Earthquake Carnage In Kaikōura Canyon

[@John-gj9db]

Fascinating. I live in Blenheim about 1 1/2 hours North of Kaikoura. When it hit I couldn’t stand up. The house was going from side to side and I was being thrown against walks. The street was rolling like ocean waves, incredible sight. There was a guy who lives in the bush on the coast down there and he described the earthquake as “like being in the end of time”, the noise was deafening. I worked on the rebuild of the roads. You can’t describe the devastation and how far the sea floor was thrust up out of the ocean.

[@OutThereLearning]

Thanks so much for sharing your experience!

[@jasonpeisley6031]

Now imagine when Hikurangi ruptures, it'll be 1000 times more powerful!

[@KiwiShellNZ1]

It will forever be etched in my mind. We are about 20km to the East (as the crow flies) from the epicenter of the 7.8. Crawling was how we had to move, you just couldn't stand. I've learnt a lot since that earthquake. Great video, thanks 🙂

[@TrevorDennis100]

If you were that close I am not in the least surprised. I live at Rapaura, 8k north of Blenheim, and during the second minute all we could do was sit on the sofa and hold on to each other (we go to be quite late). I'm an ex pat Brit who came here to live in 2005, and I'd been looking forward to the thrill of experiencing a decent earthquake. After the Kaikoura earthquake I'll be very happy not to experience another like that one!

[@Moamanly]

@@TrevorDennis100 You picked a beauty for your first decent shake! ps."I'm an ex pat Brit "

[@earthlymatters888]

​@Moamanly i agree immigrant needs to be said. Ex pat is slang terminology and not valid for most of the world.

[@Moamanly]

@@earthlymatters888 It is also a euphemism. ;-)

[@kiboshkooks]

What a laugh 😂 as if

[@julescaru8591]

I so admire the dedication of the research team, so much to learn ! Thank you for letting me take a look at the process! All the best Jules

[@OutThereLearning]

Thanks for your appreciation!

[@annakeye]

On one hand, it feels like it happened yesterday and yet, on the other, it has that dream like quality of events from long ago. I endured what felt like endless quakes here in Christchurch. We had a long, drawn out shudder this morning but it ended up it was centred much further south. PTSD kicked in and I had that sense of being overwhelmed. Again. Great video. Thanks for this.

[@OutThereLearning]

Thank you for sharing your experience!

[@christinagavin4517]

I have drem't several years ago that there would be an earthquake splitting the south from the north through Buller, & from what I have seen this weekend as brave anti-co governance protestors were confronted by the so called leaders of the Church, the judgment which started at Christ-Church in 2009 at the same time as this ( Yom Kippor/ the day of atonement) when the Queen of England at the behest of the Arch Bishop of Canterbury invited Pope Ratzinger to take mass in Westminster Abby, for the first time in 500yrs, on the top of the graves of the martyrs, another quake is well overdue!

[@huttboynz4422]

I really love the mapping of the seabed! It really drops off quickly on the east coast of NZ, particularly around Kiakoura!! Thanks for this fascinating video.

[@raymond7451]

As a Kiwi undergound miner of now 22yrs . I really enjoy your stuff , this is absolutely awesome stuff . As a jumbo operator I work with GEOs every day . Its mind blowing how much activity real does exist below NZ . I am not surprised by the seam that has eventuated from the fall , thankfully it really only occurred underwater . Ive been in my fair share of shakers in the hole . Working in the Goldfields here in WA , bangs and crackd as we referred to them as miners . That quake but , id be dead within a nanosecond . Keep this stuff coming please .

[@OutThereLearning]

Thanks for your appreciation!

[@John-gj9db]

I’m an ex underground coal miner from Huntly. You don’t realise the earth is constantly moving/shifting. You can hear and see it underground all the time.

[@sixthsenseamelia4695]

🌱🌏💚 Wellington shook "a little bit". That's an understatement lol. Kaikoura quake was felt strongly at the top of the Wairarapa fault region also, mind boggling amount of stress load energy released!

[@OutThereLearning]

True! 😏

[@liamburgess1150]

My house in picton felt like a Rollercoaster 🎢

[@markesdot6598]

very true, our house in wainui and our neighbours pretty much got up and left, we had gaps in the exterior weatherboard cladding, and a 10m concrete breezeblock wall between our properties moved sideways 6 inches, it literally came away from its concrete base and moved as a whole. only a wooden fence post kept it from toppling.

[@noelburland7169]

Fascinating to see what went on under the water during this incredible earthquake event. I believe the actual earthquake itself holds a world record for the highest number of faults to rupture in a single event - 25. I happened to be in Kaikoura 12 hours before the earthquake occured and was back home in Nelson when the sequence began. The shaking there lasted about a minute or so. It began as a strong rolling shake that became more violent towards the end, which would have been the rupture of the Kekerengu/Needles fault, which moved up to 12 metres horizontally I've heard. The shaking in the area I live caused the power lines to sway side-to-side, making the power flick on and off.

[@OutThereLearning]

@@noelburland7169 thank you for describing your experience!

[@noelburland7169]

@@OutThereLearning You're welcome. The 2016 Kaikoura earthquake was certainly a unique event and I guess even nearly eight years later there's still a lot to learn and discover about what unfolded.

[@tahana5124]

What a great job on educating us about a lot of what's going on in our backyard and what we can do better before the next quake hits

[@OutThereLearning]

Thank you!

[@EscapeePrisoner]

I can't help but be reminded of the story in Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy, where a conservation group was concerned about how the extreme amplitude of the concert would affect the gloomy grey of the lifeless planet 'Disaster Area' was due to play on.

[@loganstrong9874]

I was living in Kerikeri Northland and the night of the earthquake I woke to a strange sound ,that sounded like a ocean wave coming .The windows in the house slightly vibrated .In the morning i saw the news ,which explained what happened .I worked at a retirement home and a few residents with very old wooden furniture woke up to see some draws were open .The vibrations made by the earthquake up here in Northland caused a few well worn old wooden Furniture draws to slide open .

[@OutThereLearning]

Thanks for sharing!

[@complimentary_voucher]

We live in Dunedin on solid trachyandesite and we never feel anything 😔 Wait, we did get a tiny bit of the 2 round of Chch quakes, but not a peep from the Kaikoura ones. I think other people down here on sediments basins felt it tho.

[@guyincognito.]

Drawers.

[@JamesFluker]

The point at the end about the sediment revitalising the deep parts of the canyon and kickstarting the ecosystem there is worth considering. Life in these environments has developed alongside the quake activity and quakes and turbidity events are a natural part of the ecosystem there (much like bushfire events in Australia). As humans, we have a tendency to want to protect and maintain things as they are - but often the systems for life that surround us require these significant events. When we engage in conservation activities we need to understand the ways in which these systems are robust to the environment around them.

[@OutThereLearning]

Thanks for the interesting comment

[@jameslong9921]

The thought occurred to me as well, reminding me of the tradition some ancient people's had of deliberately starting bush fire's to reduce the risk if mega inferno's but also to trigger new growth. The plains that often surround volcano's are some of the most productive growing areas there are. All is cyclical.

[@JamesFluker]

@@jameslong9921 fertile river valleys require flood sediment. Disaster and chaos is built into our ecosystems. As humans, we're often at odds with it - and I think we need to rethink our approach to mean of these features of our environment.

[@alchapopapo]

I was in wellington when it hit nd i couldnt stand and walk when it first hit either.. it just threw me around, i thought i was dreaming. worst earthquake I've ever been in

[@jasoncallen8413]

Remember the next day as well when it flooded the whole city,the lights in the sky buzzed me out the most had a really good show in the Hutt where I was....next day we had to do flood control for civil defense through work.

[@PigzHeadNz]

A little bit of knowledge goes along way. Thanks for that O.T.L 👍🙋

[@OutThereLearning]

Thanks!

[@tikitiki7610]

good grief!!!!!! i cannot even imagine the size and force of such movement thank you both for your work. you are greatly appreciated

[@OutThereLearning]

Thank you for your appreciation!

[@lindaj5492]

Love the enthusiasm! Just wondering whether those massive underwater landslides carried any fossils with them, and how that might mess up future archaeological attempts to date them by the sediment in which they’re buried.

[@OutThereLearning]

Good question. Such things do happen, and can lead to confusion until it is realised that the fossils have been eroded out of the older source rock...

[@lstrachan3635]

Yes the flow cari]ried both ancient and modern organisms with it. These are so useful for us as they allow us to finger print where the fossils came from the the way in which the underwater avalanches involved in space and time. @@OutThereLearning

[@earthlymatters888]

Ahh now you understand that the dating of anything anywhere is incredibly questionable and unreliable :)

[@simoneerceg7116]

Love this channel and the scientific work.❤thank you to all

[@OutThereLearning]

Thanks, glad you like it

[@martinharris5017]

My family spent an insane night attempting to evacuate from a nonexistent tsunami (Siren went off 2 hours too late) and the police barred off the exit and directed us towards the sea (yes, really) whereupon we (and thousands of others) were redirected by Civil Defence and the Fire service back again in a death-loop. After an hour or so (by which time we were technically dead) we escaped down a side road and spent the night in a car park. early in the morning we were given the all-clear by Civil Defence notice, only to return home to find the police blockade still in place. It was almost afternoon by the time we got three frazzled kids into their bedrooms. The real disaster wasn't the earthquake but the disgraceful response by the authorities. It transpired that the actual evac plan was locked in the office of a council employee who had gone on holiday. Great.

[@OutThereLearning]

Thanks for your account. Hopefully the are improved systems now as a result!

[@SamTheEnglishTeacher]

​@@OutThereLearning No they still give false-positive tsunami alerts. Sometimes in comical ways. There was an earthquake in Tonga. Down here in Wellington they gave a tsunami alert (our harbour is south-facing). What ended up happening was a 20-30cm wave hit the north side of the North Island, which was smaller than the regular waves happening moment-to-moment. I did not flee to the hills, but many queued for hours in traffic to try escape.

[@ezlow1065]

Sounds like what happened in Lahina Maui. I wouldn't follow authorities these days, too dangerous.

[@SamTheEnglishTeacher]

@@ezlow1065 I think we're going to hear this more and more as the competence crisis worsens: "only those who disobeyed survived"

[@andrewford80]

I have worked in government and this story sounds very familiar.

[@Alan-bi7dm]

Amazing footage,thanks!

[@Putnamsmif]

1:26 - 'It got really really shaky' - possibly the best ever description of an earthquake.

[@channel1_channel]

My 8 year old understood it!

[@Luca-N]

glad to see one of your videos back in my recommended

[@mozismobile]

You mean it's not just scientists who get all excited about the cool stuff that earthquakes bring?

[@mikedeverson788]

Was james shaw out on the beach again? It looked like a climate camera moment on the welli south coast

[@annakeye]

Wow, so gracious.

[@Mcfreddo]

⁠​⁠@@mikedeverson788So what you're really saying that when they were discovering substances (element, compounds of them) and their properties (specific heat) in the 1743- 1787, that work was a pile of crap? Did you know that anything in space where Earth is (the moon, satellites- like the ISS that you can see at night, Musk's satellites etc,) it 1 1/4 times the boiling point of water? If there was very little CO2 in the atmosphere, the planet would be 20 degrees C less and the planet would be frozen, because it was 2 or 3 times in the past (I've forgotten exactly.) They know this because there are moraines right around the globe near/at the equator. (Where the ice pushes material to.) All the fuel we use is ancient stored sunlight and if you burn coal, oil and gas, what was taken out by life, you're adding it back to the closed carbon cycle snd you'll heat the planet- as that has drastically done in the past when one huge period where the too much co2 got removed from the atmosphere about 180 million years ago. That's when the crude oil formed. (Just letting you know, because many people don't.)

[@virtualdude64]

New Zealand's geology is insane.

[@OutThereLearning]

It certainly is dramatic!

[@comealongcomealong4480]

@virtualdude64 Japan's geology too.

[@jessebarlow1277]

some of the best flume tank footage i ever did see

[@OutThereLearning]

🙂

[@PigzHeadNz]

Good to see the ocean creatures kickstarting into life again. 👍

[@OutThereLearning]

Indeed!

[@ewanmee9877]

Really interesting. TY.

[@OutThereLearning]

Thanks, glad you think so!

[@vtecsux1]

Interesting and cool... how was the samples taken along the east coast after Gabrielle?

[@pappete9988]

Great info, im definitely a bit wiser than i was at the start of your piece. Thanks 👊

[@OutThereLearning]

Thank you

[@adolfwigga]

I love learning about the carnage in Kaikoura

[@jackprier7727]

Those event-bed cores are great to look at also the bathymetry scans-

[@deanweaver4469]

Awesome science. Thanks for sharing 🙏

[@OutThereLearning]

Thank you!

[@dorothyjones8937]

For qreckage please read wreckage.

[@carnivaltym]

Certainly interested to learn more about this research in the future.

[@syedharoon5745]

Great dedicated research work, I love cores recovered from the deep sea.

[@OutThereLearning]

Thank you!

[@motleydude73]

Incredible how it pushed the seabed up so far yet the building infrastructure remained intact! I imagined the place would have been flattened when it happened.

[@OutThereLearning]

Indeed!

[@wendyg8536]

...just what you expect from a tiny nuke

[@motleydude73]

@@wendyg8536 Just plates shifting actually did you not watch the video?

[@robinbinder8658]

absolutely staggering damage truly beyond belief i could look at at 1000 times and my brain would not be able to grapple it. along with this january japans earthquake. where some villages that used to be shoreline now no longer have a harbor because they moved 200 metres inland this is the most mindbending shit ive seen. combined with recent aurora/ carrington event this year has been truly insane.

[@OutThereLearning]

Yep - nature can make big moves all of a sudden!

[@elisebalk]

Wow, that's a lot of sea floor movement

[@dorothyjones8937]

May I just point out that the word carnage applies not to qreckage or destruction. It means massacre, slaughter, blood and guts.

[@OutThereLearning]

Thanks for your clarification, cheers

[@andrewford80]

What does the word qreckage apply to?

[@misstbutterfly883]

I saw green 'lightening' up here in Auckland as I was feeling the shaking... no thunder, just green flashes in the sky

[@justinsmith4562]

Sure mate

[@misstbutterfly883]

@@justinsmith4562 first time for everything...

[@Youtubeispoo-o6d]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/mYSbeYiYi619mdksi=eFUcoZCSa8M9i-H1 Yip. I saw bluish aqua from The Hutt valley.

[@Youtubeispoo-o6d]

​@@justinsmith4562 youtube much?

[@desertrose6655]

My brother works for NIWA an they do so much research all over nz an Antarctica and many other places. It a pretty cool company.

[@OutThereLearning]

Yep it is!

[@zealman79]

Ah my favourite band of the 90's was the Corrs...love them.

[@funkyjunky6574]

Very cool science

[@OutThereLearning]

Cheers!

[@duncanwallace7760]

Really interesting, thanks!

[@OutThereLearning]

Cheers!

[@gaius_enceladus]

I'm aware that the undersea Needles Fault ruptured. Is the Wairarapa Fault the northward continuation of that fault or are they separate faults?

[@rachelhall5522]

Parts of the Humps, Hundalee, Hope, Jordan Thrust, Papatea, Kekerengu and Needles faults all went. It's crazy!

[@StuffandThings_]

What's the deal with the Puysegur trench? It seems like its had some pretty big quakes, but there's minimal information on the area. I'd imagine with all the steep terrain both on land and underwater that there's been some massive sediment flows. Extra weird since its a pretty small subduction zone and usually to produce big quakes you need a large section of fault to fail. Plus, the only associated volcanism to speak of is the Solander islands which are probably extinct, leaving a small subduction zone with no volcanism and big quakes. Not to mention that the Australian plate subducting under the Pacific plate is an unusual arrangement. And to the south the collision of two pieces of oceanic crust has actually led to uplift at Macquarie island. I've never really understood how that trench works.

[@lstrachan3635]

There are plans afoot to start to work in this part of NZ.

[@stephenhoward7454]

Wouldn't the water pressure at that depth minimise the vertical and horizontal movement of the sediment at depth? Not shown on your flume simulation.

[@Rocstoneau]

I didn’t expect the last bit about the eco system, cool.

[@jaydenscott7277]

Is Wellington known for earthquakes?

[@OutThereLearning]

Indeed so!

[@muzikhed]

So something good came out of the bad by replenishing the ocean floor life. Nature at work.

[@Connor6569]

Any mention of the ship seismic blasting during and before the earthquake occurred?

[@Kiwigeo8339]

1. there is no documented examples of a marine seismic survey ever triggering an earthquake 2. the low frequency energy from the air guns on a marine seismic towed array is nowhere near high enough to trigger rupture of a fault, even if you stuck the guns hard against a fault. The pulse from an air gun is severely attenuated by a water column and kms of rock before it gets to any fault. By the time the signal has returned to the geophones its so weak that it needs serious amplification and processing to extract any useful information. 3. At the time of the quake The Amazon Warrior had just arrived in NZ waters and was sitting in Clifford Bay and its towed array wasn't deployed.

[@geoscapeadventurer8283]

Hi there Julian! I would love to share this video on my Instagram account to help teach people so I would like to ask your permission if I can use it please? I would give you the credit and link back to the original video. Cheers.

[@OutThereLearning]

Sure, go ahead

[@geoscapeadventurer8283]

@@OutThereLearning Thank you so much i really appreciate it! This video is extremely well done and great for teaching!

[@Melvis0]

Fascinating.

[@TheAzalea123]

I remember this earth quake it was a biggy

[@VenomRoadRacing]

This is how you would explain it to a 5 year old

[@Sharon-yk7xm]

Theres sum intresting stuff going on in the Weka Pass north canty

[@pedtrog6443]

To me, a good analogy of the turbidity flow is a power avalanche

[@Kiwigeo8339]

a better analogy is a Nuee ardente....a pyroclastic flow consisting of superheated ash and gas that you see racing down the slopes of erupting volcanoes. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow

[@slapsolutely]

This is so interesting, what would the chances be of videos detailing the ocean floor around New Zealand for the average person? You could do it in small videos of the main parts and would get a lot of interest I'd imagine

[@morganlefey]

fabulous ! 💃

[@hannymary83]

Today is a crazy weather day like that.

[@hextoken]

Its pronounced Kaikura!

[@barneyboy2008]

No. It's Kai-ko-ra

[@andrewford80]

Who gives a shit? We all know what they're talking about. Say it how ever you like.

[@craigcarnachan7153]

I live 2hrs North of Auckland and It shock our House a little Bit , But what Know one is Talking about is Why the Biggest Blast Ship the Amazon Warrior was doing Directly above the Epie Center and Gapped it real Quickly after too lol..

[@OutThereLearning]

The epicentre was inland, not under any ships

[@craigcarnachan7153]

@@OutThereLearning If it was Inland as You Say then why the Ocean uplift lol .. Tell the Truth ..

[@OutThereLearning]

@@craigcarnachan7153 this link explains about the epicentre: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Kaik%C5%8Dura_earthquake#:~:text=The%20epicentre%20(the%20point%20on,200%20km%20(120%20mi). Cheers

[@barneymaurirere9592]

Attenboroigh level poetic passionate science plus earthquake sign language. Braille earthquake sign nex hopefully. Thanks

[@OutThereLearning]

Thank you

[@riverAmazonNZ]

Long live the critters

[@Kristopherf1]

Turbidite cloud resembles a pyroclastic flow from a volcano.

[@Kiwigeo8339]

A pyroclastic flow is an excellent analogy

[@calthorp]

You are by passing what made the topography in the first place. How about the past 6k & 12k yrs events that formed the canyons with water erosion. The events that had a change in the worlds polarity.

[@andrewford80]

what?

[@jmjm1920]

A big earthquake in Auckland with a lot of volcanoes hopefully not 🤔

[@all3ykat79]

These cores would be useful to show the destruction of seabed mining.

[@tamlynburleigh9267]

How do these sediment layers relate to the global flood as described in genesis 7 and 8?

[@wendyg8536]

So seismic testing ship Amazon Warrior's sidekick sub The Tiny Ninja....was nowhere near that trench the day before then huh ?

[@Kiwigeo8339]

Seismic vessels don't normally carry ROVs. The towed array on a seismic vessel floats on the surface not on the sea bottom. You really need to stop perpetuating the myth that a seismic survey vessel triggered the Kaikoura Quake sequence. You might consider a few facts: 1. there is no documented examples of a marine seismic survey triggering an earthquake 2. the low frequency energy from the air guns on a marine seismic towed array is nowhere near high enough to trigger rupture of a fault, even if you stuck the guns hard against a fault. The pulse from an air gun is severely attenuated by a water column and kms of rock before it gets to any fault. By the time the signal has returned to the geophones its so weak that it needs serious amplification and processing to extract any useful information. 3. At the time of the quake The Amazon Warrior had just arrived in NZ waters and was sitting in Clifford Bay and its towed array wasn't deployed.

[@wendyg8536]

@@Kiwigeo8339 I didn't say the array was on the bottom of the ocean..or that it was deployed at the time of the quake, or the array itself caused it. However. .any blasts, individually, may not be sufficient to case a quake..it is the regular structured and repetitive frequency that may set up a particular harmonic or standing wave that amplifies that could..an often natural occurrence that does lead to quakes. The Geonet drums at the time were riddled with repetitive 2mag hits constantly and also by locality of ship which headed north towards the east coast of North Island over time .. fractures revealed by slips in the Wellington and Manawatu gorge happenned after the quake. This drum signal reduced significantly after the ship finished operations, and settled down to the background aftershock You would hope that these seismic vessels don't have any cause of inclimentating quakes because that would be a liability and insurance question. Possibly not the first time you have read similar comments if you feel it is topic that is being perpetuated.

[@wendyg8536]

@@Kiwigeo8339 there were two initial quakes out in the ocean.

[@wendyg8536]

@@Kiwigeo8339 if the seismic blast signal did not enter the landscape for the purposes of mapping the oil field..then it would not be mapping the oilfield at all..but only the surface of the sea floor...redundant in its requirements to map the field.

[@mikefallen7774]

I think you are sitting on a time bomb.

[@coodaytah6312]

Funny how this video arises not long after the scientist whistleblower from Antarctica comes forward explaining the testing of the neutron thingee caused the CHCH earthquake. Crazy coincidence 😂

[@Battleneter]

lol conspiracy nut job enough?, mate that conspiracy garbage is clickbait entertainment, stop believing it.

[@josephslade3291]

Or the 2012 earthquake which is why NIWA was in and around that part of the motu before the 2016 earthquake.

[@stevenjohns-savage7024]

Quick hurry 😊, the south island is going down. Grab wat ya need and get out of there 😊. Before it's too late 😊

[@tsunamis82]

No it’s not! The West Coast of the SI is moving north along the Alpine fault line. Wellington has had a few uplifts of its coastline which you can still see today. In the video they mentioned the uplift of the shore at Kaikōura.

[@gfrizzleshizzlemanizzle]

All these ladies with beauty and brains. I'm going to study geology.

[@Kiwigeo8339]

A lot of women study geology. Back in the early 80's when I did my Geology degree at least half my final year class was female. Gender is no barrier to being a scientist.

[@kiwidonkeyk1656]

I have really enjoyed this channel and the information it has conveyed. Sadly I found this video dumbed down in parts. We can find interest in the study without trying to sensationalise it. Much of the video was padding. This channel has always dealt in science I am not aware of any "critters" in the deep ocean, let's stick to plain , interesting facts please.

[@lstrachan3635]

This video has been specifically designed for children (10 yo), if you would like to learn about the technical details please tune into the Geosceince Society of NZ Hochstetter lecture itself. This will be posted in the coming weeks and will provide a deeper dive into the science here.

[@kiwidonkeyk1656]

That's good to hear. None of the other videos on the channel were for that younger audience so it seemed we had gone lightweight. But also don't assume younger people cannot deal with detail.@@lstrachan3635

[@raymond7451]

@@lstrachan3635 well for this 50yr old who left school early but loves the sciences as I've aged . This is fantastic in its format , the balance is perfect . Might have a go at the lecture , just to be nosy .

[@Turitea]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/sH6cfJufardjobc. Thanks for the heads up @@lstrachan3635

[@judechopper]

Also micronova and Poleshift! from the sun 😂😢😮

[@honahwikeepa2115]

The secret lies in Antarctica.

[@1966geordieboy]

Isn’t it pronounced Kaicoora

[@annhooper726]

It sounds like your a narrator in lord of the rings...not appropriate on the topic earth quake in discussion.!! Doh

[@andrewford80]

You should ask for your money back.

[@plustnsend]

Bugs me that the scientist spoke like she was talking to a classroom of 8year olds

[@OutThereLearning]

Thanks for your comment. It was in fact our aim to reach school age children with this video. We don't have a problem with 8 year olds being interested!

[@trevorgoudie3528]

Perfect, if the children understand, so will the adults. Great explanation and factual presentation