Geology 2 (Plate Tectonics)

[@johnmcriner536]

Sir, from a retired teacher, I congratulate you on your lectures. You are an expert in your field(s) but have the ability and graphic skills to present the subject matter in easily understandable form to ‘novices’. Suffice to say, this is the first comment I have been inspired to write since becoming a ‘You Tube’ fan, and hold your work in admiration. Well done and thank you!

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

I deeply appreciate your comment! Thank you!

[@TheSalosful]

I wish these kinds of "documentaries" were played on television when I was a kid.This stuff is absolutely fanstastic.

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Thank you!

[@Rockhoundingfool]

I agree

[@gluehuff43]

I've watched almost all of your videos over the past few weeks and I genuinely can't imagine having a better teacher explain these concepts. To be able to watch this content for free is such a blessing. Thank you so much!

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Wow, thank you!

[@kcebojeirret9938]

You are a very captivating educator. Your love of geology is apparent with your intellectual enthusiasm. Thank you for making these videos.

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Thank you!

[@ironwolfthefirstandonly1224]

I hope to be a geologist one day and these classes despite being in middle school are easily accessible to me. Love these!

[@sitsiu4788]

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[@tigeralderman283]

Totally excited I found these lectures, i am 71 became a computer field engineer for 35 yrs, but always wanted to be a geologist, didnt work out, I do field trips locating rocks & minerals, now learning thru you, amazing how u know the subject so completely , thanks much.

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Glad to have you studying with me!

[@marcusaustrelius]

I love KZbin. I was a terrible student at school who didn’t pay attention. As my 30’s have come to be, I spend most my free time trying to learn. The fact that lectures like this are on

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

I’m very happy you found my channel!

[@ulisesberman3770]

Thank you very much por this videos! Despite the fact you gain little money or nothing from these you keep making them with the best quality. This helps people like me who can´t afford geology classes but wants to know more about it. Long live to Science!

[@maryseeker7590]

I hope he is, because it’s excellent quality stuff!

[@Voltaic314]

Well actually these are recorded lectures from when he was teaching an actual class so he was paid at least well enough to be a professor. But the fact that he uploaded them to KZbin makes them even better!

[@rowanbrown6376]

Thank you again. I’m not a professional scientist, I’m just learning for my own interest. Please keep making these videos, they are great! 😀

[@wolfxlover]

Thank you so much for these videos! I began watching them with my brother over Christmas break and lately I've been regoing through them a little more thoroughly. Your joy over this domain is contagious! It really makes a difference to have a passionate professor.

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

You are so welcome! They were a real joy to produce. I remember making them almost 10 years ago back when nobody else was even thinking about putting academic lectures online for the public and worrying nobody would ever watch them, yet here they are still being used. I'm so happy how some of these lectures have held up over time. Cheers!

[@hathorearthfyre]

This is so fascinating. i've collected rocks all of my life and never really knew what I was looking at. I'll be watching the whole class. Thank you so much for this. Also, I live in the Santa Cruz Mountains of California and have already gained a better understanding of my surroundings and why they are the way they are. Can't wait for the rest! Thanks again.

[@tuddylou1]

I am taking a Geology class and I do not have as much time to really focus on reading the chapters as I'd like to. Being able to watch your videos is so very helpful! Thank you so much for taking the time to make these!

[@sabrina13]

Wonderful lecture! Thank you! I am giving myself a refresher after not having touched geology for over a decade. Your lectures are making it super easy for me to get that refresher.

[@alinonymous]

Great accessible videos. As a metaphysician, I find plate tectonics quite in line with post-modern thinking, which claims that there's no firm foundation for human existence. I'm fascinated by all the movements you described in this lecture, but by far the most inspiring to me is the hotspot tracking phenom: literally, it's the core inscribing its ardent message on the crust. That's writing--like me now, except more turbulently... 🙃 I noticed that track of underwater volcanoes on a Google Earth map a few years ago, but didn't know what to make of it. Keep the good work going.

[@kathleenwheeler6346]

I wanted to know what scientists have learned since I studied geology at University of California, Riverside in the 1960's. I loved this lecture!

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

I graduated from Riverside City College and was accepted at UCR but I opted for UCLA instead. UCR still has a great geology program.

[@bagoquarks]

This is the best summary of the last 100 years of geophysical discoveries that I have seen. It is well-illustrated, well-written and conveniently compressed into less than an hour. I wish I knew the lecturer's name so that I could thank him by name.

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Thank you for your appreciation. My name is Paul Day and I'm a professor of Geology and Environmental Science at Eastfield College in Dallas County, TX.

[@bagoquarks]

@@EarthandSpaceSciencesX Thank you for your name and all you do. I tried all the obvious clickable links and couldn't dig up your identity. I like your production values and plan to watch other vids in your series.

[@shortnie532]

You explain this so much better than the textbooks!

[@digibotdotcom]

This is the best video about this I've found. Bravo.

[@gaiasclea6115]

I live near the Mormon rocks in California and I ended up on your channel because I’ve just got to know how these came to be! I’m enjoying your content so much, thank you. Also I just found a beautiful 50 pound actinolite rock on my property and it looks like you have some videos that might have info on those rocks so I look forward to more of your content! All of a sudden I’m fascinated with minerals, rocks and gems, this is so fun! Thank you for providing such amazing information!!!

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

When I was an instructor and graduate student at Long Beach State (finished my MS there), every semester I took my students to Devil's Punchbowl and the Mormon Rocks in the Cajon Pass to learn about the San Andreas fault. It was always one of the student's favorite stops. I recall the beautiful actinolites in the mountains there...long green intergrown needles the likes of which are hard to find elsewhere. Glad to know you are studying on my channel!

[@rational-thinking]

I am from Syria, and finally I found here the best place to learn about the causes of the Turkey-Syria earthquake scientifically ..Thank you ( I use Google translator )

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

I am very sorry for the devastation and suffering that has happened because of those earthquakes. Be safe and we all hope you have a quick and prosperous recovery.

[@Grandudeable]

Absolutely love your series. Got really interested in geology when my wife did this as a unit for her degree studies and asked for assistance. Got hooked. We live in New Zealand. Did not take me long to find out we are living over a divergent rift with some of the fastest growing mountain formations on the planet. Our continent of Zelandier is on a fast moving plate junction with the Austrilasian plate. We also have an oceanic mountain chain with the Hikurangi trench. We are one of the only countries with this kind of involvement over plate boundaries. We are the youngest habited island on our planet, so this is geology living for me. Wish I had made this my work life as I am mid seventies and feel as though I am running out of time to achieve significant studies in geology. So thanks for your series. Don't forget the southern hemisphere as the biggest fastest moving tech-plate on earth. We live across it. Cheers on a brilliant series. Phil.

[@sshiva6635]

Fantastic! I REALLY enjoy your teaching style-you easily hold my attention and so it's an absolute joy learning from you!

[@lukepocock]

ive been searching for this material put forward in this exact way for a long time. much thanks and appreciation.

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Glad to have you studying with us!

[@InterWebGuy99]

Your lectures are opening up areas of study that I've always wanted to delve deeper into. Each one is perfectly partitioned and easily assimilated. Thanks so much for the effort you've put into this. You do a masterful job of engaging and enthralling your audience.

[@PeaceOtebele]

Thank you so much!! I have my first geology exam Friday. I'm so excited I found your lecture videos.

[@lianakrakirian5143]

Thank you so much for these videos!! Makes this fascinating, exciting field easily accessible to people like me, who come in with no prior knowledge in this area. I've found most other videos of this kind assume a level of familiarity with vocab/basic concepts. It's so helpful to have a teacher lay down the fundamentals rather than trying to piece them together myself :D

[@briz1965]

Thank you for this. I now live in Penticton, BC, formally Kirkland Lake. ON, in the shield. FYI Physics Explained channel is an excellent reference for grad physics and math students.

[@seethetruth3795]

So awesome! Thank you! My favorite thing about KZbin is being able to listen to great lectures and get my learn on. Always wanted to be a geologist too, maybe in another life? 😞😞

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

It's never too late to become a geologist.

[@STHFGDBY]

After discovering ridges hundreds of miles long on the Athlantic seabed, it took scientists or geologists another ten years to understand what they were and how they were formed. They linked them to the spreading of the continents, and core samples taken of surface deposits and bed rocks showed that the age of the samples differed greatly, proving that new seabed were formed closer to the Atlantic drift. That proved the theory that continents were being shifted in different directions by these underground forces, recycling the sea floors through subduction as continents collided. I'm no expert but geologist Myron Cook has taught me a lot on his KZbin channel about this subject. I recommend watching his channel if you want to learn about Geology, especially if you are a greenhorn like me who knew zero about the subject till I started watching his videos.

[@danielkeirsteadsr1241]

I have been watching this for years. very interesting.

[@soggysketchbooks]

People like you makes the world better!

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Thank you!

[@Serge1074]

Thank you very much Professor, I really enjoyed this segment of Geology. I will be watching the rest over this week, glad I have found your channel, thanks again,,,all the best for 2024

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Welcome aboard!

[@gsmith9531]

Wow... this is a wonderful comprehensive easy to understand lesson with visuals. I'm going to use it in my elementary science geology lessons! Thank you very much.

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

G Smith I’m so happy for the appreciation.

[@lindakautzman7388]

Good idea

[@AGDinCA]

Class #2 down! Looking forward to the next one!

[@CloudPeopleRecords]

I kind of want to pay you. Not the $4000 that it would cost at my local college (not including books), but something... Appreciation is the best I can do for now.

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

I’ll gladly accept your appreciation. Thank you for the encouragement.

[@amitbhatt293]

thanks for the lecture. you are a very good professor. you remind me of my teachers back when i was in college.

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Wow, thanks

[@geraldinegaynor1360]

This was one of the most informative lessons on Plate Tectonics. You spoke at a pace that was easy to take in, the diagrams made everything understandable. Thank you.

[@catrineveritt]

Excellent Lecture, thank you so much for taking the time to share your extensive knowledge.

[@crohkorthreetoes3821]

Thanks! Emporer sea mounts just won my recent argument on rapid polar drift!

[@jfresh2054]

please keep making videos on this subject. helps so much

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Thanks!

[@billiaamson]

You're a really good guy for making these videos available for all of us interested, and answering any questions people leave. I wish you the best with your channel

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Thank you! I plan on adding more videos in the coming months and expanding the content into more areas of Earth Science and, more generally, scientific thought.

[@caberex]

I'm here for my geology A levels, and these videos are such a useful resource for geology revision! Thank you very much for putting these up :)

[@fairedelapeche1300]

Thank you. I am approaching retirement and can't wait to spend more time studying geology and taking long backpacking trips in my backyard (High Sierras). I see beautiful rocks and formations all the time but it would be nice to know the names, how and why. I do think the earth was covered in water at some point. I see what looks like crushed seashells sometimes. I know about the mountains raising from the sea floor but it doesn't seem to completely fit the big picture.

[@missnessnyc]

I just posted above that those that enjoyed this video would enjoy reading Tuzo (John Tuzo Wilson's bio) or listening to some of the stuff posted about him on KZbin. Tuzo: kzbin.info/www/bejne/gKGldpWijK1pnqc In Tuzo's voice: kzbin.info/www/bejne/kKSaY32jZtShkKc Enjoy delving into new interests and hobbies in your retirement!

[@idrissaebrahim3261]

Brilliant I loved watching this interesting geology lecture very informative

[@hayde4574]

Thanks, your lectures are very clear, entertaining and engaging. I learnt a lot ,

[@AGDinCA]

Two questions: ● At a transform boundary, is it possible that only one plate moves? Or must they both actively move past one another? ● Do _all_ ocean seamounts/volcanoes end up with fringing reefs? If so, why? Is it because the sloped surfaces give microorganisms and corals easier access to the sunlight for completing photosynthesis?

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

1) Good question! Transform motion is relative, so both plates can even go in the same direction but if one is going faster, the fault will move. Imagine two cars on the freeway, but one is in the fast lane and the other one in the slow lane. The two cars will separate due to their relative difference in speed. 2) Another good question. Not all seamounts end up with fringing reefs or even form reefs because limestone reefs are predominantly a tropical climate feature. Without the warm water in the tropical oceans, limestone in reefs won't precipitate. Island chains in cold water environments, such as the Aleutians in Alaska, are a good examples of islands without reefs.

[@AGDinCA]

@@EarthandSpaceSciencesX Thanks for the great answers!

[@tegoblue]

Oh, man, you are GOOD. A great explainer. And fascinating. I am hooked. I hope somewhere in all this you explain how streams work.

[@mikeoglen6848]

That was very informative and, indeed, interesting.

[@markfishersolosailing7033]

Love all of your lectures, what a great communicator.

[@matthewbarstow2173]

Just found this channel, great information, ty for uploading this

[@moronandmoronaccessories]

This stuff is absolutely nuts, thank you for making these.

[@tpstrat14]

"there's not really a whole lot expected to happen in the next 50 million years" imagine that as a news headline hahaha

[@hyperelliptik]

Kinda puts society in a different perspective, doesn't it? :) The world will continue these processes long after we're gone, exactly like it's always done.

[@AnBcr]

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[@namdevporlekar1248]

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[@hyperelliptik]

@@namdevporlekar1248 what does that mean

[@namidawhamida5958]

@@hyperelliptikNah I’m staying to watch

[@Live_your_Dreams_Everyday]

Fantastically interesting and informative! Thankyou so much!

[@Bloodknok]

Very compact explanations, well presented.

[@Namuchat]

Great talk! Thank you so much!

[@BugByte100]

Brilliant lecture. Much ❤ from the UK

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Thank you so much!!! Glad to have you studying with me!

[@DaniMC72]

Thank you so much for your teaching here. It is great as a supplement to my Geology course!

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

You're very welcome!

[@EarlTsunami]

Great lecture. Really enjoying them so far, very interesting stuff. Again, thanks for posting.

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Thank you for the appreciation! It was a late night when I recorded it....

[@birgittaswahn4645]

I need to tell you my first experience of seeing a map over the world in 1944.I said to my teacher:Look,it seems as Saudarabia fits into Asia and South America could fit into Africa? And he got so mad and scorened me for beeing an idiot. Two years later I was in a better school and that teacher told us about Wegeners theory.So I was right. Now I m 87 and happily following your lessen about eart Thank ypu very much. Birgitta

[@denisenoe3702]

When I was in 6th grade, a boy pointed out, "If you look at the edges of Africa and South America, it looks like a puzzle that could fit together." The teacher skeptically said, "That's a very long way to move."

[@galloamaya]

Thank you for your well done lectures. It is truly like taking a 1st year Geo. class. If you could provide a reading list, that would be useful.

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

For this class, I recommend the following textbook to my students: Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology, 13th edition By: Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa, Scott Linneman

[@Hconklin-mp5yk]

This course is great for Geoscience not retirement.

[@aziznasuti2690]

Thanks a lot, everyday I am learning from you

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

My pleasure!

[@arthurharris9428]

Excellent presentation. Thank you. In the face of the current volcanic activity on the big island I was looking for any indication of possible safety for inhabitants of other islands there, namely Oahu.🙇🙏

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Arthur Harris I am watching that situation very closely as I used to teach at Hawaii CC in both Kona and Hilo and have many friends there. The main threat is ash blowing from Hawai’i toward Maui and interfering with airport activity. However, this issue currently presents only a low-level risk. Also, since Kīlauea is not connected to the volcanoes on the other islands, there is no volcanic threat to the other (and older) islands in the chain.

[@arthurharris9428]

Earth Science X Sir, thank you very much for your reply🙇🙇🙇🙏

[@juanpabloperdomo2612]

Thanks man. I love your lectures!!!!! two thumps up!!!

[@johnnash5118]

Two trains moving together on parallel tracks. Then the left train suddenly moves faster than the right train. This is repeated with each side trading speeds more or less. This is what is happening on the SAF, it’s not moving in opposing directions of each other as is commonly taught. A more accurate depiction of a Transform Fault would be a line with one side having a long arrow and a short arrow under it, and the other side having a short arrow and a long arrow under it and all in the same direction.

[@saaraclarke-hope4418]

Am really enjoying your classes, thank you

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Saara Clarke-hope glad to have you with us!

[@biancadonolo8234]

Plate tectonics drive so many of earth’s features it makes me wonder what the main driver is for a planet like Mars. Are there hot spots there as well? Do the mountains get so tall because the crust is in the same spot? Great videos! Thanks so much!

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

It is believed that Mars used to have plate tectonics as well, but that the internal heat is now so low that the process came to an end. The slowing and eventual stopping of plate tectonics is probably the cause of many of Mars' surface features.

[@arielle1267]

This is so helpful for studying. Thank you so much!!!

[@dakicdanilo]

Thank you for these beautiful lectures! Greetings from Serbia. :)

[@OsRaunio]

The tidal forces move the ground in about 0.38 m vertical and 0.05m horizontal amplitude, and can trigger volcanoes and earthquakes. There are definitely enough force to move continents. If you put a rock on ground, this won't be noticeable, because the ground (continent) moves with it. Likewise you won't notice ocean tide, if you are sailing in middle of the ocean, as the whole ocean rises. Other question is, how much this can move continents in relation with each other. The convection cycles seem to be another great, even greater force affecting the continental movement, but I would expect a significantly different continent formation, if the tidal forces would be absent.

[@JK-Ramadass]

The best zig-saw puzzle solver was Alfred Wegener.

[@marintsaloupi1339]

Thank you for sharing it !!!

[@maryseeker7590]

And I enjoy these ! Thank you.

[@ekmackenzie]

you are awesome!! thank you so much for doing these videos!!!

[@golanoski1]

very informative. another great video. thank you.

[@stucistali]

Thank you for these excellent videos :) Your Geology 3 video is missing from your Geology 101 playlist, is that intentional?

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

Here's the link to that... kzbin.info/www/bejne/q6uvpWd3oLVmhZIsi=bGVWmMl-DW_QgQo-

[@drhyshek]

This is wonderful. Thank you so much!

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

You are so welcome!

[@secularsunshine9036]

*Happiness Is; Bathing in the Light.* "Let the Sunshine In." HEY, I didn't get any materials for this class??? Thank you.

[@layb2479]

Wow, cool stuff!

[@julezhamilton4776]

Thank you for this it was both fascinating and instructive. Though I must state that when describing the Apalation and Caledonian mountain ranges you state they go through Ireland and Scotland, “yet not though Britain” you might with to state “England” Great Britain comprises of Scotland England and Wales, The United Kingdom incorporates Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It’s a regular mistake and I’m trying not to be a “Karen” about it just just wanted you to know. Otherwise fab!!

[@mansoormannix1753]

I learned a lot a bot tectonic plates and drift, volcano and earthquake, what I am now interested is learn about stones, chemicals analysis and carbon dating them though but it's hard since learning this needs some special machines.

[@idanava3199]

I really love you with my whole heart

[@BonesFPV]

Hey. That was awesome. Thank you.

[@RuudLoeffen]

Interesting predictions at the end of your video. Maybe you should also pay attention to the possibility of Expansion Tectonics.

[@victoriaburkhardt9974]

Thank you.

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

You're welcome!

[@Antoinelemotcoeur]

May not be the right place for advancent speculations. But planetary expansion resulting from the decay of heavy matter into lighter elements is compelling althought not taken into account. Funny part is that the surface and the volume of a sphère do not grow equally! Geometricaly the double of the surface of a sphère is smaller than the surface of the double of the volume. Witch suggests that new resulting surface is constantly been filled by new crust from the magma.

[@thomasdrivas5317]

The top of Mount Everest is made of limestone, not granite as it formed in an ancient sea bed before India collided with Asia

[@golanoski1]

the convection cells at 17:52 look exactly like magnetic fields.

[@vintage99999]

I grew up in Point Reyes!

[@earthexpanded]

Hey, thanks for the videos. Sorry to be ridiculous and discuss topics of this video with respect to the Expanding Earth theory. Prior to the proposal of plate tectonics, the expanding Earth model was the scientific consensus. There was no persuasive mechanism proposed for how the Earth could have expanded, and so when plate tectonics arrived, it was taken to be more likely, so much so that the entire concept of the expanding Earth model is not simultaneously given consideration of observations any longer, and so we cannot see instances where anomalies are in favor of the expanding Earth model compared to plate tectonics. Regarding Pangaea, that the continents fit together into a single landmass known as Pangaea is accepted by science, but the presence of the ocean at the time of the existence of this Pangaea continent is assumed. While the continents fit together into a single landmass with an ocean, more significantly they fit together into a single landmass *without* an ocean and on a smaller radius globe. This cannot be dismissed offhandedly, even if the exactness of the match is debatable. 7:39 Interestingly, if the Earth expanded from a build up of internal pressure that broke through the outer crust, it would be most susceptible to these pressures at the poles--especially the south pole, where the physical flow of a river of particles of which the magnetic field is composed literally carve and apply a pressure to the crust at this position. It is as if the Earth shattered around the South pole as the continents were split from one another and material rushed out of the Earth into the space between the continents. India even has a circular shaped gravitational anomaly as if remnants of the location's history as the south pole of the Earth. 12:37 "He knew that they were together, he just couldn't explain *why* they had separated...and so this was actually a big problem for his ideas for a long time, and the reason is the proposed mechanism defies the laws of physics." While you are discussing Wegener and Continental Drift, this same line of reasoning actually applies to the Expanding Earth model where the pieces fit together in the same way, but *more so* by being on a smaller globe. The proposed mechanisms were insufficient and so *even to this day* the model is treated as if it has no value. When it is the true history of Earth. Pardon me for saying. The Earth's expansion is due to its magnetic field being composed literally as flows of physical particles locked in gravitational orbits where they physically pass through the Earth and flow in a Figure-8 structure. The high concentration of particles all meeting at the center of the planet causes them to physically combine into larger particles and literally produced mass within the Earth that was then trapped, larger macroscopic particles not able to come out in the same way as prior. 16:54 "'It's very possible that the sea floor is actually being ripped apart.' Of course we don't really observe this up on the continents, but on the sea floor, if you are able to get a really good view, it turns out he is completely right." Or it *was* ripped apart, and *was* spread when the Earth expanded, but the process is largely slowed to the point of no longer being observable because Earth is in a relative state of equilibrium. If the Earth built up pressure by producing mass until the Earth ruptured, it would occur rapidly where the system would go between two equilibriums with a rapid transitional phase like radioactive decay. Which, in a sense the Earth actually underwent because it released excess internal pressure to the exterior lower energy environment which led to rapid radioactive decay initially, like the flow from the pressure of a liquid in a tank when it is full or nearing empty. We then use modern decay rates to date the process as millions of years when it was much more rapid. 22:10 Regarding reversals of the magnetic field imprinted in the sea floor, it also can be explained by a rapid Earth Expansion model. When the continents were fractured apart by building up internal pressure cracking the entire crust of the planet, magma was able to rush into the openings between the continents from within the mantle as the weak point locations of the fractures, and this magma pushed outward against the continents but not at the same elevation as the continental shelves, causing the continents, fractured from one another and able to freely move, to be shoved apart and the newer magma coming from the Earth kept pushing out on the continents by pushing against older magma until the internal pressure was released and the continents took their current shapes and forms. Water that was also released in the process receded to the ocean beds and formed the oceans after having reshaped the surfaces of the continents. When the sea floor was being formed, the Earth itself was functioning as a reaction does. When a system reaches a new steady state, it vibrates both above and below the equilibrium repeatedly as it "zeroes in" on stability. This vibrational process was observable in its magnetic field flipping back and forth until the Earth stabilized again. 26:53 If the Earth fractured at Antarctica but generally the energy expelled was into the Pacific Ocean, it looks as if it produced a first pulse of flow that was circular that then was largely pushed assymetrically into Asia when a second pulse from the release was more like the Atlantic and other locations, causing equal spreading at the fracture in the Earth's crust location. Earthquake maps make sense with the Expanding Earth model just the same. 28:20 "The South American Plate is moving to the west, the Nazca plate is moving to the East." If the Earth were to expand, it would have pressures released at the fractures pushing continents from multiple sides in this way, which ultimately would lead to a new equilibrium position for all continents as we see today. 29:20 centimeters of spreading per year is essentially at a perfect balance equilibrium. Even numbers that appear large are just remnants of when the Earth expansion process occurred. We can see locations where the most material was released, and thereby the most pressure, by these spread rates. The energy release in the Pacific was especially into the Asian region, and separating Australia from Asia, and these waves of energy emitted penetrated into the Asia and physically, when hitting sufficient resistance, bounced back away from the continents and pulled arcs of continental shelf into the island of Japan and other various locations. Where the energy reflected off of the continent is known as the "North-South Gravitational Lineament." ...

[@earthexpanded]

31:45 Oceanic crust "recycles themselves every few hundred million years." This is an assumption generally made by plate tectonics because we observe that the continental crust is significantly older than the oceanic crust, and we have evidence of these "plates" sliding underneath the continental shelf enough to see it physically is generally occurring. If the Earth expanded from a different equilibrium due to internal pressure buildup to its current state, then there would be a process that occurred but is largely stabilized now, meaning there never was a recycle process going on in the assumed manner. This matters because we are assuming a long history of now unobservable material that has no way to demonstrate evidence for except extrapolation and by maintaining a plate tectonic interpretation. This is actually a strong argument in favor of the Expanding Earth model, as the ocean floor is actually fully explained without needing to invoke any unseen recycled material hidden away eternally from view in order to meet the model's Earth's history expectations of the ocean existing for as long as the continental shelf. 35:29 "...hot mantle moving up, basically trying to evacuate that heat, and it puts tensional forces on the crust and it starts to rip the crust open." If this were to be true, then why would the hot mantle specifically move up to the surface along fracture lines that wrap around the whole planet? This makes no sense in comparison to the concept that the Earth's crust was once a single landmass and it ripped apart and internal pressure pushed material out along the totality of the fracturing, non-uniformly dependent on local conditions. Whereas the hot mantle moving up concept is like a bubble that would be a single point not a fracture line that wraps around the planet. 39:05 "And this is exactly how you form the Himalayan Mountains." I beg to differ; the Himalayan mountains are actually physically in an arc shape that demonstrates the focal point where the energy originated was from the north. India was part of the region already because the Earth was smaller. The Himalayan mountains were much more likely formed by water flooding the continent and physically pushing down with its weight into the terrain until it raised mountains in front of it. In the eastern region of the Himalayas, they even spill down *to the south* in the Sichuan region demonstrable of the direction the energy was flowing, south not north. 39:50 Importantly, the oceanic crust is not just shoved under the continental shelf but so was water. This water is essential for the formation of volcanoes. 42:38 "What's really interesting is when you go up to the top of Mount Everest there's actually marine fossils at the top." This is also evidence that the mountains were formed by water. This is assumed to be evidence of an ancient sea, but that stems from a scientific aversion to flood related explanations. Yet, truth is truth. 45:28 Discussion of Hawaii. "No subduction, no formation of mid ocean ridge, why do we have this here?" While plate tectonics can just insert a hot spot explanation, it does not provide a reason for why the islands of Hawaii specifically point to a sharp corner in the continental shelf wall. As evidenced by the arcs Alaska, energy rippled through the region. The fact that the islands of the Hawaiian chain end at this corner is essential. It is indicative that energy was getting trapped in the corner as the Earth was expanding and the continents were moving, causing the corner to deposit material over the ocean floor as the system was in flux. This left behind an imprint of the motion where it was going in one direction and then suddenly--as if running into resistance from the other side of the world pushing in the opposite direction, there was a shift in the motion of the ocean floor being formed relative to the corner depositing material which gives it the distinct L shape. The islands being formed in the presence of water are volcanic in nature, but as the energy dissipated it formed smaller islands until they became under water parts of the chain. Plate tectonics provides *no explanation* for why the Hawaiian islands would just arbitrarily happen to end at a very unique corner structure where waves would reasonably amass materials. "It comes up here and subducts under Russia." There is no sense in an extremely anomalous island chain that takes a distinct bend to end at a corner by utter happenstance. The two are undoubtedly related. It isn't "just" where the chain "happens to" subduct and evidence disappears. It is where the islands were formed and only in the earlier phases of the Earth expansion was there enough energy involved to produce enough material so as to be above sea level--thus why what are *actually* the first of the islands formed are the largest (Hawaii) and the rest are smaller as the energy in the process dwindled. The point being, this can all be interpreted in a completely different model and even if some of my personal takes are "lacking" does not mean plate tectonics, being worked on across decades by thousands of people, is more sound. The earth for certainty underwent expansion, *not* plate tectonics. This is a conversation the scientific community must have once again out in the open for the world to see.

[@DVNDVN11]

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[@TAP7a]

Point of order: The Appalachian/Caledonian chain *does* go through Britain - the nation state of the United Kingdom, informally known as Britain, includes the country of Scotland; the Caledonians are the Highlands of Scotland, which as a country is made up of the northern part of the island of Great Britain, plus a boatload of islands. The country the mountain chain does *not* go through is England!

[@cmotherofpirl]

What doesn't the South Pole move? With everything piled together in Pangaea does it effect the earth's rotation?

[@marcofontainhas7791]

So, in convergent oceanic-continental boundaries, what does the adding of water actually do? isn't the melting of the oceanic crust enough to form the volcanic arc?

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

The adding of water lowers the melting point of the subducting rocks which allows the volcanic arc to form. It is believed that without the water, the rocks wouldn't melt and that the arc wouldn't form.

[@marcofontainhas7791]

thanks :)

[@garytucker8696]

Thank you for sharing Sir.

[@perfectmysterious1155]

و إن يوما عند ربك كألف سنة مما تعدون

[@jackiebinns6205]

You are a great teacher

[@shellodee]

The 50million yr prediction, is that assuming the magnetic field doesn't flip in that time or does the magnetic field not have too much say is plate directions?

[@EarthandSpaceSciencesX]

It will probably flip a few times during the next 50 million years but there is little to no evidence that the reversing magnetic field will have any influence on plate tectonics.

[@jamesburke6078]

Now there's a difference...what are the odds that Everest is still a mountain when the volcano is a pile of crumbled rocks?