS, DARDANS, VLASI,RASENI,RAŠČANI,ETRURCI,FRIFICI..... THEY ARE ALL THAT SERBIAN TRIBES ... !!!!! 🇷🇸🇷🇸🇷🇸🇷🇸🇷🇸🇷🇸🇷🇸🇷🇸🇷🇸🇷🇸 ☠☠☠☠☠☠☠☠☠☠

[@Robin-bk2lm]

Neolithic revolution "STARTED IN CENTRAL EUROPE about 7500ya and also in other areas some thousands of years before or after this"!?! (4m23s). WHAaaaa? Did it start in central Europe or not. Why say it did if it didn't? Is this about the Neolithic or European history? Edit: title says European. Nice. Useless.

[@bobaldo2339]

With the advent of agriculture came the inevitability of over-population, and eventual species extinction

[@TheJenniferKK]

Please explain why overpopulation wasn't possible without agriculture. Thanks!

[@kevin6293]

Over-population is definitely NOT a pre-requisite for species extinction. Anytime hunter-gatherers have entered a new ecosystem, species there started dying en masse. Ecologically, humans are an invasive species everywhere.

[@eaton55r]

Spermacide ~ kind of. There is a need for research into mixed-children being the cause of another, similar being (race?) coming to an end. Whatever this something is, something moves among hosts and finds the best among 2 or more groups. Over generations, the new host is favored over others. Shown by the fact that the previous host is now an enemy to be eradicated along with the others. The act of aggression is in the sperm as I mentioned. It's work is to, among other things, render the previous host generation and others less fertile. Or, maybe, it could be the egg? This is a poor explanation of a concept that I hope you have grasped.

[@munihmuni8814]

19:02 proposes a modern day pandemic would have a significant effect on the population, like the plague

[@eurosensazion]

Interesting but European history and the creation of civilizations really starts at the bronze age to late bronze age where we can start pin pointing European origins.

[@guynado402]

Civilization predates European history. Europe has no claim on the beginnings and foundations of civilization. Government, religion, medicine, writing, and spirituality were transported from other cultures.

[@YU-mv3ku]

Vincha Serbia

[@ogimia]

SRB SRB SRB

[@Sam-cz2bz]

He is speaking about something in which we have such little knowledge with so much certainty. These academics need to come back down to planet earth. In 10 years time he will be saying something else because of new discoveries and completely ignore his past ignorance and the audience will fully accept it.

[@mexicanmuslim]

Humanity has existed for 180,000+ years.

[@noway2434]

No

[@toady7741]

So what Johannes is trying to say is that all these English, Dutch and German nationalists and xenophobes who despise Turks, Syrians, Russians and Ukrainians are being silly.

[@bratic80]

Everything started in Vinča (VINTCHA) and Starčevo (STARTCHEVO) LEPENSKI VIR, all the civilisation. It is today’s Serbia Danube region.

[@jebatevrana]

Yeah, right. lololololololol

[@themartian4879]

@@bratic80 You really mean that Serbs came from there???? Are you serious??!

[@jebatevrana]

@@bratic80 You are uneducated, indoctrinated moron. International scientists must be consumed by hatred for Serbs because they do not agree with this most important fact of life you claim to be aware of.

[@role6159]

First Europeans came in europe from turkic countries.. They are the proto Europeans.. Studies from European scientists confirm this theory. They say first people came from areas around rivers euphrat, Tigris and from nowadays Turkish territory.. So, thank you Troy, you were real Thank you odyssey and all the rest

[@duhni4551]

That is actually true, and proven by modern genetic studies too. There are even modern European populations that are pretty close (genetically) what those early Europeans were. It is hard to study these things what comes to most of Europeans since they are mostly mix of 3 different base European populations which formed Indo- Europeans which then has mixed with each others (different Indo- European populations). It creates mess of and DNA to study. Though they didn't come from Turkic countries, just from areas that are now known as Turkey, there were no countries during those times =)

[@jameschacko8903]

Considering the Vedic, Puranic and Jain history, the hypothesis that is used for dating western based anthropogeny needs to be synthesized with Indian, Chinese, Japanese and other eastern, african heritage and civilization to have a universal credibility and acceptance.

[@chercher304]

Read my comment!! The history of europes starts with the rig veda ancient indian ARYAN TEXT!! It is the events of the aryan super race that came to india and eventually spread out across europe proper asia and eurasia even north african countries!! Even japanese chinese and modern ethiopian have ancient aryan/caucasoid as their ancestor!!!

[@chercher304]

@Blood Eagle 88 well yes and no you backwards a lil bit!! the aryans went to india first and then spread out to europe!! They lived high in the artic and were highly powered ppl!! The evidence of their first arrivals can be found in horse fossils!! If there are horse fossils in europe that predate the ones in india then it means they were in europe first!! As the aryans were the ones who brought horses to europe and asia from where ever their original homeland was!!!

[@kingyogesh441]

@@chercher304 “Aryan race” evolved in india and then migrated out when their cradle river Saraswati dried up .

[@kingyogesh441]

@@chercher304 Aryans evolved in north west India and then migrated out they never came to india .

[@chercher304]

Listen if you want to find out how europe was populated part of it has to do with the ancient texts of india the rig veda!!! Look at the names of people in india and then look at the names of people in countries like croatia etc. deeply rooted in sanskrit!!! I was shocked when i discovered that there are white people with names like indira in croatia and its also a predominant name in india!!! And both countries have many more of the same names that are traditional names deeply rooted in sanskrit!!! How can that correlation be possible with two cultures that seemingly have nothing in common? Ancient aryans that came to india from high places in the artic after the ice age then journeyed to europe and took sanskrit language there!!! Sanskrit is the mother of all european languages!!! If you listen to some one speaking german and someone speaking sanskrit it sounds almost the same!!!

[@minzblatt]

Sanskrit and German sounding "almost" the same. Haha, good one. Moody = Trump, you should focus on studying more outside of what is propagated in your country.

[@chercher304]

@@minzblatt sanskrit is an ancient ARYAN LANGUAGE spoken by ancient white ppl and has nothing to do with india or the ancient tamil culture which the dark skinned people of india descends from idiot!! clearly u dont have a brain in your head!! sanskrit did not originate in india!!! and it is older than ANY european language!!! and i am not indian!! educate yourself!! it will serve u better than when u try to make ignorant statements when u clearly do not know anything about ancient human migration patterns!! or where the first aryan came from!!

[@giannis_toupolemou]

@@minzblatt its true, Sanskrit id the oldest language we know of, then there's Greek etc. Safe to assumer tge first language is very Arabic-aramaic sanskrit.

[@johnrogan9420]

Horses!

[@YU-mv3ku]

VINCHA ( vinča) ...!!!!!!!!

[@rgolianeh]

i wonder what the ancient people would forage or grow since european climate does not allow for fruit trees or vegetables. Even today much of european food is imported. Grass seeds berries and mushrooms are the most that would have been possible.

[@duhni4551]

Well, we grow grains here in Arctic parts of Europe, lots of vegetables etc. so that is not exactly true. If we talk about Europe, it is full of areas full of fruits and so on as the areas have different climates, which was true also during the end of the Ice- Age. If we talk about times of Ice- Age, no one grew anything, they hunted meat.

[@ruthmccabe3527]

If it doesn't allow for fruit trees, why is my allotment in Northern Britain covered in apple, plum, cherry and pear trees?I As for not growing vegetables....I really don't know what to say... I can tell you've never been to Europe, that's for sure!

[@anthonygeorge9932]

Light skin in Europe is about 4000 years old. I don't believe this because every Hollywood Ancient Egypt movie I have seen has only white actors. LOL

[@duhni4551]

I don't believe it since oldest found corpse with white skin is roughly 8000 years old. It all depends what part of Europe you are talking about and what population of Europe you are talking about.

[@JacobafJelling]

Nice to hear a german speak on genetics. 🇩🇰🇩🇰

[@israelaberra2384]

Well, it's better than an American!

[@JacobafJelling]

Israel Aberra u are not fond of americans?

[@natanyaaberra4984]

@@JacobafJelling Americana are not fond of themselves.

[@faramund9865]

I’m so confused, you used the Danish flag xD

[@patrickgreen7308]

Boring Just tell me what you found or think.

[@alexdunphy3716]

*Darker* skin. Not "dark" skin. It's important to be accurate. Mesolithic hunter gatherers would've been confused with no other people except modern Europeans

[@faramund9865]

Yup it’s not like they were black or even brown.

[@lglovespleasurebunny]

Black people, black skin.... You cant twist that!

[@EPUEPUEPUEPU]

@@faramund9865 Uh nope i am sure they are pointing out black/brown skin, get over it

[@alexdunphy3716]

@@EPUEPUEPUEPU They actual dna doesn't support really dark skin, just not as light as modern northern Europeans. The people in charge of the reconstruction made it look dark skinned for political reasons. In reality they looked like Europeans with a heavy tan, kind of like Sardinian or other southern Europeans

[@TheStimie]

@@alexdunphy3716 so they weren't White is the point. You have to have melanin in order to lose it and become white so stop the bullshit. Nobody is calling white people black like they're the same. You can only disagree not change the facts. Truth be told the ancient peoples already told yall this. Get over it.

[@n2cat]

Archeological sites were discovered more than 100 years ago and artifact excavations have taken place. It is political decision to ignore them although renown archeologists speak of it. The oldest European script is from that era and location (Lepenski Vir, Vinca). If you do some research on this the facts will reveal themselves. First pinwheel (swastika) symbol is much older then its manifestation in ancient eastern civilizations. I am not asking anyone to believe in this story. Do some research and come to your own conclusion.

[@noway2434]

What?

[@thetruthispotenza3602]

Aryans had white skin. Not dark brown. This is a manipulation of DNA and known human history. Pre-Indo Europeans were white. Egyptian royalty has even been proven to have pre-indo European/Aryan DNA. Same with Asia and religion. Subsaharien African DNA has dark skin and different features along with the Ghost Gene which origins are unknown. I dont even study that deeply. But I have a bit. And this doesnt make sense if you connect it with known history

[@bakaribradford]

Lmfao this is a wonderful tale of fiction I might say 🤣🤣🤣

[@thetruthispotenza3602]

@@bakaribradford what did I say that is fales?

[@nerthus4685]

So light skin comes from the Steppe, just like in East Asia, likely nomadic pastoralists (Aryans).

[@thehittite6536]

no. it comes from the anatolian farmers

[@antinoofromgreece6560]

@@thehittite6536 Anatolian farmers were brown Caucasians

[@antinoofromgreece6560]

@@thehittite6536 What about brown skinned Europeans ?

[@antinoofromgreece6560]

@@thehittite6536 I'm 70% Anatolian and I'm swarthy. I'm mostly southern Italian

[@antinoofromgreece6560]

@@thehittite6536 Maybe there is actually a variation of the skin color. My brother's DNA makeup is also very anatolian like me and he's swarthy as well. I reckon that a certain variation is more accurate.

[@michaelmoore8680]

Paradox usually means unexplainable or impossible. So human-ape paradox means........... Humans have not evolved one bit since we've been able to record any knowledge at all. We adapt but never evolve. Humans living in the worst conditions for 1,000 years haven't evolved to be ant different than you and I. I think that alone proves humans stay the same just like the animals around us. There have been millions of different animals who were similar to current living species that have gone extinct, so why can't they just believe that humans has cousins that went extinct to, but they were not our ancestors.

[@krixxset2214]

"out of africa" sigh...

[@hasanx4637]

are you mad?

[@hasanx4637]

@SV Green Turtle and broke and busted

[@user-ij6ux4zq1v]

Europe = hellenes

[@sanderscupac7278]

Gobeckli tepe throws everything he says right down the toilet.

[@fidenemini111]

Wait, are you a plumber?

[@jebatevrana]

Not really, compliments it. Dates also roughly match, indicating length of the process that started 12k years ago.

[@TP-qx2xb]

why are we so powerful and why are we destroying the earth? arent we a cug in a bigger plan?

[@faramund9865]

Because we’re smart bro. Our culture has evolved to the point where we’re almost impervious to the things nature throws at us. When we got into cold regions, instead of being culled we simple took the hides of other animals who were already adapted and later we built homes.

[@obscure3202]

Pale skin didn't even exist in that time. These people were dark.

[@antinoofromgreece6560]

Some of them lighter than others.

[@Sean-jc6cu]

Studies have suggested that the two genes most associated with lighter skin colour in modern Europeans originated in the Middle East about 22,000 years ago, and were present in Anatolia by 5000 years ago, where their carriers became associated with the Neolithic Revolution and the spread of Neolithic farming across Europe.

[@mariohamster7879]

Ein Deutscher spricht in den USA in englisch über Europa, wäre schön es in deutsch zu hören dann wüsste ich mehr. Achso, die Deutschen sollen es nicht wissen.....

[@za4763]

Du kannst englisch lernen!

[@Galenus1234]

Englisch ist eine Geheimsprache, die von Wissenschaftlern benutzt wird, damit das gemeine Volk nicht versteht wovon sie reden... Du bist da etwas ganz Großem auf der Spur!

[@TheTariqibnziyad]

Wer hat Deutsch gelernt, Kann einfach Englisch lernen, weil Deutsch ist immer schwieriger.

[@thebonkera1221]

tfw no dark skinned blue eyed gf

[@alexdunphy3716]

Because they didn't really exist lol

[@alexdunphy3716]

All the data says is that they didn't have exactly the same dna for skin pigmentation as we do today, so they probably were not as light skinned. Nowhere in the actually dna does it give evidence for really dark skin, the choice to show that in the reconstruction was a political one.

[@MrPanos2000]

@@alexdunphy3716 Agree. Their skin was probably like modern North Africans, not much dark at all

[@awlkdural5396]

They exist, I’ve seen some from time to time.

[@joannechisholm4501]

@@alexdunphy3716 Look the WHG mixed there genes with the other 2 populations, we got there blue eyes how do u think we have loads of colored eyes in Europe.

[@petarpan455]

Stop laing peoples! All white people are Serbian from Lepenski Vir 9500BC and Vinca culture 5500BC and Starcevo, Tripoli Cucuteni then Mesopotamia, old greek (Serbian)

[@noway2434]

Light skin only 4k years old !

[@fidenemini111]

4000 yers for climate and ultraviolet level adaptation.

[@azmahmala3481]

@@fidenemini111 Sexual Selection might have played a massive role as well, women with lighter skin could have been more prized ect.

[@jamfountain8702]

& blue eyes are a relatively new mutation...sry for all the supremacists out there😂😂😂😂😭

[@duhni4551]

4000? Oldest found white corpse in Europe is roughly 8000 years old. It depends what part of Europe and what population you are talking about.

[@ccoodd26]

Based on DNA, white skin is millions of years old

[@Foxdrake360]

His "shaky" voice makes him a chore to listen to.