Commercial Graphene Production // Allotropes and Applications

[@NicoVeenkamp]

Again you managed to explain a complex issue pretty easily. What people need to remember that, as Neil deGrasseTyson said many times, carbon has more ways to combine with itself and other elements than all other elements combined. And carbon is one of the most common elements in the universe after H, He and O. What may be missing from this video, and what you address in one of the next videos, is how a relatively small amount of, some form of graphene, enable other materials to be stronger and have a better conductivity then itself on its own.

[@thelimitingfactor]

That's a great quote by NDGT! Great question how so little can stretch so far: 1) Usually these things are done by weight. If you fill a 1 liter jar with graphene, it only holds 70g or so. So, even a few weight percent of graphene in a volume of a material has a massive impact throughout the volume. 2) It's so extreme in it's conductivity and strength. Combine 1 & 2 and that's pretty much the answer. 😃

[@NicoVeenkamp]

The Limiting Factor Neal Stephenson wrote an SF book called The Diamond Age in 1995 where he explores a world where carbon based nanotechnology is ubiquitous. In this respect Diamond Age is comparable with the Graphene Age. The term Diamond Age was coined by Ralph Merkle who together with Eric Drexler popularized nanotechnology.

[@zber9043]

Nico Veenkamp I love that book. FYI The young lady’s illustrated primer was actually inspiration for the kindle.

[@danielguffey]

@@NicoVeenkamp There was a "Diamond Age" episode of Naked Science where they explored diamond applications and diamond semiconductors. I however spoke with a diamond material scientist who said that effort had flopped. It would be interesting to see what graphene could bring back, and more information on the 1.1-degree magic angle would be very interesting to cover too.

[@gameresearch9535]

@The Limiting Factor You forgot to mention that with large machines, we can now scale up Flash Graphene fast and cheap enough. That wasn't mentioned in your video. kzbin.info/www/bejne/nnysopp6YqaYmtU Graphene playlist. Watch all videos from top to bottom in that order. And then check the articles in the playlist description. kzbin.info/aero/PLAUtk-Q2DF7wXgENPNkvc5JXH5ocia_Fo All the playlists on the channel. kzbin.info/door/B9ezXYprgvhMaPWLhyoJ7Aplaylists?view=1&sort=dd&shelf_id=0 Videos with important info for getting around my other channel. Don't forget to check each playlist description for links and info, please check that "after".. watching all videos from each playlist. And please watch all videos from top to bottom in that order in each playlist. kzbin.info/www/bejne/r6OylKWJmqhmgqM Don't forget to check for updates, as I do update my other channel a lot. You will see the term "Diamond Age" in one of the videos from the "Graphene playlist", please start at the top, watch all videos from top to bottom in that order, and no cherry - picking through my other channel.

[@3o141622]

¡Gracias! Es el mejor y mas claro video sobre grafeno. Motiva a trabajar en este campo.

[@thelimitingfactor]

De nada 🤠

[@ErickAlex1]

Ahora existe el proceso de sintesis llamado “laser induced graphene”. Inventado en rice university. Ahora el precio de grafeno es 100x mas barato y puede ser fabricado con partes de amazon🙌

[@tredavies2445]

The best informative video on graphene that I've found 🙏

[@thelimitingfactor]

Thanks man! You're the first person who's said that!

[@metn84]

after watching half of the video, I had a thought whether you are planning to look into what Novonix is doing - and a while after you confirmed that you will.. what a nice conversation :D

[@thelimitingfactor]

Two scripts finished for Novonix. I'm waiting for Chris Burns to review them :)

[@Poitda31]

@@thelimitingfactor can you provide links to these follow up videos please or create a video group on your channel for Novonix please? I'd also be interested to see your take on Boraphene in comparison to graphene and graphite in terms of battery manufacturing.

[@narendrakumarjain1498]

Excellent work. Very comprehensive and applied information on grapheme. Thanks alot.

[@nWestie]

Amazing job, I like how in depth you go, while still making it pheasable for someone who is not an expert to understand

[@Tesladocumentaryseries7603]

Now thats what you call a deep dive. Would love to see a comparison between the covalent bonding of carbon to silicon as they each have 4 valence electrons.

[@thelimitingfactor]

Silicon has been on my mind... 😃

[@AlexandruJalea]

Agreed and agreed. I am spoiled for choice here :) Thanks!

[@roushentertainment5706]

www.worldsafetytrust.com is producing graphene medical face masks. They are also getting ready to launch water filtration.

[@clavo3352]

@@Arcticwhir Pardon my intrusion but are you saying the car motors are AC? What Hertz do they operate at, if so? Are they multi phase?

[@Jerico64]

I'll be keen to watch what comes next! Nice adding Neuralink footage there!

[@ronaldgarrison8478]

I don't know how I overlooked this video last summer, but better late than never. You're in great form here, with those analogies to cookie sheets and bookmarks.

[@clavo3352]

WOW! this is "Beautiful Mind" kinda stuff! This is like the brain smoking pot but without smoke or pot. Keep it coming!

[@sandyt4343]

I’ve been teaching my 6 year old grandson on the conduction of electricity starting at the atomic level. We’ve experimented with different conductors and played with photovoltaics and how photons excite the atoms to release their electrons. He gets it totally and very often comes back the next day with questions that I have to dig into in order to explain because the answers are beyond my current knowledge. Your video is exactly what I’ve needed to explain the basics of carbon to him. He will completely understand this now . Having only a high school background in these subjects I’ve had to spend my life learning this independently and content like yours is a bonanza for my 70+ year old mind to keep up with. What a wonderful gift to have found your page and you are helping to explain a complex subject to a young and very curious mind. You are opening a lot of hidden doors in his life. Thank you for your efforts

[@thelimitingfactor]

Thanks for the kind words man! I appreciate it! I'm glad the content is useful.

[@davidmackay2387]

What about using one-layer graphene as a conductor instead of copper in batteries and motors? Maybe rolled up to form a wire with some kind of separator between layers. Maybe the substrate used for bottom-up formation could be the separator.

[@MakeTeachRepeat]

Woven carbon nanotubes are possibly a better candidate as they form fibers by innate structure and have the same properties as graphene.

[@luigiperez7175]

Unless the layer is perfect - it’s fairly fragile

[@retrofuturestyle]

You're so smart, please cover all the materials needed for the transition to this new age!

[@thelimitingfactor]

Thanks man! I"m thinking I'll do a materials video at some point. :) People like to learn about products.

[@robinlal9851]

Thanks for increaseing my knowledge about graphene very informative video.

[@409raul]

HOly Shit! I've been waiting for this! This channel is so damn underrated!!!

[@thelimitingfactor]

Thanks man!

[@DenHenson]

This is so exciting. Your content is great.

[@thelimitingfactor]

Thanks for the support Dennis!

[@12345maxx]

The graphene age, thats the first I've heard that term and I don't think it will be the last.

[@gameresearch9535]

The "Graphene Age" isn't new, I've been mentioning it in comments under other videos for a year and there are other videos on this. The video doesn't mention Flash Graphene, especially large machines that can now be used to make it, we can now scale up Flash Graphene fast and cheap enough. That wasn't mentioned in this video. kzbin.info/www/bejne/nnysopp6YqaYmtU Graphene playlist. Watch all videos from top to bottom in that order. And then check the articles in the playlist description. kzbin.info/aero/PLAUtk-Q2DF7wXgENPNkvc5JXH5ocia_Fo All the playlists on the channel. kzbin.info/door/B9ezXYprgvhMaPWLhyoJ7Aplaylists?view=1&sort=dd&shelf_id=0 Videos with important info for getting around my other channel. Don't forget to check each playlist description for links and info, please check that "after".. watching all videos from each playlist. And please watch all videos from top to bottom in that order in each playlist. kzbin.info/www/bejne/r6OylKWJmqhmgqM Don't forget to check for updates, as I do update my other channel a lot. You will see the term "Diamond Age" in one of the videos from the "Graphene playlist", please start at the top, watch all videos from top to bottom in that order, and no cherry - picking through my other channel.

[@mikeconnery4652]

A good production and a through explination.

[@juggy666]

Thank you! You are able to find the goldilocks zone of teaching. Not to simple, not too complex... Just right.

[@smallstudiodesign]

Meanwhile ... new subscriber. Very impressive. Well presented. Excellent, objective content.

[@matthewdunstone4431]

Another premium quality episode.

[@thelimitingfactor]

Thanks man!

[@pavanivyncke4829]

As the people before me already mentioned, you have skills! Your voice is incredibly soothing and the video is very well explained so that even those with limited experience can understand :) So thanks!

[@Kleverwebs]

best video on entire internet related to graphene

[@JoMiTo83]

There is huge benefit in space and aerospace, look it up 👍

[@davordebrecin2054]

Excited to watch this! :)

[@AB-ts2xd]

😮 wow I will need to replay at least 5 times

[@rogerstarkey5390]

Par for the course, but you'll gain knowledge every time.

[@sonnymoon6465]

The name of your channel reminds me how, though we are confined by physical and spiritual principles, the fulfillment of our desires is unlimited because of the design of love. Something that is primary to happiness and family love which certainly is worth mentioning and more. Thanks for all your work. Truly brilliant and remarkable what your mind can handle !!!!!! Inspiring !!!!!!!!

[@thelimitingfactor]

🔥

[@jadamcak]

@The Limiting Factor I am watching your videos at 2X speed ;-)

[@thelimitingfactor]

Lol, you beast! Thanks for watching.

[@jadamcak]

@@thelimitingfactor You are beast! Thanks for your content.

[@ronaldfradet4033]

Excellent video Jordan loved it

[@thelimitingfactor]

Thanks Ron! Much appreciated 🙏

[@sheikhfadhilaljahdhamy6751]

I have ps3 that is damage because of overheating i researched about it on the internet and i discovered its silicon properties that are cause of the problem i wish graphene will solve this problem since it is a good conductor of heat

[@emsel]

Outstanding review.

[@danielmiles851]

Cool you make the future sound awesome I always thought maybe we could squash graphene into place between two rollers

[@thelostyoutubian2263]

Love your content!

[@thelimitingfactor]

I appreciate that! Thanks for the support.

[@jpvdl9312]

Phew! My head hurts :) Thank you though, very important new knowledge indeed!

[@alpha123-g1i]

Battery tech is a really exciting topic to keep track of. Will be seeing massive progress there sooner than we think

[@AlphaCrucis]

Now that it is mid-April 2022, how does the timeline at 19:10 look? On track? Any additional phases?

[@Rod_Knee]

Excellent, informative video as always. Also, I love how the Hype Cycle for Emerging Technologies looks just like the Dunning-Kruger curve.

[@thelimitingfactor]

LOL, never notice that. Genius.

[@shanemartin2491]

Dude, Really enjoyed this. Thanks for the work youve put in. I feel I owe you a beer.

[@thelimitingfactor]

Glad you enjoyed it! Thanks Shane! The comments make it all worth while 🤜🤛

[@erickclaussen]

Thanks you for the excellent work.

[@jaffasoft8976]

How much graphene would need to go into copper to make copper wire a lot more conductive and if it been used many years already will it be a marked improvement needed?

[@davidstevens8417]

Outstanding lecture many thanks

[@DanielZajic]

That was so interesting, thank you!

[@thelimitingfactor]

You're most welcome!

[@philippethomas1057]

Good job !!!

[@seifalian]

Excellent talk

[@ZX9RDan]

I believe that graphene is the material of the future. However, few people seem to talk about the possible environment impact. Carbon is pretty much eternal. Carbon fiber doesnt degrade and stays in landfills for very long time periods. Are we looking at similar issues with graphene? Or are there people working on finding ways to recycle graphene materials after the initial product has expired?

[@starrrex3122]

is it still lead and toxic to wear, eat, or breath? i always thought pencil graphite was lead

[@thelimitingfactor]

No, pencils are made with graphite

[@Meekseek]

Who uses pencils anymore, not the transhumans.

[@rucvv]

You are the best. Thank you so much

[@thelimitingfactor]

Thanks man! I appreciate it.

[@tomcrouchman]

Great upload!! thx for all you do!

[@MitchGoldhvu]

would appreciate understanding how the mining of graphite is going to affect the industry - ie Gratomic Limited

[@danalvarez8832]

is there any possible way for you to put the bottom up and top down graphene production methods in PDF or wordoc. I'm currently trying to doing a project on graphene and it would be much appreciated and most helpful

[@chunley26]

When will the Novonix video drop?

[@thelimitingfactor]

There are two: Two weeks for DPMG, four weeks for the Business Case

[@chunley26]

@@thelimitingfactor Curious how their DPMG/single crystal cathode differs from Tesla's patent

[@captmack007]

It's in the shot too

[@eamonstack4139]

Another excellent video. Thanks

[@thelimitingfactor]

You're most welcome Eamon! Thanks for watching.

[@testuser2709]

What does recycling graphine or products with graphene look like?

[@thelimitingfactor]

Highly recyclable is my understanding. I'm not sure what the process looks like.

[@salzen6283]

You stumbled on to the second top lost case research blunder after fusion energy: GRAPHENE! What a Bummer ! Still you get the like and respect :)

[@rogerstarkey5390]

?

[@thelimitingfactor]

😂

[@comvocepontonet]

Real great explanation! Thanks!

[@rjmeck1]

Are you talking about flash graphene or more graphene "chunks" ?

[@thelimitingfactor]

I avoided it because it doesn't appear anywhere near viable. All these things are presented by the media as a done deal and the universities sometimes somewhat encourage that so they can get publicity.

[@DumbledoreMcCracken]

Will there ever be voidless carbon-carbon structures? This is a fantastically clear introduction. I've only had inorganic chemistry in University.

[@thelimitingfactor]

I haven't studied carbon-carbon yet. Carbon is such an interesting atom. So many different materials that can be made from it! Thanks man!

[@ronaldgarrison8478]

1:18 Hydrogen cannot be "strong" because it only can form a single bond, and therefore cannot make chains. However, I don't recall how this works for lithium. Lithium has only one valance electron, but it must be able to form multiple bonds, or it could only be a gas. Right?

[@thelimitingfactor]

Correct

[@revesx]

Extremely informative video, especially the comparison between graphene and graphene oxide, thank you!

[@Ravidist]

Good shit man

[@thelimitingfactor]

🤜🤛

[@snowstrobe]

The potential around this as a water filter (desalination and micro-plastics) is interesting.

[@trishhart8766]

Thank you for sharing. 🙂

[@thelimitingfactor]

You're very welcome Trish!

[@trishhart8766]

@@thelimitingfactor I have a feeling the problems are going to be solved much quicker than what's currently expected. God Bless!

[@JakeWitmer]

You mentioned that carbon could be made with less-structurally-sound larger rings. Makes me wonder about whether such rings could be formed "bespoke" into "far harder than diamond" repeating structures, that are closer to a "woven textile" in design, or high-carbon steel at a micro-scale. (I.e. With interlocking rings of carbons that, if weaker than c6 tiling by themselves, would be strong if they were linked together like chain-mail armor.) A larger version of this would be weaving together ultra-long SWNTs with each SWNT forming "a single thread, to be woven." This stuff is fun to think about. Of course, it was nearly all predicted by Drexler's "Engines of Creation." Edit: Sure enough, my memory was correct. All kinds of geometries are possible. Here's a white paper discussing them, with a graphic. It's interesting to imagine A long wire of SWNT running down the middle of a long stack of the hexagonal toroids. Would it be ultra-strong and ultra-tough? Would it carry current without breaking? Once ultra-long kilns exist, reality is going to get weird. Ideally, we all live long enough to put our brains on a mostly-carbon neuron substrate.

[@SportsIncorporated]

Wonderful. When will Talga make money?

[@jespermoberg2436]

Is it possible to obtain the source you used for the 2024 forecast of Graphene use? Would be very helpful, thank you.

[@stevegorkowski3246]

At 20:26 the chart for fast charging batteries you see LTO and Graphene for fast charging. LTO cells have -40 to 140 degree range with a 5 c charge/discharge rate and 15 miliohm internal resistance, 20000 cycle life, what will graphene do to help this battery? LTO has many great features that for my use and makes other batteries a poor choice.

[@thelimitingfactor]

A very different use case. This is for the cathode I think. This is to actually increase energy density is my guess.

[@issakhlayel627]

Say welcome to Carbonext Inc. This company successfully produces graphene inexpensive and in commercial scales

[@ronaldgarrison8478]

You might also want to include some video getting into the implications of isotopically pure carbon.

[@herescomesthenotoriousmichael]

How about the use of graphene in aerospace or spaceships?

[@thelimitingfactor]

I'll need to make another video on products.

[@herescomesthenotoriousmichael]

@@thelimitingfactor cool!, if you dont mind

[@fabriziom]

Lots of the time the desired properties (thermal and electrical conductivity) are in the through-plane direction, not so much in plane. How to get these properties in this direction?

[@thelimitingfactor]

Interesting question!

[@ginniguppy]

@@thelimitingfactor Add CNTs. They can lie across the edges of the sheets, promoting through-plane transmissions. "It is known" in manufacturing world.

[@JohnWallace74]

I am curious about the possibility of using graphene in ultra-capacitors. Can this improve energy density enough be used as a battery.

[@tonyblighe5696]

So graphene can be grown on copper but cannot easily be removed. Does graphene retain it's super conductivity and strength while attached to copper? Would an ultra thin copper sheet coated with a layer of graphene be useful?

[@thelimitingfactor]

I haven't looked into this yet, but my understanding is that the electrons move at the surface of the metal - so I'm assuming yes 😃

[@PeterHAdams]

Did you mention the idea of placing a thin copper wire into a solution that includes graphite, and then running an electrical charge through the wire? The result would be deposition of the graphene onto the wire, and a stronger graphene wire because of the copper inside the wire.

[@thelimitingfactor]

Watch the video and find out. Or, if you're lazy, you can just word search it.

[@pauladams1829]

I wonder how long it will take until we have space elevators and vacuum balloons made from graphene?

[@edmcintosh9500]

Or floating cities on venus.

[@edmcintosh9500]

Quick way to terraform venus-- strip the carbon from the atmoshere.

[@birdsaloud7590]

Has graphene ever been used in vaccines as an adjuvant?

[@1800imawake]

Yes and the testing is going on right now we shall see how it goes ........

[@Meekseek]

@@1800imawake going well for you? Not so well for the millions who died. They must of have the wrong genes, eh.

[@1800imawake]

@@Meekseek I wouldn't know never got a vaccine and wouldn't even give one to my dogs. Did have a former employer get it who promptly died of "sudden unknown causes" in 4 months and also had some family members in the sheep colony called Illinois get it but they don't talk to me anymore because I'm one of those crazy conspiracy theorists. Must have great genes because started smoking pot at 13, cigarettes at 16, and as an adult I've never had a doctor or dentist but at age 51 in almost perfect health. Any more snarky guilt loaded questions ?

[@patricktalley]

appreciated this vid...did you do more vids on graphenes? ( didn't see them on your channel)

[@thelimitingfactor]

Hello! Just this one. Had to cover other things.

[@thesunexpress]

It would be real nice if the carbon source for mass scale graphene production can be the mountains of discarded plastics in landfills.

[@joelomondi5815]

Thanks for this. for the first time i have seen through the graphene and its role in the future. Great Master Class!

[@1mnotbanksy]

Although not covered in this video, why would graphene allow ice and snow-free walkways/drives? Would it be because you could run a current through them, or does it have the potential to lower the freezing point of concrete surface? This was discussed in a Talga resources ltd presentation but not explained why.

[@thelimitingfactor]

Exactly! You can run a current through it to slightly warm it. I don't know how much energy that would take, but that's the idea. It also has other uses without electricity if it's more conductive...like in situations where you need to radiate heat away from maybe high voltage cables?

[@1mnotbanksy]

​@@thelimitingfactor I remember watching a video where they were adding graphene to rubber to significantly increasing the heat resistance. Do you think there has been a clear winner yet like with batteries being Tesla? Or still too early to say? But anyway great content from yourself one of the few youtubers I generally get excited when I see a new post on my feed :).

[@harlequin5817]

Interesting stuff

[@jogmas12]

Great video

[@gig2734]

Have you thought about making a sequel?

[@shavian208]

Jordan, speaking as a avid follower and investor in the Graphene story since 2016, I have to say that this video is simply the best explanation of Graphene and its potential I have yet seen. Brilliant, Especially on standardisation which is so important yet rarely covered. But when it comes to the commercialisation there is so much more to say than just Talga. Please do a piece expanding on this aspect, focussing on the work of The Graphene Council in the US and Manchester University’s GEIC (Graphene Engineering and Innovation Centre) in the U.K. And get to know Versarien, the real leader in FLG, the only one globally whose process has been yet been validated by The Graphene Council as scalable few-layer Graphene, as well as by the NGI in U.K. and also in China. Now collaborating with the likes of AECOM, Airbus and Rolls-Royce at the highest end of tech for Aerospace, Construction, 3D printing, textiles etc. With a very approachable CEO in Neill Ricketts, who has also just launched the first fully approved K95 Graphene enhanced anti-COVID face mask. As you say, it’s all beginning to happen with Graphene!

[@AB-ts2xd]

Graphene ETF ?

[@thelimitingfactor]

That's actually a great idea. I wonder if there's one out there.

[@Justwantahover]

17:50 I think the aluminium age should be included between steel and graphene cos aluminium was a way revolutionary material (especially with aviation). Aluminium completely changed aviation, opening doors that never would have come close without aluminium. But not just with aviation either.

[@huebeattie679]

how about a silicon age?

[@julienchaudron9354]

what type of graphene does flash graphene produce? few layer or nanoplatelets?

[@thelimitingfactor]

I haven't looked into. But from what I saw it resulted in powder, which would be flake.

[@advancedauto7667]

Awesome video, you nailed it, can the graphine nano flakes be added to a clear coat to make it more scratch resistant vs al203 or si02, bust still retain the clarity

[@thelimitingfactor]

Well, graphene is transparent, so I think that part would work. However, I don't think it would change the hardness, which I think is what dictates scratch resistance. I think where it works best is for resistance to rust. Massive sea trials going on at the moment with it. Glad you enjoyed it!

[@NoName-gw9oy]

@@thelimitingfactor Graphene is not transparent. Sheets reflect the light, but in mass it appears black.

[@mineduck3050]

What about a life-straw type method of starting with graphite at the top, slowly descending into a lesser volume 'tube' while tethered on the other end by graphine. Once it's tethered, a simple gravity drop should/could pull it out like taffy. And by tube I mean literal in a sense, but whatever can step down the layers. If it can be tethered in this model as abstract as it is the strength alone should hold through the pull. Just have to figure out what the 'tube' could be. Some sort of bond separator and imposer....

[@michaelfelder2640]

Well done.

[@thelimitingfactor]

Cheers man!

[@nolan4339]

I wonder if graphene and graphite, combined with plastic polymers could fully replace all necessary electronic and processor components. Then you could create electronics entirely out of atmospheric components.

[@edmcintosh9500]

Keep it simple. Graphene and silicon

[@adamsutton45]

Great content quality as always! Really enjoy your videos Jordan!

[@thelimitingfactor]

🔥

[@ghostindamachine]

Superb!

[@thelimitingfactor]

Thanks man

[@newguy6935]

What is the quality of the Graphene, created from trash at Rice University? Is that a promising technique for high-quality graphene? From what I understand, this method can drop the price of the production of graphene from $20,000 per ton to around $100 per ton.

[@thelimitingfactor]

I haven't looked deeply into it. To me it seems inefficient. Heating anything to thousands of degrees C requires a huge amount of energy. Possibly useful off world where we don't have million of tons of graphite just sitting there waiting to be exfoliated.

[@markotten1755]

Jordan, thanks for all your great work. For some reason, all your videos make my Apple TV3 reboot. Apart from the occasional hiccup, I've never had this consistent failure. Maybe worth investigating

[@thelimitingfactor]

Huh! Weird. I would have no clue where to start on that one. I don't have any tools at my disposal - all the technical guts are on google's end. My only suggestion would be to send a complaint to YT/give feedback. I don't get any special treatment as a content creator. My only guess is that it's to do with the 60fps framerate. If it doesn't happen with my earlier videos that might be the case.

[@markotten1755]

@@thelimitingfactor thank you! Will see what I can do from my end indeed. Hope to see loads more of your videos!

[@Excited_Electron]

Browse Log9 materials who have already developed various graphene models for different applications and have already launched a couple of Applications based on it. Currently working on the energy applications of Graphene

[@Larsonaut]

What about flash graphene?

[@thelimitingfactor]

My understanding is that it's inefficient

[@vuththiwattanathornkosithg5625]

Materials chart missing polymer age.

[@surajk9695]

I could see future with #graphage trending but for now I want to know your thoughts on flash graphene

[@toptoks7132]

If we invested in Graphene companies now, would that help speed up the development of Graphene technology?

[@thelimitingfactor]

I think there is so much money going into graphene right now that I don't think it would make a difference. What needs to happen is a shift away from lower quality graphene from China and towards higher quality graphene and research into how it can be rolled into products...but I think this is already happening 😃