Cosmic rays and the mummy's curse

[@hanifarroisimukhlis5989]

Even cooler, scientist in Japan recently made a GPS system using Muons. The technology is similiar to regular GPS, but using Muons can be used where radio waves can't punch through, like underwater or underground.

[@ALPHONSE2501]

I remember Japanese are attempting to use Muons scan for studying the size of magma chamber under mount Fuji.

[@NoahSpurrier]

Any links or names to search for this?

[@hanifarroisimukhlis5989]

I read it from Ars Technica, might need to search it yourself as i forgot the link.

[@John-mf6ky]

Could you do something similar with neutrinos?

[@live_long_and_prosper]

Yawn!

[@lsdzheeusi]

Are we just not gonna talk about Dr. Don's shirt because he clearly put a lot of thought into this.

[@Catpain_Tailspin]

CAT scan actually stands for computed axial tomography because it scans in axial planes to the object not AIDED like you said. I’m a radiographer so this stood out to me is all. Keep up the good work. Maybe one day we will use muons to scan patients.

[@jpe1]

I came looking for this comment! Thanks for pointing out the correct meaning of the C and A in CAT scan.

[@kpdubbs7117]

Mummy's curses are concerning. Dr. Don wearing those glasses was terrifying.

[@jcrespo9434]

Thank you Dr Lincoln! And thank you Fermilab! I'm just a regular guy who works in a factory, but the nature of reality is very important to me. I appreciate you bringing this data and these ideas to people like me. Thank you!

[@andrekz9138]

Hey bud, jus so you know, you might feel like "just a regular guy who works in a factory" watching a physics video online, but check this: around ~7.888 billion people on this planet, 1% of that is 78.88 million. You think 78 million people would be about to have this conversation?? If you're not in the top 1% of people in the whole world that can discuss the muon, you're close to it.

[@jballenger9240]

Oh Dr. Lincoln, how I miss your presentations and teaching. You were particularly missed as I tried to listen and understand the Muon g-2 Scientific Seminar 2023 presentation. Couldn’t get much of a toehold for understanding. My take always (before clicking away) were: more than 100 PhD students were writing their theses on the g-2 work they had done; and there was a finding in agreement with a BNL result to 4.2 Sigma, not quite 5, but perhaps evidence of “new physics”. Hope you are well and, working on a new playlist. Please, please, please. 🙏🙏🙏 My best and many thanks.

[@wayneyadams]

Thanks for providing links to the papers, something I wish more KZbin channels did, they are real time savers. Just one of the many reasons you are the best.

[@nalusan]

In Gießen we once did a show where we displayed a few Röntgen Original instruments. His grave is still there.

[@a.lewisraymer7772]

LOVE everything you post, Dr. Don!

[@Baldevi]

Don, those X-Ray Specs were awesome! LOL you did look a little creepi, but still, great way to wrap the video! And the video was as always, fascinating, thank you for the things you share from the world of Physics!

[@Vector_Ze]

He's a decade younger than me. My comic books only cost 12 Cents, except for the Giant issues I had a hard time finding enough deposit soda bottles to buy.

[@setdown2]

That was a time wasn't it...🖖

[@mysapphirestar]

I paid nine old pence for American comics here in England. The covers were marked ten cents. I always wondered why I was never allowed to send away for the things they advertised, cool stuff like a whole Confederate or Union army. One English pound was worth 240 old pence so I don’t know if I was getting my comics cheap or not.

[@michaelsommers2356]

And you'd buy them one at a time to avoid a penny sales tax.

[@MK-tt5xy]

Luis Alvarez was such an amazing physicist. From the Manhattan Project to creating the theory that a meteor killed the dinosaurs. Check out his autobiography: Adventures of a Physicist for a great read.

[@jeffbenton6183]

I was watching an astrophysist's video about "physics crackpots" yesterday, and one person she kept mentioning who *wasn't* a crackpot was Luis Alvarez. He kept using his physics knowledge to look at things that weren't in his field, but when he was proven wrong (like with the Pyramid) he let it go. Until he and his son found evidence for the meteoroid-extinction hypothesis. The crater that proved him right on that was found a few years after his death. I'm definitely going to want to read that book at some point. Thanks! (The channel is acollierastro, in case you were wondering)

[@jeffchristian6798]

CAT scan stands for Computerized Axial Tomography

[@tbird-z1r]

And that was an MRI scanner in the background.

[@kennethreese2193]

It would be cool if you could use some sort of decay rement to do something similer with particles coming from the core of the planet. Slightly more realistic i wonder if you could use decay products closer to the surface to map caverns and mines. Living in western PA I have 2 and possibly 3 layers of mines under my neighborhood but non of the maps match up.

[@mrjava66]

It could work. It depends upon if you have access to the lower levels and how deep they are. Basically, you would just need to setup detectors underground, make measurements, and then do calculations. The problem is that the most of muons only penetrate dozens of meters of rock, and very few penetrate 100s. It would take a long time to collect enough data to find tunnels. This problem is escalated by the bulk difference in numbers. A void in a pyramid that reduces the material between the detector and outside by 20% if 10 times easier to find than a void in a mine that reduces the rock thickness by 2%.

[@stevenschrier4207]

Superb presentation that illustrates how the scientific research at Fermilab is serving multidisciplinary needs around the world.

[@doktormcnasty]

It wasn't until I got older and found out how xray imaging ACTUALLY works that I realized just how truly preposterous xray specs are. In order for them to even have a hope of working you'd ALSO need a source of XRAYS behind the subject you're trying to see through.

[@ElDJReturn]

A seriously cool topic from one of the coolest Physicist I know!

[@DigiLab360]

When I was a kid we had this joke: “Do you know the germans invented a device that allows you to see through walls? It’s called a window”. It was funny when I was six years old.

[@SolaceEasy]

Perhaps a few images of the science equipment? Am I the only one wondering how you detect muons from all directions of a pyramid?

[@senseibear2436]

He says 'skid-mark' twice with a straight face.. A true educator, and a legend. 🙏

[@Istandby666]

Your religious beliefs hold no water here. This is reality, this is science.

[@BriSouth]

Thank you for your coverage. Please consider including the recent discoveries and future plans of the muon guys. I know they have box of the chamber above the main entrance, but it seems they’re in an uphill battle to explore the other empty cavern discovered above the great hall. Thanks for the vid.

[@TheyCallMeNewb]

Awesome material indeed. The opening and closing cards too are breathtaking!

[@sofiatgarcia3970]

Thanks for making this topic understandable to a mere cabinetmaker!

[@bazpearce9993]

They're using this technique in the Oak Island program as well. Nice Shirt btw. I have one of those too. :)

[@deanschulze3129]

Glad to see a new video from Don. It's been a while. How about doing a review of the movie Oppenheimer? There are a lot of threads to unpack from Oppenheimer's career and the Manhattan project. Maybe focus on one aspect of the physics. The most interesting to me is how Enrico Fermi got the first nuclear chain reaction to work at the University of Chicago. Or how about Edward Teller's alarm that a nuclear chain reaction might not be able to be controlled? Hans Bethe and colleagues showed that a chain reaction would not run away. What a controversy that was.

[@ScottJPowers]

Wouldn't electron displacement make it problematic for examining things? Displaced electrons likely would cause chemical changes to occur.

[@jeffspaulding9834]

They're not using an artificial muon source - they're detecting muons that are hitting everything on the surface of the Earth pretty much all the time. Whatever chemical changes are occurring due to muons must be tiny or else we'd be seeing the effect in all the materials around us.

[@greggweber9967]

7:07 How do you find rooms, both plural and/or filled floor to ceiling with things that react like stones?

[@busybillyb33]

You should be able to differentiate some structural outlines. This is sort of like airport x-ray scanners looking into suitcases full of items. Now, if the objects have similar densities to the stones and are perfectly fitting in the room, you aren't looking at a room, but a solid continuous structure!

[@jballenger9240]

Hank you. Can there be a series on some of the projects that are using Muon Tomography and their findings?

[@thingsiplay]

2:35 As everyone knows, red cars are the fastest cars. Why don't they make rockets red? It's free energy!

[@safatkhan676]

That finding was published in 2017. What have you guys been up to since then (regarding the pyramids)?

[@brianplum1825]

It's a good thing to have the flashing disclaimer about classified information. The lab director is the least of the problem when the FBI is alarmed.

[@AntaresM1911]

That's great, while you're in Egypt, please scan the base and underneath the Great Sphinx, there are secret rooms below it. That would be a great discovery. 😊

[@XEinstein]

Cool t-shirt Dr Don! Are you wearing it because of the physics or the album?

[@jkinkamo]

Can this muon tomography detect perpendicular beam of photons? Do beam of photons detect bypassing muon?

[@ivogarza9339]

Is Fermi lab involved in the muon tomography of Oak Island?

[@juansalvemini9270]

Is the muon production so predictable that you can take it for granted? How long do you have to stay with the detector on each location to get a significant measurement?

[@drdon5205]

1. Yes. 2. It depends on the thickness you're investigating. It can take days or a year, depending on the thing you're looking for and how accurately you want to find it.

[@bassplayer1966]

NICE XRAY GLASSES AT THE END! THAT HAD ME ROLLIN!!

[@BytebroUK]

Sorry if this done already, but what does it say under the DSOTM logo on your shirt? Thx! :)

[@gabest4]

How does a muon detector look like? Do you have to move it around the pyramid to get the big picture?

[@odizzido]

Hey, I have a question about your video about why light travels more slowly through a medium.....so light exerts a force on electrons. If the electron feels a force from the photon then the photon is expending energy to move it around? If that's the case wouldn't the light red shift slightly? And if that's true how do we know that distant light we see is red shifted from the expanding universe instead of slowly having its energy sapped from electrons?

[@IntraFinesse]

Dr. Lincoln, that's a great look for you with those specs! 🙂 Please wear them during work and let us know how it goes 🙂

[@bartekgorniak5758]

What antimatter is for? Why universe need it, how it would be if antimatter doesnt exist??

[@samjones1954]

Question, your shirt got me thinking. If we pass white light through a prism, we get a break up of all the light colours that make white. Q... What happens if we pass all the colours through in the correct order, do we get a beam of white light out the other side?

[@drdon5205]

The colors can be recombined to be white.

[@stephan-alexanderheyn9817]

Dear Dr. Lincoln, if I'm interpreting correctly, then the muon could also be used on volcanos before they erupt? Without any molten substances the muons should come through, but with lava etc. they dont. Thus --> alert! Is this correct?

[@drdon5205]

Sort of. But mostly they look for the solidified lava plug inside the exterior rock.

[@kkgt6591]

Would you be kind enough to show us the apparatus and some images.

[@rayjasmantas9609]

Here a question: If muons come from Space energy, how close to are they to regulation light energy as electrons of a electric current? Controlled distance regulations?

[@brucecheesman2781]

An excellent video from Don on muon tomography. Very well explained.

[@richardhare1734]

How do you detect the Muons?

[@Rando_Shyte]

I too wish they would have gone into more detail about how it works.

[@ogi22]

Thank you Dr. Don! As always, a lovely clip 😊

[@sapelesteve]

Another fascinating video Dr. Don! Those muons must travel at an extremely high velocity considering that they only last two-millionths of a second! 🤔🤔👍👍

[@Mosern1977]

Well, time dilation probably kicks in...

[@petersage5157]

Carl Sagan would probably have become an archaeologist if we had figured out this technology when he was a kid. This is some exciting cross-disciplinary tech.

[@pawelperkowski1971]

Dear Dr Lincoln, can you make a movie about the Abraham-Minkowski paradox? It seems that it is a fascinating paradox which tells us a lot about the interaction between electromagnetic waves (photons) and matter.

[@anthempt3edits]

Luis Alvarez was a boss. Just like you, Dr. Lincoln!

[@robertwilliams7777]

But if the muons are coming from above, where do they put the sensors? Do they dig under or into pyramids, if they don't have accessible cavities?

[@joelweinert3580]

It seems like with a bit of computer aid this could be used completely passively, especially in the morning and evening when cosmic rays might preferentially be parallel to the ground.?

[@drdon5205]

cosmic rays are preferentially vertical always.

[@michaelsommers2356]

Why would cosmic rays be parallel to the ground in the morning and evening?

[@drdon5205]

@@michaelsommers2356 They're thinking cosmic rays come from the sun, but they don't.

[@michaelsommers2356]

@@drdon5205 That's what I thought, but I was foolishly trying to be Socratic.

[@oopskapootz7276]

What happened about muon tomography between 1960s and now?

[@gordonmcintosh7806]

thanks again for an inform video - ??? given that it takes the average person around a second to react while driving then they have traveled 35ft at 35 miles per hour if I remember correctly :: how would they react at faster speeds travelling through space - how would they not have a collision at speeds nearing half light speed ? curious thinking

[@FrancisFjordCupola]

Of course, the pun with the t-shirt; Pink Floyd's Dark Side of the Moon. Looking through pyramids is one thing. Looking through celestial cheese is another.

[@MartinCHorowitz]

Can't make a Muon source that is relatively compact using a Radio Frequency Quadrapole? That wa one of the spinoffs I remeber from my work on Beam Experiment Aboard Rocket.

[@kdeuler]

Fascinating. I'm curious to know how Muon detectors work, including how they know the direction from which the Muon is coming.

[@michaelsommers2356]

The detectors can be as simple as a photomultiplier tube looking at a block of plastic.

[@hanslepoeter5167]

Does a nutrino fit's the bill ? From what I understand from this video it does .. more or less ... For bigger objects probably as nutrino interaction is weak ?

[@j_taylor]

I think you're right that scale would be a problem. Neutrinos might be too weakly interacting, considering that a large portion pass through the entire Earth. Neutrino detectors are also really massive, just to interact with any neutrinos, and might be unable to measure quantity.

[@jballenger9240]

Thank you for All over the years. I come to you Dr. Lincoln, looking for clarity and detangling of a new theory about the origin of the Universe. Recently I listened to Dr. David Kaplan’s, Dark Matter: the next frontier. I liked and had also listened to Prof. Neil Turok’s, talk about his new and simpler theory about the origin of the Universe. He talks about the “… all observations are consistent with just 5 parameters…3 for matter or energy content [and] 2 numbers for the geometry…” ???? In a recent presentation by Prof Turok, “Explaining the simplicity of the cosmos” Apr 20, 2023 on the AlbaNova Colloquium Channel, @32:32 he talks about left-handed and right-handed neutrinos and how they are a solution to the “Dark Matter” problem. ????? Could you or Dr. Duffy or even perhaps Dr. Kaplan, offer some insight into the handedness of neutrinos and they might be the solution to the “Dark Matter” problem?

[@splv21]

Dr. James Xavier would definitely like this video.....

[@tresajessygeorge210]

THANK YOU... PROF. DR. LINCOLN...!!!

[@Decodeish1]

You made an analogue about a fast car's breaking skidmark. This a reference to Wirtual who's obsessed over these muon tomagraphy because the great pyramid? :D Fun if that's the case. If just a coincidence that's also fun though. Love your content.

[@kdaltex]

CAT scans are xrays?

[@litigioussociety4249]

4:29 Neddermeyer's photo looks like the mug shot of a murderer.

[@RME76048]

Dr. Don, CAT scan is Computerized Axial Tomography, not Computer Aided Tomography.

[@alexanderpushkin9160]

But how to detect muons?

[@PapasDino]

You're a youngster Doc, comics cost 12 cents when I started collecting them! ;-)

[@xmj6830]

Thank you Dr. Great explanation

[@phoule76]

Don in those specs should be Fermilab's profile pic.

[@brothermine2292]

Doesn't it cause a problem that the cosmic ray muons come from random directions from the sky above? How is the muon's path through the target object (pyramid) deduced if the muon source is a large patch of the sky?

[@michaelsommers2356]

They're mostly from directly above. They'll decay before they reach the detector if they take longer paths.

[@brothermine2292]

@@michaelsommers2356 : If the muons came from directly above (or from nearly directly above) then the detectors would need to be underneath the pyramid. So I don't think you can be right.

[@michaelsommers2356]

@@brothermine2292 Yet that is indeed where they predominantly come from. Muons are created in the atmosphere when cosmic rays interact with atoms and molecules in the atmosphere. These interactions create pions, which decay into muons. There will be some horizontal component to their velocities, but they are predominantly vertical. From the little I have read on muon tomography, the detectors are placed low on the structure.

[@brothermine2292]

@@michaelsommers2356 : If the muons are coming nearly vertically downward, then the detectors must be placed underneath the pyramid, or inside the pyramid as close to the bottom as possible.

[@brothermine2292]

@@michaelsommers2356 : Muons traveling longer (nonvertical) paths through the atmosphere don't necessarily decay before they reach the ground. Decay time is Lorentz dilated, so the more (kinetic) energy the muon has, the longer it lasts and the further it travels before decaying.

[@eldrickejleest]

You guys should something on UAPs

[@mrjava66]

It’s not highly classified, it’s highly classical. Lol. 0:43

[@CuriosityVentures]

Wish i could I come study it with you guys. Want to get I to physics don't know where to go

[@jeroenvandorp]

But…. what did Don discover at the dark side of the Moon?

[@nmccw3245]

Track 4 - Time Track 10 - Eclipse

[@Istandby666]

Nice T-shirt. How many were alive when that album came out?

[@PhilipSmolen]

2:30 Traveling at high speed... on the wrong side of the road!

[@Darth_Zamiel]

Forgive me for not reading the papers. It took me 10 days just to find the time to watch this video. But the illustrations gave me an idea... I was wondering how they could have gotten detectors under the pyramids, and couldn't understand. But if they did their reserch at the right time of day, they could catch large concentrations of Muons moving parallel to the ground (from our perspective). Is that what they did, or am I overthinking this? Side note, why do they think this chamber is for stress relief? I don't recall ever hearing of any theories that there needed to be hidden voids in the pyramids for architectural reasons 🤔🤷

[@WallacesMysteriesofAntiquity]

Wait, you made a mistake. Egyptologists do not think the great void is a relieving space. It’s not in the right place. It’s above and west of the grand gallery, which is itself a relieving space. There is nothing below the void for a relieving chamber to be protecting. It’s believed to be a separate chamber system like in the bent pyramid, but its purpose is unknown. It’s not the burial location so probably a storage room.

[@jasonmoquin]

LOL, I bought those comic book X-ray specs back in the early 80’s, when I was a kid! I was really hoping I could see people’s underwear(of the lady undie variety specifically). Needless to say, they were just really crappy sunglasses. I was also duped by Sea Monkeys…there was no kingdom to rule over, just goofy brine shrimp….and I also got that Charles Atlas “stop getting sand kicked in your face instant muscles” kit. The kit actually never arrived, heh heh.

[@bigsarge2085]

Fascinating.

[@rollinwithunclepete824]

Kool T-shirt, Dr Don! Waiting for you to reveal yourself as a Dead-Head. And please don't ever wear those "glasses" again - it was very scary!

[@aaronnatera3685]

I'd like to scan my refrigerator and discover a hidden pie compartment.

[@miatatommy2000]

I've got some pretty big skid marks in my underwear 😂😂😂!I blame the Muons 😂😂😂!!

[@rayjasmantas9609]

Questions and a answer: {Was presented to a different Fermi Video, but might help to this one to!} The need to explain how does the magnetic field continue to get emitted as a area over flow force? Or x-rays flow? Does it help to stay aware it is probable the atoms we see today were the same atoms a million years ago? Is dark energy/matter something like gravity support in empty Space - building blocks of accumulation logics that would announce some structure happening to a great distance it is finally there? Is entanglement the logic of every atom, shares the different forces passing at its own level of fill, >>>>>> including the changes the weather circulation daily/hourly/minutes/secondly excites the atoms and not found with just in place logics the atoms are doing nothing? So where does the energy come from for flowing support of forces that could be used as energy too? Noting energy is logically said a excited state that automatically is seeking to gain its neutral state again. (Millions of years logic!)(No friction or resistance to its loss leading.){Space making everything a constant logic.} The possible rocket fuel: The Sun's radiation/light emission does 'not' pass through the Earth to the core, thus can not be the source of giving a endless flow to every atom! But the Sun's gravity 'does' pass through Earth all the way to the opposite side in complete support to logical flow guide of every atom. The giving of the constant inertia force of the static kind constantly supplied to the every atom no matter where it is located. Gravity does form the foundation for the atom's different passing forces to either absorb or reflect the force(s), and make use of them {Entanglement properties of many things happening at the same time}! Otherwise the atom would be bounced of Newton's Law Properties of free flow sharing with any force passing its area!!

[@rayjasmantas9609]

Thus showing the inner Earth's atoms are settled with self containment inertia creating the energy reflection properties being in rest as they are.

[@yayaya344]

If muons last only 2 millionths of a second and considering that cosmic rays come from quite far away, how are we able to detect them?

[@drdon5205]

They are created in the upper atmosphere, so they only travel (ballpark) 20 km or so. Traveling at near the speed of light, this is ample time for them to make it to the Earth's surface.

[@yayaya344]

Thanks Don, any idea how they are created?

[@drdon5205]

@@yayaya344 Sure. It's the same as a neutrino beam, although the incident protons come from exploded stars, matter surrounding black holes, etc. The protons smash into the Earth's atmosphere and make pions, which decay into muons and neutrinos. kzbin.info/www/bejne/r2nOe3mOnbNqhtE

[@Rattus-Norvegicus]

I have some bad news...I think your x-ray specs might be a scam.

[@bogdanspineanu]

Thank you, great lecture!

[@jpgolan1944]

A pleasure, as usual!

[@greggweber9967]

Take my word for it; those glasses don't make you look distinguished. LoL

[@SuperVstech]

You look slightly older than me… when I was little and reading those comics, they were 15c and “still only 15c” the .25 stuff came later in the 70’s…

[@phil2186]

Surely it would be simpler for Scotty to give a torch to a red-shirt and beam him inside the pyramid.

[@hummakavula3750]

If Marty has crashed into that Rolls Royce we would have flying cars and holograms already.

[@sephrinx4958]

If these particles decay in 1/250,000,000 of a second how are they used for anything practical??

[@drdon5205]

they decay in 2.2 microseconds, which is 1/500,000 of a second. In that time, they can travel about 2,200 feet, or 690 meters. And that's not including relativity. Relativity can easily increase that by x10 or more. For high energy muons, they can travel 100 or even 1000x that.

[@michaelsommers2356]

Time dilation.

[@jeffreysokal7264]

Love the glasses!

[@yrjosmiel]

What a coincidence! My father and I talked about this just recently!

[@capt.unohana]

Oh my god, I found the KZbin channel of the lab where Dr. Pemberton and Dr. Campbell came from! ✌🏻😅😊

[@eugenioarpayoglou]

Of course the Dark Side Of The Moon t-shirt represents muon beams shot through a pyramid.