Coronavirus COVID-19 | Viral Structure & Pathogenesis

Welcome to this video on the COVID-19 disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. In this tutorial we will discuss:
- Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its structural glycoproteins
- ACE-2 receptor interaction and mechanisms of host cell entry
- Pathogenesis and mechanism of ARDS
- Typical chest radiograph and CT appearances
We hope you have found this video informative - see references below for further reading.
Peter & Jack
References used in the making of this video:
1. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):497-506.
2. Schoeman D, Fielding BC. Coronavirus envelope protein: current knowledge. Virol J. 2019 May 27;16(1):69.
3. Weiss SR, Navas-Martin S. Coronavirus Pathogenesis and the Emerging Pathogen Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2005 Dec;69(4):635-64.
4. Lin L, Lu L, Cao W, Li T. Hypothesis for potential pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection-a review of immune changes in patients with viral pneumonia. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020 Jan 1;9(1):727-32.
5. Frieman M, Baric R. Mechanisms of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Pathogenesis and Innate Immunomodulation. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2008 Dec 1;72(4):672-85.
6. Li X, Geng M, Peng Y, Meng L, Lu S. Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19. J Pharm Anal [Internet]. 2020 Mar 5 [cited 2020 Apr 2]; Available from: www.sciencedirect.com/science/...
7. Rabi FA, Al Zoubi MS, Kasasbeh GA, Salameh DM, Al-Nasser AD. SARS-CoV-2 and Coronavirus Disease 2019: What We Know So Far. Pathogens. 2020 Mar;9(3):231.
8. Walls AC, Park Y-J, Tortorici MA, Wall A, McGuire AT, Veesler D. Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. Cell [Internet]. 2020 Mar 9 [cited 2020 Apr 1]; Available from: www.sciencedirect.com/science/...
9. Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J Autoimmun. 2020 Feb 26;102433.
10. Guo Y-R, Cao Q-D, Hong Z-S, Tan Y-Y, Chen S-D, Jin H-J, et al. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - an update on the status. Mil Med Res. 2020 Mar 13;7(1):11.
11. Jin Y, Yang H, Ji W, Wu W, Chen S, Zhang W, et al. Virology, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Control of COVID-19. Viruses. 2020 Apr;12(4):372.
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anatomyzone.com
3D anatomy tutorial on using the BioDigital Human (www.biodigitalhuman.com).

[@VVargames1]

Best video i've seen so far on the detailed structure. Still just scratching the surface. Thanks!

[@tomsmith4542]

perfect video, this should have a billion views

[@SChome100]

This video pretty much covers everything about the virus. Thanks for sharing.

[@sour_krause]

Finally found a great video that explains in-depth info on this!

[@dairamorales845]

I liked your video very much, you explain much better than many teachers I know, you are very clear and straight to the point.

[@irenetom4120]

such a great video, with clear and detailed explanations. thank you so much for making this!!

[@wildlifenatural482]

I would like to say this video and the professor explanation is more than perfect. I am a doctor and I’d like to add my story here. I had all this mechanism and at the end I got ARDS(chest pain and difficulty in breathing) and I was on vent and inotropes. All my chest X-ray was like white clouds, I got Covid-19 with the first sign and symptoms are abdominal pain , tenderness in abdomen , loss of appetite, vomit and then severe headache with high grade fever, PLZ note: many doctors confuse it with acute appendicitis and it’s clinical picture is like that but actually no because in Acute appendicitis there’s no high grade fever like 103 F• or 104F•c most important thing you should know there’ll be itchy viral rash and some doctors miss it with drug reaction but actually it’s typical Presentation of Covid and maybe you’ll also get hand and foot syndrome. Severity goes on and I got ARDS( difficult in breathing) then I was on vent and some positive inotropes to get my normal BP. Thanks to God it took like one month in ICU to recovery fully but it’s steady. I wasn’t expecting that I’ll get second life but I’m grateful to my God , Doctors and all family members sincere prayers. One thing I want to add here it Covid is very different in everyone I even didn’t had any cough. So don’t wait for cough if you develop any sign do directly PCR and Covid SARS -2 antibodies test. Most important is supportive care and to maintain oxygen saturation, BP and some main vitals and low the D-Dimers etc . The rest of imbalances will get recover soon as some antiviral drugs recommended by WHO which weakens or break the proteins of the virus. This is my own story and now I’m like normal person got recovered totally so no worries be strong and everything will be fine.

[@abbankhan7866]

Impressive story 👍

[@tatar1449]

I see, exactly had the same experience. Bless you 🙏

[@preeti9225]

Hi, great to hear your story... you're very brave. How are you doing now? Do u face any residual symptoms

[@abd-elazizoayman8649]

Do you like comedy movies?

[@brandonjerome]

Scientists unable to demonstrate transmission of Spanish flu kzbin.info/www/bejne/ioGskISFZtx_iaM

[@doornroosjevideos]

Thanks so much for this video! It's good to inform people about the pathology and clinical effects. Let's spread the word!

[@vergelab3399]

spread the word; not the virus :-)

[@brandonjerome]

Scientists unable to demonstrate transmission of Spanish flu kzbin.info/www/bejne/ioGskISFZtx_iaM

[@brandonjerome]

@@vergelab3399 Scientists unable to demonstrate transmission of Spanish flu kzbin.info/www/bejne/ioGskISFZtx_iaM

[@biromedicine]

Thanks for this video... As a 4th year medical student... This has enlightened me more on why inflammation is the outcome of most diseases. And how inflammation destroys, rather than build.

[@claireunderwood8282]

Please take the initiative to educate yourself and research vaccines. Read their safety and effectiveness studies and see how they are not tested per gold standard experimental study designs. They dont use inert placebo control groups, they're not double blind.assignments, they operationally define effectiveness solely bsod on antibody titer levels production. And only measure and report adverse reactions or effects for an average of 24-72 hours. Instead of an inert saline solution placebo for controls they almost always use another older vaccine. Or simply injected aluminum adjuvants, making the ability to detect statistically significant differences between two groups impossible. Falsely claiming the vaccine Is safe. They're considered biologics, not pharmaceutical drugs, so they have extremely unreliable and invalid testing methods and procedures. But this is rarely discussed in mef xchool. There is z plethora of evidence supporting that vaccines are only responsible for 1-3% declines in infectious diseases and that its environmental improvements and factors like indoor plumbing. Sanitation. Hygeine, nutrition and clean water along with medical innovations and antibiotics that are real cause of the elimination and eradication of hundreds of and deadly diseases in last two centuries. Why is why weve only ever. Vaccinated for 12' to 18.diseases yet hundreds of once deadly diseases all xdecli snrs at nearly identical linear regression rates as vaccine one. But there is so much more worthy of your time and attention about vaccines that I wish evdtu doctor would take time to understand.

[@guilhermesartorato93]

*Beware of bots and conspiracy theorics, guys :-) *

[@batty128]

Thank You 🙏 Nice & easy explanation in short video .

[@summerblue5258]

Your video is fabulous! Thanks so much for this great work!

[@akshaysnh6]

Thank you for this detailed and superb explanation !!

[@shawntemichaels3588]

Thank you for making this informative and accurate video.

[@danconstanciojr8476]

Well done. Can I ask your hypothetical thoughts that this virus can live with a bottle spray? It seems too fragile to survive in harsh environments.

[@pablolcossiorodriguez1488]

Excellent work, amazing, thanks for sharing this information so didactically.

[@sierras1149]

Thank you so much !❤

[@AndreaRodriguez-fs8mk]

Great video and explanation. I just have a question, does the S protein binds to the ACE2 in only one monomer of the trimer or each monomer of the S protein have an RBD that binds to the receptor?

[@Muuip]

Excellent visualisation/présentation!

[@vaibhavsingh1193]

The video and representation is very very good but the sound is very low please make it a little louder. Thankyou for the video It helps in my research!

[@sachinpokharna2070]

Details information with covering near about all pathogenesis point. Thanks

[@ayeeepp7385]

God, thanks for the explanation and for putting references!

[@ZubairKhan-vs8fe]

Brilliant brilliant brilliant video Simple clear and informative

[@ylsb8]

Thanks for sharing the most complicated subject in a simpler form, truely its a great video, with clear and detailed explanations. thank you so much . its great for teaching . great artistic work helps us to understand the unseen molecular world based on technological science and research advancements . aplause to the TEAM.

[@venkatamadallapalli3531]

amazing effort...very easily explained

[@briangriffiths114]

That was very well explained and equally terrifying. This virus by its erratic nature and often asympomatic transmission has succeeded in halting almost all human economic activity within a very short time period.

[@Kybeline]

Thank you for your video. You've described it well structured, and well illustrated. So that a non-expert like me could understand it easily. And you saved us all the time-vasting nonsense, which so many other videos like this are filled with. 👍👍

[@vergelab3399]

i'm sharing this, spread the knowledge (not the virus)

[@woloabel]

Essential and well illustrated....

[@gabrielgybtdresibeh8090]

Thank you for this great video

[@1stNlass]

Thank you!! Be safe

[@DustyKorpse]

Thank you great video 👍

[@anilkashyap1388]

one of the great video on coronavirus, thanks a lot and well done

[@poojaroham3]

It is really very helpful and wonderful video. Thankyou

[@psygnozis]

Thanks for the good explanation

[@martinbarba7689]

Excellent video! Thanks

[@DebasishSundarRay]

This is very well explained. This video deserve more views.

[@rwmleung96]

concise and clear!

[@peterlavington9261]

Thanks - good vid given me more understanding

[@donjohnson2639]

Great video, very detailed 👍

[@user-do3zu9jj6t]

great thanks for your great efforts

[@YusufClack]

Thank you for the incredible video. It seems that once the inflammation in the lungs sets in, it scales much more rapidly than pneumonia. Is the fluid build up puss from the inflammation? Is the cytokine storm different in regular pnuemonia? TIA!

[@quon535]

Yusuf Clack the fluid build up results from the cytokines causing the blood vessels to become more leaky & permeable

[@leslieivan523]

@@quon535 o00000p0ppl00

[@prasantpanda5680]

This is gorgeous❤ But Please improve the sound, it's hardly audible

[@slight1699]

Would you please show the differences between the SARS-2 coronavirus and the original bat virus. I've read that they are 96 percent the same, but what is the other 4 percent? How does that change its function?

[@ramihhani1783]

Amazing video and explanation Thanks so much!

[@gerardfoley9619]

Thanks very much very educational

[@johnbaugh2437]

Excellent!

[@TheCorpfitness]

Great video

[@xotr1x]

Does it spread from mucus membranes (eg :eye ) via continuous infection of neighboring cells untill it reaches the lungs ? Or via blood stream

[@timothykeith1367]

I've heard *speculation* that if ACE2 receptors not in the lungs are infected, that perhaps the immune system will build antibodies before the virus reaches the lungs and the patient will experience only mild symptoms. But this video shows a rapid migration from the nasal cavities. I don't know whether the virus can enter via the digestive tract.

[@user-do3zu9jj6t]

we need more videos about covid 19

[@Khadou959]

Great video, thank you very much. I especially like it when you linked the similarities with influenza. If you could do video comparing the pathogenesis of two types of viruses that have previously caused outbreaks this would be great

[@sunving]

thank you so much

Informative video, excellent narration. Not sure about apoptosis at 8.36 though, the massive inflammation in the lungs would not result from apoptosis; rather- lung cell necrosis would be more apt./

[@paranjothivadivelu3361]

Godallmighty

[@leelakrishan7453]

Good information

[@sindhuoruganti8106]

Excellent sir

[@preranadas5430]

Is there any further vedio regarding this topic , as mentioned in the first line that it's a series , please provide the play list or links of related vedio, I found many times on this channel's Playlist, but can't find , it's very urgent for me , please provide the Playlist link 🙏🙏🙏

[@akk5377]

Ossm explanation

[@f.g.k5669]

Thanks for your valuable information.

[@CallMeShoe]

In the first SARS case, we actually transmitted the virus to the civets.

[@reni4932]

What is the relationship between ACE2, Covid-19, and comorbid receptors?

[@erenylmaz9320]

where can i find the real microscope image or examination of sars cov 2 ?

[@Nazry0799]

Oh God we need your mercy 🙏 for us how it is hard especially for people who have chronic illnesses? like heart, lung and breathing problems. It will completely shut the system down from top to bottom please our lord we need you.You are our hope nobody couldn't do anything with out you please give us your mercy 🤔😱😵

[@ladspeter8352]

Which protein is the best target for use in developing an anti SARS-CoV2 vaccine?

[@steverussell743]

No mention of EXOSOMES??

[@elisabethhoueze3635]

Hi please can you help me to find a software that I can use to draw biological mechanism?

[@ajaykrishnank8897]

excellent

[@09118945]

God help us all 🙏

[@mummytut8255]

I'll say! But I don't think even the big man upstairs can help us out of this 😥 2 things.. Every human on earth needs to do what their country leaders are asking of them and 2, we need a vaccine asap!! ☹

[@freeemz]

No we need to stop eating everything that moves.

[@acdones8793]

Enteresting

[@garyklafta3411]

OH NO ! IT'S THE VIDS !!!

[@jaimemedina6430]

What makes this “ version” of covid differ from the others and what has made it as dangerous as we know it

[@Machster10]

You can buy P100 half mask respirators online. About $35 to $40 bucks. Make sure the half mask comes with P100 (magenta color filters) otherwise, you need to buy filters separately. P100 filter cartridges provide near 100% virus filtration and if you are fit tested (a specialized leak test required by OSHA), then they do provide 100%. Make sure the half mask fits you properly. A normal adult size face will be a large size. Women might be a medium size. The P100 filters are HEPA filters and they will last a very long time unless you're working in a very dusty environment. They should last at least a year or so but, you can buy a pair of new filters for about $15. Wear it when you go into any public building. It will save your life. Make sure you are clean shaven (no beards or stubble) otherwise, the mask will not seal to your face and virus can get through. Perform a positive and negative pressure check on the respirator when you first put it on (this is a basic self-seal check you can research online to ensure proper sealing). These respirators have been designed and researched by NIOSH for decades and they are required by OSHA. You can make and attach a simple, loose cloth cover for the exhalation valve to prevent coughing droplets from being released. Use caution if you have pre-existing respiratory health issues as wearing a respirator does add some resistance to normal breathing but you will find half mask respirators to be very comfortable and much easier to breathe through and cooler than most masks and face coverings because of the exhaust valve. Make sure to keep your respirator clean inside using sanitary wipes and make sure the membrane valves are taken care of and are not damaged because they can tear easily. Store your respirator in a Ziploc bag. Do not share your respirator with others. Half mask respirators can be completely dismantled and cleaned but this only needs to be done occasionally.

[@aminabdulrab5120]

cytokine storm occur in other types of pneumonia ,what makes this kind of infection diffrent?

[@hakureishrine]

Other pneumonias are not as transmissible. Bacterial pneumonias require specific circumstances and other viruses most people have some level of immunity.

[@TitusLivy777]

Excellent video! Thank you!

[@fouziamalik8191]

Hgh

[@MegaTrivial]

The "S" proteine which binds to the receptor, isn´t it made of sugar moieties?

[@arunlsk2271]

I'm guessing it's all glycoprotein. Just a guess. Cos that's on HIV.

[@sazzadhussain4069]

can anyone tell me about this? a. Describe the function of the S protein. b. Describe the function of the E protein. c. Describe the function of the M protein. d. Describe the function of the N protein.

[@mhzdesign2012]

How does a virion actually leave the body and become airborne?

[@Asif-yx1kv]

what is its causative agent

[@tisascience388]

completely lost in the animation so smooth and the endocytosis part was so satisfying may i know which software you used? lemme watch it again for the corona virus pathogenesis, coz totally mesmerized hahahasf

[@katatonnik1340]

Corona is Latin but it derives from the Greek ''κορώνη - K O Ρ Ω Ν Η'' (pronounced KORO-KNEE) and it means curved (object).

[@Gojirella]

Thank you!

[@chefit8991]

Ok so does the S protein on the corona virus act different then that of a normal function in a human cell? As far as I can understand S protein only attaches to negatively charged phospholipids or cell already undergoing apoptosis or cell death. Meaning if your cells were in a state of normal function and health the S protein wouldn't have the capacity to attach to the cell as there is no negative charge. If the percentage of healthy cells in the individual was high the covid 19 s protein would have less to attach to and the immune system would work properly, as the virus would only become present in such an insignificant level that the body would become immune to the virus similiar to a vaccine. If the level of negatively charged cells was higher or going through apoptosis in the individual than the more cells the covid 19 spike protein could attach to making it more troublesome for already unhealthy individuals or senior citizen where there would be an increased prescence of cells undergoing apoptosis..... It seems pretty simple no? Healthy cells and immune system no worries for virus as it literally can not attach to healthy cells as they are not displaying a negative charge in the phospholipids or outer membrane of the cell?

[@kalindumaneth9296]

🤘

[@MegaTrivial]

Sorry, what are the names of the coronavirus´ proteins S, E, M, and N?

[@itzate1565]

www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/diagram-of-corona-virus-particle-structure-vector-19725530

[@preeti9225]

Great

[@johnstfleur3987]

"INTELLIGENCE."

[@francismausley7239]

Thank you. "O Lord, protect us from what lieth in front of us and behind us, above our heads, on our right, on our left, below our feet and every other side to which we are exposed. Verily, Thy protection over all things is unfailing." ~ Baha'i Prayer

[@luckybrownmusic]

Where is the source of this information? Has scientist been able to isolate the covid 19 virus?

[@zayVlogs01]

What structure makes the virus last for 9hours to days?

[@Sam-fv5xz]

The adhesion of viruses to surfaces is mainly via hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. The virus has a more or less important affinity with certain types of materials depending on its physicochemical properties, for example the morphology of its envelope, or its "surface charge" which dictates electrostatic interactions. For the moment, the link between the physico-chemical properties of viruses and the contribution of the different interaction forces is not yet well established, but the physics of the main interaction forces at play are known.

[@ableone7855]

It jumped from the Wuhan lab in China to the entire world. Now, continue from there to the rest of your discussion!

[@Krystalmyth]

What are you going to do about it? If the world govt wants to make proper accusations then they should nut up and do so. It's irrelevant what you feel about it.

[@freeemz]

Why does the body react in such a way that basically shuts the body down?

[@wana6166]

Freeman because some people’s immune system goes on overdrive to help fight off the virus eliciting inflammation.

[@jamesngo3218]

I'm assuming you mean apoptosis (cell death) happens due to the immune system fighting back against the virus. This autoimmune response tries to kill infected cells that your immune system senses. Usually it does a great job of protecting your body, but as such cases like in this virus it has a cascading/domino effect when it goes unregulated and can wreak havoc on your body.

[@savitrizenabkhan2404]

No it's a part of war between viruses and body immune system

[@sonyacruz8115]

@@wana6166 right, it's called cytokine storm. James is also right with apoptosis. Some people's bodies can't handle either, especially those who are immunocompromised and who have chronic conditions like asthma, COPD, kidney issue (we're seeing a lot of kidney issues with these patients). Apoptosis can cause sepsis and throwing fluids at them makes them worse (one normal intervention for sepsis). Cytokine storm can cause micro thrombosis which can lead to clots like a pulmonary embolism which is so hard to treat because their lungs are usually very compromised at that point. There's more but I'm tired and could go on for awhile.

[@alanhaf2489]

Very good explanation, but why not use an actual image of the virus instead of an animation?

[@malayghosh338]

You need to increase the volume. It's terribly low.

[@samratkadiyam4071]

Audio is not up to the mark. Raise the volume level. Please!

[@johnstfleur3987]

"I AM THE PROFESSOR." (MATH)

[@sazzadhussain4069]

Name the other viruses that are related to SARS-CoV-2. ? can anyone help me with this one? please

[@toanduongthanh8625]

so which causes death: corona virus or my own immune system

[@anilrishikunwar4668]

sound i too low must be very infomative

[@carlahead5072]

Thank you so much for the pathophysiology of this Coronavirus and how it’s spreads so quickly -hope there’s a way that you can stop it’s rapid spread and develop an effective vaccine that will behave like the flu vaccine.

[@hraqhraq]

Not detailed, did not even mention TMPRSS2 which will cleave S1

[@neobikes]

i feel sick after watching that

[@guilhermesartorato93]

LOL

[@mrjawirchannel]

HALO NGAB