I watch Berry / Cywes videos daily. Thank you so much for all the great information you provide. Down 50 lbs for 3 years now. I will never go back to SAD. I just wish my adult children would be more open minded to this way of eating. One day they will see the light !!! Keeping my fingers crossed.
@KetoRitas3 жыл бұрын
Oh wow is this gonna be a series two titans of the community thank yall so much tomorrow is my 1st keto-carnivore anniversary down 89lbs my life has been saved with both of these doctors advice also Dr Mindy Pelz 🙏
@Isaac51232 жыл бұрын
There is not keto carnivore. Its either carnivore or its keto
@ThePrimal.Podcast3 жыл бұрын
Always the best day with the best two docs in the carnivore world. 😃😝 I focus on meat, organ meats and eggs and repeat. I meditate, walk everyday, down 26lbs and never felt better. I was considering taking a D3 supplement but not sure 😥🤣🥰🤓
@cathleenloveysmom43822 жыл бұрын
D3 is good and 15 minutes if sunlight a day
@eutectoid13 жыл бұрын
One thing I'm proud of in Australia (and I ain't proud of much at the moment let me tell you) is the fact that lamb is advertised as "australian" and good to eat and healthy. Who would have thunk it advertising a real food product as tasty and good for you?
@rebeccaantram72793 жыл бұрын
This is what keeps me going these videos that you both put out here. It’s my life saver. I couldn’t imagine going back to that lifestyle. Proper human diet has saved my life. Thank you both so much!
@foxedrey6223 жыл бұрын
Not a bad idea to chop up this previously posted video, and present it in topical segments. Thanks Doc!
@glennkoenig6078 Жыл бұрын
Just watched this video, so happy to see 2 of my favorite Docs together, in agreement. I thank you both so much for your pure and good advice.
@robinbanion37722 жыл бұрын
I ate my first glazed donut when I was beginning first grade. I wanted more sweets and then came candy and sweet sugary drinks. Coke and cup cakes and Twinkies, Baby Ruth's, Snickers, Milky Ways, Halloween, Easter, Christmas...candy-candy-candy. Breakfast...Tony the Tiger.."GREAT"! I am now 70 years old and family tradition plus T.V....helped me be a Carbohydrate addict. Now I am a carnivore and have gone from 250 lbs to 211. My target wt is 184 lbs( I am 6'0"). When I was under stress(emotionally) I would treat with sugar. Thanks doctors for your videos. I am a Carbohydrate addict, but now I am not a victim.
@suelathe41793 жыл бұрын
My two favorite Doctors!! Thank you both for the video's!
@waterworthgardens3 жыл бұрын
I take lugols iodine. I feel another supplement you must take is boron. Boron can only be found in arid soils. If you consume grass fed meat from far western states, you probably get enough. Boron is very important for bone health.
@billb57323 жыл бұрын
I listened to this twice; once at my usual 2x speed, and again at lower speed. I follow both docs daily, so I did not expect much new info. I was surprised, however, at some of the details, including the parts about pregnancy and children. Good work, Docs.
@akhiker012 жыл бұрын
Hi. How do you do 2x speed for YT Videos ? I would love that Thank you
@billb57322 жыл бұрын
@@akhiker01 1) Click Settings (the Gear icon). 2) Change Playback Speed. Or use Enhancer for KZbin browser extension, which allows you to change the default speed for all vids.
@akhiker012 жыл бұрын
@@billb5732 Thank you!! 🥩🥓🍳
@leftlane83553 жыл бұрын
My two favorite people to listen to on the daily ish
@suemiller13423 жыл бұрын
I owe so much to both of you. Thanks for what you do.
@markimboden19583 жыл бұрын
I am enjoying the heck out of these Berry/Cywes videos! Great info and keep them coming!!!
@clairai2 жыл бұрын
my grandparents raised me in a small village in china when i was a baby and I ate real food cooked by them. so grateful for this now at 30 with no allergies and physically/mentally healthy:D
@tdfulton13 жыл бұрын
Ahhh! My 2 fav Drs!!! Thank you for blessing us all again!
@kronos41363 жыл бұрын
Yes, those who propose supplementation, and have them to sell is one thing but should not negate the fact that most foods supplied commercially do not have the necessary nutrients attached, and if they did, how would you measure such things !? As many symptoms can help us to identify nutritional deficiency what would these Doctors suggest in order to make up those deficiencies!?Supplementation is a complex issue as many work in harmony with each other and often act as preventatives supporting the immune system, innate and secondary. As a Biochemist of 36 years I find those who deny supplementation are not always looking at the bigger picture of Health via toxicity and deficiency. With industrialised foods more prevalent nutrition is often added, as way of fortification, and also the use of meat 'glue' ( equally applies to fish also, where a blood enzyme is used to fool even the most seasoned butcher into not being able to identify Prime cuts and cuts hobbled together. Here in the UK many supermarkets have 97% nutritionally 'dead' foods as I refer to them. Nevertheless, elemental efficiency of supplements are vital to understand when relying on the absorption rates, and the fact that most recommended daily allowances as determined by Government agencies are woefully inadequate for optimum uptakes in many daily requirements. The fact that if you are eating the right foods there can be no need for supplementation, then this alone is a ridiculous statement, the case in point being Vitamin D3, which requires K2 and magnesium for optimal uptake and synthesis in the body. Again, if you grow your own foods in organic soils you may get away with non supplementation, but how many can achieve this in life. Similarly, Potassium is required by the body up to 4700mg a day, how many bananas and bowls of spinach would that be !!
@cathleenloveysmom43822 жыл бұрын
Look up BART KAY KZbin him. He has the background and these doctors support him
@googlefriend84102 ай бұрын
Two of my favorite docs! Great discussions. Most supplements are unregulated so they can put nearly anything in no k as fillers and sometimes zero of the main ingredient plus they charge an enormous amount for trash. I do use iodine regularly and d3 in the winter. Great info gents.
@eloracnroh2 жыл бұрын
What a fantastic video. IMO two of the most respected men on the internet. I'm doing my best and even though I've seen small improvements, I'm still a long way from where I need to be. Sticking with it though because I believe these things will happen. Thank you !
@Kitty-Konnection3 жыл бұрын
I love and appreciate you both!! Thank you for sharing your knowledge and offering the tools we need to heal.❤️❤️💪🏼⛽️🔥
@lindalolan1994 Жыл бұрын
Love your insights and honest integrity in regards to food !!
@WholeLottaLoveHandles3 жыл бұрын
Neither one is capable of misleading us. Trust them both completely and stop following the supplement sellers
@DK-pr9ny Жыл бұрын
My two favorite KZbin docs!
@CarnivoreForHealth242 жыл бұрын
This is one of the very best discussions you will find anywhere on the clean ketogenic or proper human diet!
@OldVillagePaint3 жыл бұрын
My two favorite KZbinrs!!! ❤️❤️❤️
@laelosun3 жыл бұрын
I gain so much insight from these doctors and am a fan. I also appreciate the work of Dave Feldman as I am currently a 'lean mass hyper-responder'. At the same time I wonder if there is an 'elephant in the room' with regard to lean mass hyper responders with high LDL serving as a protective mechanism with regard to petrochemicals, mercury and other heavy metals, solvents, pesticides. I've never heard consideration of this possibility. I'm a patient of a clinic in Australia which, for 25 years has been implementing the work of the late HL Sam Queen and has had success in seeing LDL naturally lower for those who present with high HDL and cholesterol. This only takes place after individual strategies are implemented based on blood markers which are viewed not in isolation, but in relation to each other.
@lyndarobbins663 жыл бұрын
I watched the whole interview, I don't know how it was over an hour long. Now I can't find it. The only thing I can think of, Is doctor Cywes took it down, and broke it into segments.
@petertownsend2523 жыл бұрын
Two of my favorites docs. A joint question since you are presenting together. I am not a doctor, lawyer, or research scientist, but have professionally worked with and conversed with all. My question: Why does the broader keto community not use the powerfully short and simple term "di minimis" when speaking of a small portion of a less than perfect keto vegetable (e.g, onions) and/or high carb ingredients with added sugar, but used in minimal quantities (e.g., a tablespoon of traditional ketchup or a tablespoon of Poppyseed salad dressing)? Is this a collective oversight/omission within keto community or would it be an incorrect or inapt use of the term di minimis within the context of the keto community? I am not referring to condoning a pattern of deliberate cheating or indulgence, but the occasional one-off unavoidable social circumstance one sometimes finds themselves in where they are presented with a delicious cheeseburger, (sans the bun) with a slice of raw onion and a dollop of Heinz ketchup and a side salad with a dollop of of Poppyseed dressing. Why can't we simply say short and sweet the offending carb count is di minimis, enjoy your burger and salad. It is not going to knock you out of ketosis or spike your blood sugar in any meaningful way. Let the commentary (if any) not be about the quality of the carb ingredients, but whether or not it is a de minimis quantity of offending carbs at issue. That is a constructive argument that should be correctly won each and every time with little to no time, effort, or aggravation as it rests on extremely sound, well established, well understood scientific grounds using the proper scientific terminology. For those who are not yet aware, the term "de minimis" is a Latin expression meaning "pertaining to minimal things". The origins of the term are rooted in law, but has in the modern era been widely adopted and commonly used within the standard lexicon of various scientific fields to describe things that are "too trivial or minor to merit consideration". Within the context of keto, use of the term de minimis would (in my view) be a qualitative acknowledgement that some offending (i.e., unhealthy) carbs are present, but that the sum total quantity of offending carbs is of no concern. The term de minimis both opens and closes the door allowing the conversation to smoothly continue without the viewer's attention being distracted and diverted into a dead end mental cul-de-sac obsessing about the mere presence offending carbs. Being an optimist by nature, it might be enough to give pause to some of the well meaning but ill informed evangelical keto purists and to disarm some of the self-appointed hypocrisy police before they launch into a tirade about the presence of offending carbs. When possible, most would probably agree it is better to prevent a dumb argument before it begins rather than trying to win or resolve a dumb argument after it has started.
@seanfrank41583 жыл бұрын
Well....for some of us sugar is a full blown addiction. You wouldn't give a recovering alcoholic a bit of whisky....or a heroin addict a small shot of drugs.... Some of us need to beat the addiction first before we could even consider having even minute amounts of sugar and carbs.
@jujugoketo37113 жыл бұрын
Yes Sean Frank. At some point down the road you may be able to handle. The body heals and brain connections change too. I have tried the minimum bits when a work function etc happens. First year of keto it made me feel one way; year 3 it doesn’t phase me a bit. But one thing that I am personally very sensitive to is MSG. When I eat that evil stuff, I obsess about food the rest of the day. Craziness! We all need these great docs to keep sharing, so we can all learn and live healthier lives and make our own choices!
@angelawilliamson67653 жыл бұрын
Just one comment, you're extremely articulate and clear in your explanation. 👍🏽
@cathleenloveysmom43822 жыл бұрын
You should post this to Bart Kay KZbin him
@cathleenloveysmom43822 жыл бұрын
All I know is that cabs, sugars are not essential, our bodies don't need any if these. I am a lot healthier now, with their elimination from my be diet. Carnivore is the healthy way to go. Keto/ Ketovore / carnivore had to transition slowly .
@jujube24073 жыл бұрын
This is an amazing series!
@cindyfreeman104711 ай бұрын
Not every chicken egg is a potential chicken, only if it's FERTILIZED. If you buy eggs at the store or have your own chickens with no rooster, the eggs are NOT potential chickens.
@mikolajsetkowski66452 ай бұрын
You know it will be informative when theyr'e both wearing glasses💪
@PandaLAG2 жыл бұрын
I appreciate you both & the guidance you provide. What do each of you think about supplementing with daily essential minerals - is this necessary on keto &/or carnivore?
@phylliswebb36103 жыл бұрын
Thank you for this video.
@jujugoketo37113 жыл бұрын
I tease with family members - if ya ever want to get drunk - just play a drinking game watching tv. Drink when a drug commercial comes on - a drug that has something to do with the effects of sugar on the body (which is probably all of them).
@TMItulsa3 жыл бұрын
What about salt and electrolytes when you eat a Carnivore/keto diet?
@DrAJ_LatinAmerica3 жыл бұрын
Yes salt your food. Yes quality zero calorie electrolyte drink good. Lot depends on age, race, activity levels, food volume, food quality, water intake, and obviously present health status. Normal healthy person 4 to 5 grams of salt a day is good. Have athlete patients who take up to 10 grams a day.
@TMItulsa3 жыл бұрын
@@DrAJ_LatinAmerica wow! Up to 10 grams for athletes! Does the increase only have to do with the sweating or does just the high intensity movement increase the need for more salt as well?
@DrAJ_LatinAmerica3 жыл бұрын
@@TMItulsa sweating. High level of water consumption. Needs to be in a balanced ratio. Water kills. Well too much water kills. Has happened several times, athletes pounding down gallons of water and no salt, no electrolytes....all things must be in balance. Look at the cases of college students who have died from water drinking competitions. These are now banned events at most major universities.
@SorrentoShore Жыл бұрын
Awesome talk 🏆
@heavychevy4616 Жыл бұрын
thank u gentlemen
@jackiemayo23 жыл бұрын
What about supplements for seniors who are keto vore?
@DrAJ_LatinAmerica3 жыл бұрын
Would all depend on age, race, activity levels, present health status and many other factors. A lot depends on your current food quality, amounts of food, types and medications. Also depends if you are try to survive or thrive to get stronger. These are very different things. Many people just exist in the world but do not live life to the fullest. Sure we can get all the bare minimums from food, but who wants the minimum when we can strive for maximum.
@ethelmcclintock11 ай бұрын
I have severe hashi, 65 mcg armour thyroid. I've been hearing berberine helps with this condition. Your thoughts?
@dawnharl76353 жыл бұрын
I see supplements in your videos. Ancestrial ones. Beef heart etc. should I take these since I don’t eat organ meats.
@pb97623 жыл бұрын
Two OG’s of Keto
@Primetime_dads7 ай бұрын
Should we take keto chow or re-lyte hydration by redmans
@jamesnewmeyer72053 жыл бұрын
Not at all foreign to me. I have been on the carnivore diet for about 4 months now and my triglycerides came way down. My HDL went way up and my LDL stayed about the same. HDL is around 64, my triglycerides are 105 down from 165. That is compared to previous blood work done back in June of 2021. And my doctor wants to put me on a low dose statin, because of my LDL. I said "no way". I had a stroke back in 2016 due a blood clot from a hole in my heart. They put me on a statin, 40mgs. of atorvastatin (which is a pretty high dose). And of course I did not know any better back then.I asked them why would they want me on a statin being that is from a blood clot and they said that it is just standard protocol for anyone that had a stroke. So that is there "standard of care" I guess. Statins for everything. A miracle drug right? Not
@wendyfeist609 ай бұрын
Is spirulina and chlorella ok on the carnivore diet. Just now learning about carnivore diet
@CoyotePrettyPhotography6 ай бұрын
I want to see Dr Berry debate Dr Cywes on needing carbs via milk.
@Everrrrr3 жыл бұрын
Brilliant
@jeffharwood61853 жыл бұрын
What about berberine? Is it good, bad or worthless for diabetes
@Budapestrentdotcom3 жыл бұрын
Hi dear Doctor, I’d like to know your opinion on what Paul Saladino advices? Carnivore + fruits and honey. Thank you
@AllThingsConsidered333 Жыл бұрын
I’m sick of taking supplements. I’ve been very ill from multiple tick infections and mold toxicity. I’m still taking antibiotics bcs every time I stop, symptoms return. Last year I quit eating the few plants that were still in my diet. Over the years I’ve realized how many symptoms I get from plants (and I was eating locally grown organic!) My kidneys struggle to hold potassium so I take prescription megadose. I add in magnesium to balance. Also developed pretty severe carnitine deficiency but maybe that was from not eating enough red meat. I plan to have dr retest soon. I do add collagen powder to my coffee but maybe it’s time to stop that too… Not sure how to stop, probably slowly, but my liver has been struggling with elevated enzymes which could be from the infections, the continued antibiotics and/or the supplements… I’m ready to not be spending so much $$ on supplements but don’t want my health to suffer considering all I’m dealing with…
@PeakReboot Жыл бұрын
Ugh! I love this but I can't eat eggs. :( Does anyone have any recommendations that they've found?
@mr60157 Жыл бұрын
At 9 minutes in, Dr Cywes states that we're eating a chicken liver every time that we eat an egg. But unless the egg was fertilized (the eggs sold in grocery stores aren't), there's not a liver in the egg. I love Dr Cywes, but this statement is incorrect. So get your liver nutrients by eating liver.
@cindyfreeman104711 ай бұрын
What iodine supplement do you recommend?
@katesmith801410 ай бұрын
Should I supplement with Vitamin B1 (thiamin)?
@btoss13 жыл бұрын
Um... the shelf of supplements over his shoulder??
@vincentfreeman48083 жыл бұрын
Why does Dr Ken Berry supplement with Keto Chow drops if he believes it's not necessary to supplement when he eats a "Proper human diet"??
@biggus88253 жыл бұрын
He says if you’re eating a phd with food grown properly, no supplements are needed but because our food is not grown in perfect environments, then some supplements maybe needed. He does explain all of this in the video.
@heatherp7023 жыл бұрын
He uses keto chow daily minerals, because the proper human diet in ancestral times included people drinking spring water that was full of minerals that we don’t get in today’s society. This goes along with what he said earlier about the soils being depleted in a lot of parts of the world.
@DrAJ_LatinAmerica3 жыл бұрын
@@biggus8825 exactly. Most of the time we don't know where or how the food is grown and almost never never does anyone test their food quality. Supplements always helpful to get maximum efficacious dose of all items to live life to the maximum, not just to live (read as exist).
@kategem4603 Жыл бұрын
Dr Berry said iodine drops, Liver supplements, electrolyte drops in this and many other videos. He said a probiotic ONLY if one was on antibiotics. What’s on the shelf behind him reflects what he promotes. I don’t see any hypocrisy. Critiquing one video without considering that it took hundreds of videos to teach, educate, give guidelines, … over so many years….childish.
@lmyers99997 ай бұрын
If the foods were grown or grazed and grown properly..... we get foods from all over so who knows - likely not.... and you could never eat your way into enough Vit D. or spend enough time outside in most latitudes with work etc.. so just supplement... Eat the best food your can afford - low carb. I take 30k of D3 daily with 200 Vit k2 and 800 Magnesium and 50 MG of Iodine.. and B12 because I have a genetic problem with B12.
@stevebuss693 жыл бұрын
But we know the soil is nutrient depleted in most places ?!
@xp12963 жыл бұрын
Handy insights 👌
@aliendroneservices66213 жыл бұрын
Friends don't let friends use ring lights.
@GmorkNothing3 жыл бұрын
But you do sell supplements???? Confused
@vikitheviki3 жыл бұрын
Can you get to much iodine and what happens?
@carolinemarie443 ай бұрын
You pee it out
@anthonycosentino46311 ай бұрын
How could you be ambivalent when it comes to politics?? As a doctor and as a human?
@davidmyers89247 ай бұрын
I think you must be a political animal of some ilk. But political craziness isn’t your specialty so you don’t talk about your notions. I’m a clinical psychologist and I know no college MD or PhD who doesn’t have political notions. We just don’t talk about them, just like we stay away from our spiritual/religious concepts with patients. I do applaud your watching left leaning and right leaning cable news in an alternating fashion. It may be the better way to hear each one spinning the stories to concur with what they think we want to hear. So stay strong and away from talking issues outside your lane, which I think you do quite well without my urging.
@anthonycosentino4637 ай бұрын
That was a strange bunch of words there. You know nothing about me. But I obviously hit a soft spot. My opinion stands. These days politics weighs heavy on the medical industry. That low-life Fauci proved that. So get some balls and speak up about what you believe.
@barrontrump39432 жыл бұрын
i just take half dose of supps
@michelesteward51703 жыл бұрын
Well said🥩🥩🥩💪💪💪🦁🦁🦁
@LuckySC23 жыл бұрын
Could you two docs discuss the protocol for T2D's who don't resolve their diabetes when they have gone Ketovore (for over 2 years). I can NOT find anything in the forums on this situation.
@DrAJ_LatinAmerica3 жыл бұрын
Wow two years ketovore and still not resolved your issues? Ketovore meaning 50 grams or less a day of carbs? Is the diet strict with daily food tracking? Do you know your macro / calorie count per day? Sleep, exercise, sun light and a happy life ? Regular bi-monthly blood work? Height to weight in balance? Meaning waist less than 40% of height ? Any other health conditions or medications preventing progress? Have you added in fasting protocols?
@LuckySC23 жыл бұрын
@@DrAJ_LatinAmerica We don’t track calories or macros, we eat generally one meal a day but sometimes we will have lunch. We eat meat, the only carbs that we get in a typical day would be at the very most a tossed salad and maybe a vegetable like broccoli or green beans. We occasionally eat some heavy cream and some hard cheese. We don’t eat anything, that has any sugar added. We are very careful about sausage and bacon not having any sugar added we even make our own sausage most of the time. We hooked up with Dr. Cywes over a year ago. My hubby wears a CGM, uses about 10 units a day of Humalog and 16 units a day of Lantis. Glucose runs about 106 or so. Over the last six months the insulin usage has dropped by maybe four or five units per month. We tried for six or seven months to just do it with diet but my husband‘s glucose was running around 140 to 150 and he was off all medication‘s. Now he’s on 500 milligrams of metformin a day plus the insulin that I told you about. We have not cheated a single time since January 2020 when we started this. I lost 30 pounds, I was never pre-diabetic even, and now I’m very insulin sensitive in my blood work numbers are beautiful. So I know we’re doing the right thing it’s just my husbands body isn’t adjusting like we wish it would. Bloodwork shows that he is producing insulin, I forget what the number is I think it was three. We just had blood work done after a 36 hour fast and we go back in early February for the results. He has no antibodies, he’s definitely a type 2 and not a type one. I would love to hear the stories of other people who have been through a situation like this but none of the learner doctors that I have found on KZbin ever talk about patients like this.
@DrAJ_LatinAmerica3 жыл бұрын
@@LuckySC2 so you have seen Dr Cywes in person and have regular visits ? What is your husband height, weight and age? Does he exercise? Is he a happy person? Is he happy in life or lots of stress? Just guessing he has had all other blood work show he all other areas he is healthy? Meaning no tumors, no cancer, no thyroid issues, no organ damage? How much weight has your husband lost in two years on OMAD ? And just exactly as I ask any wife of any of my patients, how do you know if he cheats on the diet or not? That is a LOT of insulin for type 2 and OMAD and strict keto no cheating.
@LuckySC23 жыл бұрын
@@DrAJ_LatinAmerica Plus, I see his glucose numbers from the CGM all day long, and nothing ever spikes up it just generally slowly rises
@DrAJ_LatinAmerica3 жыл бұрын
@@LuckySC2 ok, so no cheating on diet based on CGM. you didn't answer any of the other questions.
@Isaac51232 жыл бұрын
You can't get enough Vit C or E or Boron in a carnivore diet
@gibbyjones1040 Жыл бұрын
nor from your tofu diet
@kategem4603 Жыл бұрын
Dr Berry said iodine drops, Liver supplements, electrolyte drops in this and many other videos. He said a probiotic ONLY if one was on antibiotics. What’s on the shelf behind him reflects what he promotes. I don’t see any hypocrisy. Critiquing one video without considering that it took hundreds of videos to teach, educate, give guidelines, … over so many years….childish. 😮
@meldec23 жыл бұрын
Dr chews fix your circle light so it doesn’t reflect in your glasses
@70athens3 жыл бұрын
i respect both docs, but if Dr. Berry is against suppliments, what are the four bottles behind them? (i figure one is the redmonts (sp) real salt he promotes) also, not to attack his looks, but on this last video, he does not look that healthy (in contrast Dr. Cywes, looks healthier than his latest vids)
@kategem4603 Жыл бұрын
Dr Berry said iodine drops, Liver supplements, electrolyte drops in this and many other videos. He said a probiotic ONLY if one was on antibiotics. What’s on the shelf behind him reflects what he promotes. I don’t see any hypocrisy. Critiquing one video without considering that it took hundreds of videos to teach, educate, give guidelines, … over so many years….childish.
@cammieklund3 жыл бұрын
Broccoli is man made and very questionable if it has a place in a proper human diet though.😉
@47retta3 жыл бұрын
If a frog had wings, he wouldn't bump his butt!
@rawmilkmike3 жыл бұрын
Is the doc going to ignore his train wreck? "Ep:209 A HIGH FAT DIET IS NOT HEALTHY LONG TERM"
@rogerlewis58153 жыл бұрын
👍🇨🇱
@meldec23 жыл бұрын
Dr berry no cnn no msnbc
@scottwilliams2136 Жыл бұрын
LOL Can Be.... if... What country are you living in. Non-healthy individuals need help from all sources.
@drftsnvk7 ай бұрын
Glad to know you don't watch TV, Ken. I stopped watching in 1988.