Could There Be Planets Beyond Neptune?

[@klopferator]

I remember an episode of ALF where he and Willie Tanner look at his star charts and there are two more planets than the earthlings know about, called Dave and Alvin. (And then Brian adds those to his model of the solar system.) You know what this means: If they ever find two more planets, the internet will go mental and conspiracy theorists will claim that the Nasa knew about them before and kept it secret (apart from an obligatory memo to the producers of a sitcom featuring a huge plush toy) for some nefarious reason.

[@joshbobst1629]

Christian Schmidt If there are any more planets, they should definitely have names like Dave and Alvin. (Simon, Theodore!) Perhaps the full names of ancient astronomers, like Tycho Brahe, or Johannes Kepler, or maybe even Carl Sagan. On a similar note, the next pet I get will be getting the full name of a controversial political figure, like Maximilian Robespierre, or Richard Nixon, and when I address the dog or cat or whatever, I will call it by its whole name!

[@LoneWolf-wp9dn]

Christian Schmidt since the alf series many rocks have been discovered out there.. eris sedna all of them... so we are well passed 2

[@FacelessOfficial1]

Christian Schmidt oh..you might have a point man

[@mathieuleader8601]

Christian Schmidt planet Herschel or Nibiru

[@Scoinsoffaterocks]

No conspiracy, they'll just name the planets those names as a nod to the show.

[@PMW3]

planets beyond the orbit of Neptune? hell yeah, there are shit loads of them, they're called exoplanets.

[@justicegutierrez6847]

+Jacky Xie You can like. Hold down on the comment.

[@hammadulhaq1640]

thats on ios

[@adamsobeh4661]

Not Pluto

[@masashing4892]

It's Pluto.

[@titmusspaultpaul5]

there are many, like Eros (i think thats one, to lazy to look them up but at last count there was 380 objects out there including Pluto and others that size. there are many records of these objects/ dwarf planets)

[@ZoggFromBetelgeuse]

I suppose you're speaking of Transtyche A and B? Been there. Boring places.

[@Bram06]

Zogg from Betelgeuse Hey Zogg. no more videos? trapped in a black hole?

[@Magmafrost13]

Zogg from Betelgeuse They'd be I and J, wouldn't they? Or does your planet naming convention work from the outside inwards? If they were A and B, then that'd make Neptune C, Saturn D, and so on. Where as the conventional system is that Mercury is Sol A, Venus is Sol B, Earth is Sol C, and so on.

[@frameofessence]

Magmafrost13 Zogg from Betelgeuse I'm just surprised that these planets are named after an ancient greek godess, even though humans don't know about them. ...or do we??

[@MichaelSHartman]

Magmafrost13 Excellent suggestion. If it is good enough for the exoplanets then it should be good enough for us. It also stops the petty groups from yelling foul because it didn't include their group.

[@hensroth]

Frame of Essence Roman

[@andyharris3084]

Hank, you really are the face of Sci-Show. Your enthusiasm makes for a great presentation.

[@solarshado]

"Stop whining about Pluto" Liked.

[@a2rhombus2]

"When I was growing up, there was thought to be nine planets. Now there's, 90, planets" I hope with all of my heart someone gets this reference

[@mikecrapse5285]

With the newfound craze of planet "nine" we should revisit this episode

[@WolfieDMinecraft]

Congrats on 1,000 subscribers! I love this new update of Internet Explorer!

[@senseidekkers5618]

What a troll title designed to piss off the Pluto fans....

[@HardeepAsrani]

+Sensei Dekkers Well, it's 2016 and there's indeed a 9th planet. ;)

[@jaymar4438]

+Hardeep Asrani possibly*

[@calvincoolidgesimp4380]

+Hardeep Asrani We don't know that that there's 9 planets

[@guardingdark2860]

I'm pretty sure the title was actually designed that way because the SciShow (as in science show) wanted to be accurate with what science says.

[@senseidekkers5618]

Bel-Shamharoth Way to state the obvious.

[@Blendre]

Just discovered this channel. Love it, love the hosts too!

[@SuperSaiyanMaze]

"We discovered two new planets in the Earth system, sir. The earthlings tend to name their planets after their ancient deities. What should we name-" "Frieza planets 487 and 523." "Of course, my lord."

[@Andrew-ky8vr]

Yes, his name is Pluto. -Roll credits-

[@up1nflame]

That means we have even more asteroid defence out there fighting the good fight.

[@Nozerone]

It's funny how many people think planets only help deflect asteroids. Gravity can work in both ways, it can change the course of an asteroid to miss us, or change the course to come towards us. Jupiter's gravity itself has enough pull to cause an asteroid that is on its way out of the solar system to swing around and come towards us if its trajectory is right. Or an asteroid that is heading out could be changed enough so that on the return trip it hits us. Any of the gas giants can do that.

[@Vashu627]

Draggon Reaper Gravity doesn't pull anything. Gravity is just space flowing towards matter, and carrying other matter with it. A river doesn't pull something along, things just get caught in it's flow. The Earth doesn't pull you toward it, the space surrounding the Earth is flowing into it and you're caught in that, being held against the surface by a force you until now thought was coming from the other direction.

[@primarysecondaryxd]

Vashu627 That doesn't matter. Gravity can be physically described as pull, and that definition is accurate for all 3 spatial dimensions. The rules are simple, gravitational pull is four times as weak if you're 2 times as far from a gravitational source as you were previously and vice versa. That's a perfect physical expression of gravity. Using what (I'm assuming you're referencing those "Gravity Dents" you see in those Documentaries) is just too complicated, as it overcomplicates the math, having to translate that into 3 dimensions, all the other stuff. Just say 1 Earth Mass of gravity = 9.8 M/s^2 when distance from gravitational source = 1 Earth Radius and put in proper Distance/Strength scaling, then you're done.

[@Nozerone]

Vashu627 Using a river as an analogy for gravity works pretty well. In a river, if something has no momentum it flows with the current. It's the same when it comes to gravity. If you have no momentum, you flow with the force of gravity falling towards its source. Now if you have an object moving across a river, the current will move it off a straight course, and it may end up on the other side further down the river than where it started. Same thing happens with gravity. An object moving through gravity is moved by the "current" of gravity, causing a change in its course. A change in say the course of an asteroid can result in it coming towards earth next time it comes around, or being so far out you need a telescope to see it. A river does pull an object though. With out the pull of the current, an object will not move in a river. No pull means that it's not a river, but just a standing body of water. Just like that river, gravity does have a pull. With out the pull of gravity, you have no gravity, and objects in space are free to travel in a straight line instead of an orbit. "the space surrounding the Earth is flowing into it and you're caught in that, being held against the surface by a force you until now thought was coming from the other direction.". This statement of yours basically says we are not apart of space, that gravity has no effect on us. Instead it's the flow of space pushing down on us that keeps us on the planet, which is simply not true. You, myself, and everything around you is a part of space, and time. Gravity effects us, just like everything else in the universe. I really hope you didn't learn your idea of what gravity is from school.

[@JosephAsamoah]

Voyager 1 the most distant object is approx 130 AU away. We will have to wait another 40 years to see if such a large object exists, hopefully the signal will be strong and the batteries alive.

[@Jenn12141983]

Pluto was a planet when I was a kid, and gosh dang it, that was good enough for us! *shakes cane angrily*

[@alexstauffer3359]

Would you update this video as soon as the LSST data comes in? Thanks!!!

[@alexstauffer3359]

Edit: I think the first half should be this video, and then the next half can only be the conclusions/changes /corrections from LSST.

[@RainaRamsay]

OK, but you can't argue that the disk only extended out to 100AU because there are no planets beyond that; and then argue that there can be no planets beyond 100AU because that's how far the disk extended.

[@EebstertheGreat]

Raina Ramsay The reason they think the protoplanetary disk was around 100 AU in diameter is not that they haven't discovered planets further away than that, but that the current best models of the formation of the Solar System predict that diameter (based on a large number of factors and a perturbative model). He said it "makes sense" because that is in fact what we have observed. That said, these predictions alone are not very powerful evidence, which is why some astronomers still seriously entertain the possibility that there are undiscovered trans-Neptunian planets orbiting the Sun.

[@somerando7191]

Matthew Ashcraft Maybe its elliptical logic.

[@AiMaTay]

Matthew Ashcraft LOL

[@EebstertheGreat]

***** A star on its own cannot capture a planet (or comet or anything), only a system with at least two bodies can capture a third. For the difference in angle between the Sun and Jupiter to be significant, the planet would need to pass very close to the Solar System. Because Jupiter is so much smaller than the Sun, it would need to pass very close to Jupiter. The orbits of all the planets would be disrupted in the process unless it was very small. So we have a small rocky body originating outside the Solar System in an inner orbit around the Sun influenced by the gravity of Jupiter. Sounds like an asteroid to me. We do have many such bodies in the asteroid belt. Most formed in the Solar System, but some didn't. However, none of them are planets by the IAU definition because they have not cleared their orbit.

[@jones81381]

I love science. There's always the possibility of finding something new and exciting.

[@darksskull]

Could There Be Planets Beyond Neptune? Yeah pluto comes to mind.

[@montymonty5040]

It is not a PLANET

[@Chrisallengallery]

Sorry, Pluto :(

[@Magmafrost13]

darksskull To be classified as a planet, a body must meet 3 requirements (as of 2006) 1. A body must orbit a star 2. A body must have enough mass to be roughly spherical 3. A body must have cleared its orbital path Pluto doesn't meet the third requirement, since its in the Kuiper belt.

[@Epicshadow123456789]

toxfox123 Mercury is similar, we don't call Mercury the large lSO asteroid.

[@krashd]

darksskull Ceres is bigger than Pluto, but we don't refer to it as a planet, Pluto only got lucky because when we discovered it we didn't realise it was the size of a testicle.

[@epicschwartz]

I dont know if you ever heard of it but there is a planet just beyond Neptune that weve known about for many years its called Pluto.

[@RobbE123456789]

Never thought i would believe in Nibiru...

[@saph685]

Rob Walker xD

[@TheFalrinn]

Rob Walker Nibiru is a a hypothetical planet with specific properties that has specific consequences. One key property is an extremely elongated orbit, which the hypothetical planet the video discusses lacks.

[@Nozerone]

TheFalrinn Only thing the myth of nibiru has that is shared with every Nibiru conspiracy is that it has a very long orbit. There are several different myths of what the Nibiru is. I have heard it being called a failed star, a small black hole, a planet twice the size of jupiter, a neutron star, a dwarf star, and various other types of stars. Although, the orbit of the mythical object Nibiru does share the hypothetical orbit as these 2 possible planets. One of the theorized planets has a projected orbit of around 1,000 earth years to make 1 full orbit. Most of Nibiru rumors state anywhere from a few hundred, to around 1000 year orbit. In any case, Nibiru is a myth, and will remain a myth unless a new planet is discovered, and it's named Nibiru just to be funny. I really hope a new planet is found, and it turns out to be about the same size as earth, and they name it Nibiru. I wonder what name the conspiracy nuts would think up to call their fake doomsday object.

[@CLOUDSTR1FE]

This is the comment I was looking for =)

[@LightningSe7en]

Just read nibiru from the wiki and the first lines sounds like a typical nutcase.

[@nocturne9257]

What is the y-axis representing on the graph at 3:16?

[@legoboy1707]

If we find another planet, I vote that we name it Pluto the Second, or Pluto II, or Pluto mk. 2 or something along those lines. Who's with me?

[@NT_Chris]

I find this really exciting! I kinda hope there is one or two unknown planets out there in our solar system :)

[@catsgame9282]

There probably like 6 more unknown planets out there

[@sheepwshotguns]

even if those "planets" were discovered, they probably couldn't really be classified as planets if they haven't cleared the debris field along their orbits, and at that distance and relative speed, to do so would seem unlikely.

[@Luigicat11]

Still, ten Earth masses seems a bit big to call them dwarf planets... Will that mean an updated definition if we discover them, or a new designation?

[@Ice_the_harlot]

Gone but never forgotten #RIPpluto

[@QuindariusGooch-s8o]

**whines about Pluto**

[@Peanutjoepap24]

I've been subscribed to SciShow for like a year now, How the frick did I not know there was a SciShow Space?

[@philipwest4553]

We want Pluto back!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

[@kalin8081]

Yes

[@HieuNguyen-yb1yi]

Wire Rubbish I want Pluto and I want to see all planets in the earths sky and rings

[@solarxknight7953]

jeez deal with pluto not being a planet anymore,does it affect your life? no

[@philipwest4553]

Yes it does affect one's life. :P

[@GamingKeenBeaner]

Pluto never went anywhere. Its still a planet. Having a meeting to change the classification without inviting planetologists makes the vote fraudulent.

[@walterfischer456]

1:44 what about Sedna's Perihelion?

[@antsworm7264]

So first there were 9, then there were 8, then there was 10?

[@masashing4892]

The planet beyond Neptune is Pluto.

[@numbers9to0]

Why Pluto? Why not Eris, or Sedna, or Makemake?

[@masashing4892]

ö. . , Eris, Sedna and Makemake are Pluto's moon.

[@Miranox2]

Pluto is a dwarf planet. It's so tiny that it's smaller than our Moon.

[@mxtsy381]

Or Orcus, Ixion, Varuna or Quaoar? Pluto was a planet because they did not know about all these dwarfs. If pluto would be considered a planet, the solar system would have +15 planets, and that's just too much.

[@queens.dee.223]

I'd love to see an update on this. Awesome video!

[@MrRizeAG]

How the hell can we see exoplanets, but miss planets right in front of us?

[@BlackGateofMordor]

Mr. Rize AG The discovered exoplanets, for the most part, are huge, not dark, and orbit quite close to their stars with very quick orbits (a lot of them have orbits less than an Earth year). All we have to do to find them is point the telescopes at a star for a while and wait. We're probably missing a lot of exoplanets in these systems that are much further out.

[@ziqi92]

Mr. Rize AG because it's all relative to the amount of light we're observing. we see exoplanets based on the drop in luminosity as it crosses in front of its parent star. now, how would we see this planet so far out without a nearby light source serving as a point of reference? for obvious reasons, we cannot use the sun for this one.

[@feygan]

Mr. Rize AG The same way you can see a fly buzz past a bright torch from far away, when you are looking towards the torch. Yet if you hold the torch shining out into the night you will find it hard to see a fly in the air at the same distance.

[@TheErudite21]

Mr. Rize AG Im confused... what planets are we missing 'right in front of us'?

[@ThrottleKitty]

Mr. Rize AG Cause there aren't any other stars orbiting in our solar system to pass directly behind them.... ?

[@kentwoyou]

Just read that on September 22, 2014 the IAU redefined what a planet is and that Pluto is a planet. Therefore we do have 9 planets now of did they change the definition again?

[@Quantiad]

You say 8, I hear 9. You say Neptune, I hear Pluto.

[@Legendaryknight2]

I'm so proud of my kid self. When I looked at the orbits of comets and dwarf-planets, I thought it was a weird orbit and thought it would only make sense if there was something out there.

[@mattapplepie]

We almost watched a sci-show video in my science lesson today but the teacher clicked off the video! Lik dis if u cri evrytim!

[@woodfur00]

Matt Appleton I remember watching a SciShow in maths class 4 years ago, apparently for no reason other than we didn't have anything to do that day. It was the one about tardigrades. And now I remember that at that time, I didn't even know what a TARDIS was. So sad.

[@ThallanarRabidtooth]

Every time my teacher showed us a video on KZbin, she'd leave the mouse cursor in the middle of the video, while also not using fullscreen.

[@sophiepedigree7139]

Why does the graph at 3:22 end at 283 AU? Does it mean anything?

[@BettyAlexandriaPride]

I will never stop whining about Pluto.

[@thedon7180]

its still a planet...just a dwarf. just like dwarfs are still people too...just smaller.

[@BettyAlexandriaPride]

don tanner You, sir, are on to something. Something beautiful.

[@thedon7180]

thank you. nature is beautiful and chaotic all at the same time

[@nothingnothing9123]

Hi

[@simsom4343]

Except no... dwarf planets arent dwarf sized planets, they are literally not planets, if dwarf planets was still planets, then we would call mercury a dwarf planet as well

[@zenzylok]

Finding new planets in your star system is like finding out you have brothers and sisters you never knew about.

[@FirnenOftheages]

I hope there are at least 11 planets by the time I die...

[@MsSBVideos]

I am imagine a conversation like this happening not too long from now: "Sam, what's your favorite planet?" "Does it have to have been proven to exist?" "Uhhh...." "Well then, Planet Nine"

[@justintrouble8]

A planet that far out from the sun would never meet the requirements for being a planet namely the has "cleared the neighborhood" around its orbit." Rule of being a planet as a planet going that slow with such a big orbit could never hope to clear it's orbit. So it's very safe to say following the requirements of being a planet that no more planets will be found. So the people who learned that there were 9 planets will be wrong forever.

[@MrOndrejB]

Justin Trouble It depends on it's mass and time it takes it to orbit around the Sun and the planets mass. If one orbit takes a very long time it doesn't necessarily means it couldn't clean it's path. Interesting point though. Something to think about.

[@louisvictor3473]

Justin Trouble That doesn't make much sense. The speed doesn't affect its capacity to clear the neighbourhood any more than its gravitational pull. Being slow might actually help. Slower moving bodies give other bodies more time to either acquire a stable orbit around it or to fall directly inside of it and add to its mass, becoming part of it. If it moved fast it is more probably that it wouldn't clear its path, but rather just disturb the orbit/motion of other bodies in the region instead.

[@abexuro]

Louis Victor Speed is directly related to the height of the orbit. The higher you go, to slower the orbit: Mercury: 88 days, ~56.6 km/s Mars 687 days, ~24 km/s Jupiter 4,332 days (12 years), ~13 km/s Pluto 90,600 days (248 years), ~4.7 km/s This planet at around 250 AU would take about 4000 years to complete a single orbit and travel at a snails pace of 3.4 m/s. That's 12 km/h or 7.5 miles/h.

[@popo5943]

abexuro Well, it depends on where you are. If you'd be on that planet i woul take exactly a year for it to complet it's orbit.

[@justintrouble8]

popo5943 It would take FAR longer then 1 earth year. Like a shitload longer and if it's would be as far away as the video said it would probabbly take over a lifetime for a single orbit.

[@YYHoe]

There may be a Planet Nine in an elliptical orbit at 600 AU and 10 earth masses and a Planet Ten orbiting at 50 AU and between Earth and Mars in size. I have nicknamed Planet Nine "Tyche" and Planet Ten "Nibiru".

[@willlangdale2858]

why do almost all planets in our solar system move on the same plane?

[@ssgoko88]

At first there was a gaseous disk flying around the sun. The disc was pulled flat by gravity and had a wide range because of the speed it orbited at. So when things bumped together and made bigger things, they kept their old orbits.

[@nathanmckenzie904]

Gravity and angular momentum

[@jimjimsauce]

+Doktor Karlos is it possible though for something to orbit perpendicular to the other orbits? Or are all orbits everywhere (semi) flat?

[@ssgoko88]

josh zurek yes it is possible, and we see it occasionally in space. But when a planet had an orbit like that its almost impossible to see them from earth because they never pass in front of their host star. Something like a meteor or planet would have to crash into an orbiting body to give it that kind of or it.

[@nathanmckenzie904]

josh zurek most orbits are semi flat, Pluto is the only object that leaves the plain

[@KojiKamori]

Correction, Could there be planets beyond Pluto? Ceres can also be considered a planet. Just because there is some organization called the IAU doesn't mean they can dictate and redefine everything that astronomers study. 1. The object must be in orbit around the Sun. (Under this definition there can never be another planet considered outside our solar system as "Sun" refers to Solaris) 2.The object must be massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity. More specifically, its own gravity should pull it into a shape of hydrostatic equilibrium.(Under This definition any spherical object can be considered a planet. And there are well over 31 counted objects that meet this definition inside and outside our solar system, Also mars fails this classification as a Hydrostatic Equilibrium doesn't prevent the atmosphere from escaping into space) 3.It must have cleared the neighborhood around its orbit.[61][62] (Pluto clears its neighborhood as if it hasn't, it would of became a moon of another object, been redirected by another object, or crashed into another object years ago. More specifically should be defined is the range of one's orbit which should be considered cleared.) Also note how foolish it is to call Pluto a Dwarf Planet yet somehow a Gas Giant is still considered a planet? Planet is practicly sitting right in it's name! Under this obscurity what if all Gas Giants were declassified as most of the planet is atmospheric gasses and not a solid surface? So Under the IAU we have only 3 planets in our solar system. Exclude all gas giants and Mars. Next I bet you going to say that all life popped up magically by some omniescent force and dinosaurs only died 6000 years ago and lived right along side man!

[@Desmaad]

"Stop whining about Pluto", ROFLMAO.

[@novafire1150]

PLUTO!!!

[@Pyro-et9vs]

Nice

[@PyrrhoVonHyperborea]

0:50 - you just earned yourself a *standing ovation* for _circular reasoning_ - *bravo!* - my friend! - *bravo!* a. _we know that there aren't any planets out there, for the disk couldn't have stretched out that far_ b. _we know that the disk was only that wide because we didn't find any sizable planets out there_ c. see "a"

[@LarryPhischman]

We should send a flare out there. Build a fast space probe carrying a mid yield fusion bomb, salted with a material that releases large amounts of visible or infrared light when exited. Maybe magnesium. Send this probe out beyond Pluto, and detonate it. Make sure telescopes are pointed in the right direction. The burst of light from the explosion should reflect off anything relatively nearby.

[@jkelleyrtp]

Larry Phischman That's actually a really good idea... It would take 33 hours for light to reach a planet at 250 au, so we get closer and BANG we watch the area for a reflection. Might need a more realistic light source though but still.

[@0207xander]

Yeah but it we don't know if it even exists, how will we accurately flare in its general area?

[@LarryPhischman]

It doesn't have to be accurate. It would be comparably cheap. And we can use math to calculate the most likely region to target. Also if the flare detonation is very very bright, the area illuminated would be very large, at least briefly. The biggest issue is it would take over a decade for the warhead/flare to get out far enough.

[@Vashu627]

Larry Phischman And when it goes off it awakens a giant planet sized monster that was sleeping in the outer edges of the system, the light reflects off it's 20,000,0000,000 metallic teeth, it then eats everything between there and the sun before going back to sleep.

[@valken666]

Larry Phischman How about we use all that money to feed the poor?

[@Nanenna]

I love this channel, it's so cool!

[@FirstRisingSouI]

If we find a new planet, can we call it Nibiru? I want to see all those conspiracy theorists in a frenzy.

[@danielivanov439]

*Points Go talk to the IAU.

[@ASlickNamedPimpback]

PLUTO

[@novafire1150]

if we find a new planet we name it Pluto to settle the debate :)

[@davidsirmons]

>>>PLEASE DON'T FEED THE CONSPIRACY THEORISTS

[@davidsirmons]

hahahahha, I love your presentation, Hank! :D A bright spot in my days! As I understand, there are like 4 exoplanets outside pluto's orbit we've identified already.....saw that on How the Universe Works (I think.)

[@luca_hc_gruber]

No love for Pluto....poor little guy :(

[@Patyx42]

Well at least New Horizons probe is paying him a visit this year so he's not so sad and alone out there ^^

[@MCY0104]

Patyx The thing has multiple moons and the rest of the Kuiper belt, I don't think it's that lonely

[@TheSSBOABand]

ILL NEVER GIVE UP ON YOU PLUTO!

[@Dudeonwheels]

PLUTO! IT'S PLUTO!

[@CovfefeDotard]

Carlos Manriquez no it’s not

[@NjordsWolf]

Carlos Manriquez please stop.

[@BYUBOY33]

Its a dwarf planet. Everyone wins. Not it's "technically" not a planet but it's pretty much a damn planet dude. You want it to be? Go for it. You don't? That's cool too. It ain't that damn serious either way.

[@robertt9342]

Dudeonwheels . You mean the object we thought was Pluto, isn't, and we sent the horizon probe went to the wrong object? /s

[@UsenameTakenWasTaken]

Ha! I came down to the comments just to find the salty ice dwarves. Ha ha ha!

[@SirMoohsAlot]

Pluto will always stay a planet for me! Ohana means family! Ohana means no one is left behind!

[@cindythrone7582]

Pluto is a planet

[@colejohnson66]

Due to the way the English language works, a dwarf planet is still a planet whether the IAU likes it or not. The word "dwarf" is an adjective in the phrase "dwarf planet". Adjectives describe things; they don't change what they are. A "red car" is still a car, a "dwarf human" is still a human, etc.

[@jessewilliams2820]

You're right but an adjective is enough to change the way something is classified, especially scientifically. All squares are rectangles but not all rectangles are squares, friend.

[@ethanakintemi1724]

jonfvgf bossnes eros is bigger than pluto

[@jovetj]

@Cole Johnson That depends, and isn't the case. Not all nouns are a single word modified by an adjective. For example, a _Christmas tree_ is a specific thing. The two words are inseparable when it is a noun. Another example is _full moon._ You can't remove "full" can just call it "a moon" because it's just an appearance of a moon. Again, the two words are inseparable. The same is true for _dwarf planet_ because it's not a dwarf and it's not a planet.

[@silentknight6272]

I'm confused. You said proto planetary disc..the region planets form, can't extend past 100 au. Then at :58 your talking about 26,000 and 10,000 au for Jupiter and saturn. That is a HUGE HUGE gap. Proxima centauri is 270,000 au away. Talking about roughly a 10th to the nearest star. Please clarify. Thanks.

[@ryunoe9353]

I will never give up on Pluto

[@ameliadiaz8040]

Me neither.

[@a1984o]

Associate Producer for an episode! Subbable reward well spent. Keep the amazing content coming!

[@stopityoutube9989]

The planet past Neptune is Pluto, now, give us back Pluto, cuz you had no authority to change its planetary status in the first place!!!!!!!

[@connorking984]

We gave it planetary status to begin with, if it were by us it would be our moon

[@theinternetstolemysoulbuti2740]

its not a planet bro

[@TheJadeFist]

A dumb idea, but could their distances be why they haven't normalized orbits closer to the solar plane. They would take much much longer to do so, as they'd be less effected by the suns uneven gravity (caused by its rotation making it buldge around its equator thus slightly more massive, pulling other planets and other objects are pulled slightly more towards its equator over time compared to other latitudes), and the other planets . or am I off base here?

[@markog1999]

I wonder if you took all of the writing/comments on the Internet about pluto, printed them, and sent them to pluto, would that be big enough to make it a planet?...... that is when we will stop whining.

[@danielivanov439]

Considering the mass of such comments would be extremely small (bits are still tiny when you convert them to mass), probably not. We can try though...... Poor Pluto....

[@yuugur666]

Daniel Ivanov they would be all printed, which means they would all be on paper

[@pigcatapult]

markog1999 In how big a font? On what kind of paper? With what kind of ink?

[@Komendyak]

markog1999 It doesn't matter how big Pluto is, what you need is clear out its orbit

[@ThrottleKitty]

markog1999 Pluto isn't even close to being a planet. it's tiny size is just a small part of what's keeping it off, the other is that it would grow a tail if moved in closer to the sun (which planets are NOT suppose to do) and it's orbit is spastic and cluttered, planets should have clean orbits.

[@PINGPONGROCKSBRAH]

Wow, this is amazing stuff!

[@Pining_for_the_fjords]

My immediate reaction to the title of this video before I watched it was "Not if we keep declassifying them as planets!"

[@geniusmp2001]

That 2/3 orbital resonance is interesting. That's a hallmark of gravitational interaction on highly elliptical orbits, so it's really suggestive. The future is exciting!

[@Shystichu]

It's Melancholia obviously.

[@mydnytdeath]

Finally a Von Trier reference ++

[@Shystichu]

+Mark Becker II :)

[@douglasthompson9070]

It's amazing on how little scientists really know the science of gravity. We can measure with precision the interactions but know little on how it propagates in the universe model. Theories are very diverse.

[@Myr642]

VIVA LA PLUTO!!!!!

[@Caligula138]

Holy shit... Are you saying that there really might be a Nibiru (Planet X) ?!? Conspiracy dudes are gonna love this one.

[@primarysecondaryxd]

If I recall, Nibiru was supposed to be a Red Dwarf (Or brown Dwarf, or something). No, we can detect that. There's no Dark Matter + Antimatter galactic plane Planet alignment big energy lightning beam magic going on here.

[@jjsatanfriends7801]

Planet; noun A celestial body moving in an elliptical orbit around a star. Synonyms: Celestial Body, Heavenly Body, Dwarf Planet, Satellite, Moon, Sun, Earth, Asteroid, Comet. So in literal definitive terms, everything we send from earth is orbiting a star, therefor everything we place in space, and everything we see in space is in fact classified as a Planet. Thus, with the massive number of random stuff just flying about in space, it is obvious to me that there has to be more than just one "Planet" beyond Neptune, not to mention we know Pluto is there. It's not like Pluto just jumps dimensions real quick eliminating it's self from our existence or some shit.

[@Regnorash]

Jake Labbe Well here is the definition of a planet from the International Astronomical Union: A planet is a celestial body that: (a) is in orbit around the Sun, (b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, and (c) has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit.

[@jjsatanfriends7801]

Thank you very much, this helps a lot, there is too much confusion around the definition.

[@ThrottleKitty]

Jake Labbe Pluto also fails both the (b) and (c) closes, as if brought in closer to the sun it would grow a tail like a gigantic comet, and it has failed to clear it's orbit of debris, thus, pluto is not a planet. ^_^

[@jjsatanfriends7801]

Art Murder Yeah, i got that already. haha Thanks though! XD

[@giorgigelashvili9629]

Regnor "A planet is a celestial body that: Is in orbit around the Sun" So celestial bodies orbiting other stars are not planets?

[@DeilGrist]

The universe is so cool. It also never ceases to show us just how little we know. Hence, every theory (even the oldest and most well-established) should be taken with a grain of salt.

[@AlephNull420]

What the hell's a Pluto?

[@mongislort6440]

iownabugatii a dog

[@maxximumb]

A ##### #####.

[@TheShaleco]

iownabugatii A Roman God

[@BothersMcBitey]

iownabugatii And a philosopher. Wait, crap. *plato

[@ChrisDaTroll]

Maxx B U JUST RUINED IT YOU SHIT

[@Sonicgott]

As astronomically huge as the known universe is, and how much bigger the unknown universe is, then the probability of other planets being out there is extremely high

[@D.M.S.]

Well could it be possible that our Solar System captured those two?

[@joshhyyym]

SnoopysOtherBird It is a possibility, but the trend in orbit inclination, and type, suggests their formation is common, and so unlikely to be a capture.

[@D.M.S.]

But it could explain the Storys about Niburu and Planet X.

[@joshhyyym]

SnoopysOtherBird These stories are?

[@Rickity2345]

Moo

[@Sorinhach]

Joshua Mcateer just some BS from history channel where some aliens come to earth every few millenia

[@BaronVonBlair]

Great video! Thank you.

[@adrummingdog2782]

Planet X???

[@TheEmeraldBlockYoutubeChannel]

+a drumming dog Dont even

[@Ameya274]

Yes...Nibiru!!!

[@zeddash]

+a drumming dog Planet XI too

[@stifhenlandaeta773]

+a drumming dog MAYBE

[@TheEmeraldBlockYoutubeChannel]

***** haha rip us

[@kailen98]

I hope they find two more planets that would be so cool!

[@ESSBrew]

No need for me to watch video. Answer is yes, it's called Pluto

[@johnschwalb]

What about the nemesis theory. I had heard it and it seems to be interesting but not sure the validity of it. It would be cool to hear you comment on it

[@FinnishArmy]

My Reaction To The Thumbnail: "YES, PLUTO"

[@c.t.1893]

Hey Scishow, is there a video on the 9th planet that got knocked out of our solar system?

[@Emberthel]

Pluto is a planet.

[@Twofix]

A dwarf planet.

[@BYUBOY33]

Taufiq Othman ......so a planet lol

[@Twofix]

'A dwarf planet is a planetary-mass object that is neither a planet nor a natural satellite.' - First line from Wikipedia. I'm not really that smart but I do read a lot. You should read too.

[@coles8296]

Could these far off planets be in orbits around the sun that are perpendicular to that of earth and most of the other planets in our solar system?

[@LordOfNothingreally]

Pluto or RIOT!!!

[@Neuralatrophy]

train Hubble on those places for a long exposure ? Might shed some light on the situation. If they can predict how big they are and where they should be they should certainly be able to catch a glimpse of them as they reflect light from the sun.

[@cfltheman]

I get the feeling I'm going to hear some Biden jokes soon.

[@danielivanov439]

>>Insert generic Biden joke here

[@ze_rubenator]

cfltheman I'm Biden my time.

[@StevieRay9O]

cfltheman They're forBiden to be told here!

[@tastyboy7738]

Ze Rubenator GOD DAMNIT I WAS JUST ABOUT TO MAKE THIS JOKE

[@24680kong]

cfltheman "Nobody needs a big ol' rocket engine. Just buy a shotgun (to launch spacecraft)."

[@steelshade]

This makes my inner nine-year-old space geek so happy!

[@AstonWave007]

Can we finally put this 'Planet X' 'Niberu' bullshit to rest now?

[@danielivanov439]

IT'S COMING! DUCK!

[@Nozerone]

Matthew Dolby Sure. Planet X is *NOT* Niberu. Niberu is a fictional planet thought up by conspiracy nuts to scare people into thinking the world was going to come to an end. Planet X was thought up by scientists back in the 70's when there was a hypothesis that there might be another planet beyond Pluto. At the time Pluto was the 9th planet, and a new planet would have been #10. X is the roman numeral for the number 10. Thus Planet X(10)

[@ThrottleKitty]

Matthew Dolby There is evidence of there being a planet out there, just cause you and your hipster friends think some bullshit story about a made up alien planet isn't interesting anymore cause the world didn't end in 2012, doesn't mean all scientist should stop looking for other planets within the solar system forever. Are you really that self centered and ignorant?

[@AstonWave007]

Art Murder Not when there isn't any compelling evidence that there's another planet out there beyond he Kaiper belt. Hipster? LMAO. Wow. Someone's reaching.

[@martindiaz6481]

Great vid!

[@TheSquishey]

Pluto!

[@phylocybe_]

TheSquishey no

[@wafflewarble2980]

"You heard about Pluto? That's messed up, right?"

[@cOmAtOrAn]

TheSquishey Ceres!

[@lukeusername]

TheSquishey Here's my theory: Pluto got angered when he was declared not a planet so he called for his big brother.

[@bignothing9154]

Lolno

[@fjoa123]

what about eris and disnomia? those are also close to the 100AU mark

[@Maeve_Rose]

i mean, yeah. Pluto orbits beyond mercury, so there is definitely at least 1

[@plazamm]

We orbit beyond Mercury....

[@aliviakay8184]

Plazam I think he means Neptune

[@davidk1308]

Because recent evidence has shown that mars should have been about the size of earth and venus after the planets formation, could there be any possibility of a mars sized planet between the asteroid belt and jupiter with a orbital period of 4-5 earth years?

[@Michael-so5xc]

*cough cough* PLUTO *cough cough*

[@Ipowne3g]

Can you show what it would ACTUALLY look like standing on Pluto or some other distant world. In all the concept art or photos taken from distant worlds the light levels are boosted by long exposures to produce an image, this shows detail and features but it is not what we would see when standing on these worlds since they are much further away from the sun, hence less light. Would you actually see anything when standing on Pluto?...

[@danielivanov439]

You would. The sun is still a star IMO, not a desk lamp.

[@criticalpoint7672]

A small black hole maybe. :)

[@joshhyyym]

Critical Point If it was that small we'd be able to detect the Hawking radiation.

[@charleyhoward4301]

nope.

[@mongislort6440]

Critical Point hehe, I got a small black hole for you ;)

[@joshhyyym]

Mongis Lort So it's going to evaporate...?

[@mongislort6440]

Joshua Mcateer no it is going to take a shit

[@joshbobst1629]

How long would the orbit of something 250 AU away be?

[@Fortstorm]

Josh Bobst You could answer that question with an online calculator.

[@joshbobst1629]

***** Thanks.

[@Kg277]

Fail.. Even my idiot sister knows Pluto is the 9th planet.

[@hmm4437]

No wonder she's an idiot.

[@ketfoen]

This is really exciting to hear, I hope they find them with that new telescope.