Entropy is not disorder: micro-state vs macro-state

Entropy and the difference between micro-states and macro-states. My Patreon page is at / eugenek

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

To see subtitles in other languages: Click on the gear symbol under the video, then click on "subtitles." Then select the language (You may need to scroll up and down to see all the languages available). --To change subtitle appearance: Scroll to the top of the language selection window and click "options." In the options window you can, for example, choose a different font color and background color, and set the "background opacity" to 100% to help make the subtitles more readable. --To turn the subtitles "on" or "off" altogether: Click the "CC" button under the video. --If you believe that the translation in the subtitles can be improved, please send me an email.

[@phenomenalphysics3548]

why is entropy zero in reversible processes?

[@cexploreful]

@@phenomenalphysics3548 Entropy is a measure of the Macro state, entropy zero means, no change in your macro. If you run a process and change any macro state (P, V or T) then entropy zero means that your finished state (P, V and T) = yout initial state. Note that for this to happen you need to waste some external entropy. in other words, within the (P,V,T) space. Every point is a state. Then a process is a curve from (Po, Vo, To) to (Pf,Vf,Tf), if your process is reversible, then your trayectory goes from a starting point to the same starting point. In general, any state variable can be computed by diferences in the state space. ðU = U(Pf, Vf, Tf) - U(Po,Vo,To) ðH = H(Pf, Vf, Tf) - H(Po,Vo,To) ðS = S(Pf, Vf, Tf) - S(Po,Vo,To) ðT = Tf - To ðP = Pf - Po ðV = Vf - Vo And every single of them will be zero if a process is reversible (and you're computing ending points)!

[@ritikjjain]

So which one is true finally , 1. entropy of universe as a whole can only increase. Or 2. According to other video of yours - Information is Entropy means it will not decrease but can be converted to knowledge ( information ).

[@hardikpande6970]

Conclusion: "All micro states are equally likely but not all macro states are equally likely". Thanks for the outstanding video.

[@JonasUllenius]

How do you know that all microstates are equally likely, but not all macrostates are equally likely? What are the confinement that makes that true?

[@MegaFonebone]

J Attitude Using the simpler example of flipping a coin, there are 2 possible microstates for each coin flip: heads or tails. Both are equally likely to occur. If you flip the coin multiple times, it does not change the likelihood that each time you flip it you will get heads or tails, so each microstate is always equally likely. For two coin flips the four microstates are HH, TT, HT, and TH, each with a 25% chance of occurring. The macrostates in this case are the different proportions of heads and tails depending on how many times you flip the coin. Other than the trivial macrostate of only one coin flip, the macrostates of multiple coin flips will not have equal probabilities. With 2 coin flips there is a 25% chance of getting heads twice in a row, a 25% chance of getting tails twice in a row, and a 50% chance of getting heads once and tails once (25% for HT + 25% for TH).

[@JonasUllenius]

@@MegaFonebone Thank you. And is that a normal distribution or a power law distribution? For in a power law distribution that what looks like it is not as likely to occur in a normal distribution is more likely to occur in reality.

[@marshmelows]

Macro - Micro Dice - Face Coin - Face 8 slice wheel - Slice

[@A7Reece]

Thank you @ MegaFonebone

[@DallasGreen123]

9:50 cineastic masterpiece, I shed a tear over this beautiful scene

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment. I introduced the characters in that scene in my video, "Thermodynamics and the End of the Universe." If you have not yet already seen it, it is available at the following link. kzbin.info/www/bejne/fYDViKyVrrN1rLs

[@brucejohnson5786]

Truly one of the best scenes in science

[@CT--gs1wj]

Shaggy was there too

[@clockwise7391]

The dragon was clutch lmao

[@l2ic3]

Your videos are excellent. I didn't know you had a Patreon. Definitely going to support you.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment about my videos, and thanks for the donations on Patreon. I really appretiate the support.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

If you like this video, you can help more people find it in their KZbin search engine by clicking the like button, and writing a comment. Thanks.

[@godemperortrump9970]

Interesting.

[@k.manjericao1583]

I love your work. In my opinion as physicist the best work.

[@gretawilliams8799]

Physics Videos by Eugene Khutoryansky You've gone past humans in this one... Beyond fools cloaked as scientist... I recommend you to consult one of the great philosopher of 21st century... MorgueOfficial on KZbin 👍

[@iiimusika]

ooohh excellent

[@bobrolander4344]

Great video. But I wouldn't put my money on predictions about the distant future in 10 billion years. Still so many open questions that will definitely change our perspectives more than once.

[@ripsirwin1]

Thank you. This is one of the greatest misconceptions in physics

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

I agree. That is why I wanted to help clear this up.

[@Yagyaansh]

i dont know why doesnt the world appreciate your videos ... they are so clear and totally understandable!!! u deserve a lot lot more subscribers than pewdiepie has right now !!!

[@Yagyaansh]

i just seriously want to meet u and say thank you for such great effort and amazing videos!!

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment.

[@ashleysaviour4693]

Maybe because of the background music

[@curtcoller3632]

who is pewdiepie?

[@mohammadhaseeb7392]

@@ashleysaviour4693 Yeah, rightly said. Plz remove the background nuisance from your videos

[@cancel1913]

Realizing reality with no bias has never been better put than in this video as far as I've seen. Good job!

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment about my video.

[@rockapedra1130]

Thank you! Entropy is usually so badly explained, people end up thinking it’s magic. Great simple (and correct) explanation! Excellent job!

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks. Glad you liked my explanation.

[@lengooi6125]

Absolutely correct. It is a pity that entropy as measure of disorder continues to be taught at all levels. Even prominent physicists continue to write books propagating this false interpretation, unchecked and confusing future generations of scientists and engineers

[@dhayaadharsh6850]

could you tell me if this way of looking is correct can we say if the amount of information needed to define a state is proportional to entropy

[@joelcurtis562]

It's a "first-pass" analogy specifically designed to give laypeople an intuitive feel for the concept. There's nothing wrong with that. Not everyone can or wants to learn the most precise version. Any actual scientist or engineer will quickly move past it by learning the technical definition.

[@pantherplatform]

Right? It's like teaching a 3 year old that it's one or more of an infinite number of genders. It's not gonna be normal when it grows up but it will think it's normal just like people think their definition of entropy is normal. Just cuz it looks disorganized to you doesn't mean there's anything wrong with it.

[@Captainspamo]

@@dhayaadharsh6850In information theory this is the case. In information theory, entropy quantifies the amount of information needed to describe the state of the system. Since more microstates mean higher probability for a macrostate, entropy can also be interpreted as a measure of uncertainty or lack of information about the specific microstate of the system. High entropy means many possible microstates and a high degree of uncertainty. Entropy increases logarithmically with the number of micro states if you follow Boltzmann's formula. When we consider the system’s evolution over time, we can think of the sum of microstates as representing all the potential immediate ‘futures’ of our system-each one a path to a new macrostate as time incrementally advances. The higher the entropy, the greater the number of paths available at any moment (dt), which is the system’s tendency to explore more probable states as time progresses.

[@christophergame7977]

​@@joelcurtis562defending the orthodoxy.

[@BradCozine]

I need a "Caution: High Entropy" sign for my door.

[@Will-be-free]

Why, do you have an unusually large living space?

[@hrvoje5061]

@@Will-be-free Good one

[@masonhunter2748]

It doesn’t spring into one place

[@brianb2627]

this is one of the most underrated youtube channels i have come across. honestly the quality of this content is just so great. definitely adding to my patreon as well!

[@Thehopsalot]

This video really sums up a concept that I was really considered on. pretty much every video I watched describes entropy as something different so I didn't know what to believe. I was leaning towards your concept and it's right.

[@CreationTribe]

My favorite thing about your videos is that they cover some fairly advanced topics; yet with such well designed topic partitions, that you can *almost* just pick a video at random and know that you're going to understand the majority of it. Granted, there have been a countable few that went completely over my head the first watch through - but compared to the number of videos that just seem to pour information into your brain, I can deal with a few beard scratchers here and there. :)

[@geeseshowered]

thank you this makes more sense than everything i've read and watched, all others speak of disorder and chaos which seemed to be contradictory to the deterministic nature of the universe and therefore contracting the laws of physics

[@dhayaadharsh6850]

could you tell me if this way of looking is correct can we say if the amount of information needed to define a state is proportional to entropy

[@vaishnavchandra5220]

Phenomenal video... Ingenious Absolutely clarified my doubts👍👍 You are very very underrated for the work you do.. Thanks for the content 🙏🙏

[@Hank254]

This is your best video on Entropy so far!! ;) The delineation between micro and macro states is exactly the same as the emergence of properties like temperature, pressure, and entropy. This video is worth an entire semester of thermodynamics class... already subscribed but I am going to Patreon right now! Thank you so much for the effort you and Kira put into these videos. P.S. I agree with Seduction Science, the cat is GREAT! If he has a Patreon account, let me know :)

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment, and thanks for the donations on Patreon. I really appreciate the support. By the way, my favorite video on Thermodynamics is the first one that I made titled "Thermodynamics and the End of the Universe." I had wanted to talk about micro-state vs macro-state in that video, but I was not able to because that video already had so much information in it. Therefore, macro vs micro states had to have its own video devoted to it. And thanks again for the support on Patreon. It means a lot to me.

[@FingerThatO]

I always get excited when i see notification of a new video from this channel

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

That's great to hear. I am glad that you like my videos.

[@venanciorodriguez9050]

What a beautiful physics channel. Animations & explanations are precise & copacetic, both your music & your narrator sound beautiful. Unlike some, I appreciate the slow pace. Thank you so much Eugene. I look forward to more of your videos. Subscribed.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks. More videos are on their way and I am glad to have you as a subscriber.

[@anonymous.youtuber]

I can’t thank you enough for finally making me understand what others tried to explain to me for such a long time.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Glad my video was helpful. Thanks.

[@theultimatereductionist7592]

THANK you GREATLY for addressing this TERRIBLE myth!

[@Titurel]

Thank you!! I've hated that entropy is disorder concept for years!

[@rebeccaliang8915]

I've been searching for videos on this and the concept just gets more confusing with each video I watch. Your explanation makes everything become clear all of a sudden. Thank you so much!

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Glad my explanation was helpful. thanks.

[@EliCarlton]

Bless you, your visuals with the explanations are amazing and really help us visual learners who struggle to understand concepts from a lecture with 300+ people

[@JonasUllenius]

Definition of entropy 1 thermodynamics : a measure of the unavailable energy in a closed thermodynamic system that is also usually considered to be a measure of the system's disorder, that is a property of the system's state, and that varies directly with any reversible change in heat in the system and inversely with the temperature of the system broadly : the degree of disorder or uncertainty in a system 2a : the degradation of the matter and energy in the universe to an ultimate state of inert uniformity Entropy is the general trend of the universe toward death and disorder. - James R. Newman b : a process of degradation or running down or a trend to disorder The deterioration of copy editing and proof-reading, incidentally, is a token of the cultural entropy that has overtaken us in the postwar years. - John Simon 3 : CHAOS, DISORGANIZATION, RANDOMNESS 4 statistical mechanics : a factor or quantity that is a function of the physical state of a mechanical system and is equal to the logarithm of the probability for the occurrence of the particular molecular arrangement in that state 5 communication theory : a measure of the efficiency of a system (such as a code or a language) in transmitting information, being equal to the logarithm of the number of different messages that can be sent by selection from the same set of symbols and thus indicating the degree of initial uncertainty that can be resolved by any one message. Source link: www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/entropy

[@JonasUllenius]

This Computer Is About to Change The World kzbin.info/www/bejne/d4uzanaLYreDptk

[@danielholta5721]

Watched these vids 20 times.. I think i'm starting to really get this. I love these "Aha" moments. :D

[@hbarghouthi]

Much respect to your passion in what you do. Beautiful Videos shedding light on many beautiful concepts and ideas. I hope you stay in the best possible states.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks!!!

[@kobedierckx2918]

Very nice video, getting rid of a misconception i had and at the same time being able to visualise the real idea is truly impactful for learning. Thanks for these videos!

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks.

[@alandouglas2789]

Love your videos so much

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment. I am glad that you like my videos.

[@ghlendary]

YESSS such a good one i've had this on my mind for some time

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks.

[@FeelScience]

Your video is actually awesome .whenever i need feel on any topic i search you.Nobody can clear me ENTROPY,Now it's crystal clear to me after watching this.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks. I am glad my videos are helpful.

[@alotan2acs]

Thank you. This has bothered me since high school physics, especially because everyone has been screwing me with poor explanations using "disorder". For the first time I understand. Tears of joy. Thank you.

[@declanwk1]

very interesting. Biological processes proceed from high entropy (the raw materials of life, food, oxygen etc) to low entropy living cells. The cell is lower entropy because there are only a few ways you can put the cell together and it works ie is living but you can arrange the food in lots of ways as there is no constraint that it has to be living. The way the living can move from high to low entropy is by expending energy

[@balum8725]

That is true but the total entropy of the universe(biological system +surroundings) increases. The energy expenditure to the surroundings as heat will increase the overall entropy of universe

[@PoiSonSonic]

Thank you for keeping the music volume low. I wonder if there is a graphical quality upgrade planned?

[@googelplussucksys5889]

None needed. It's functional and hilarious.

[@satvikvarun6386]

It's awesome the way it is

[@chymiakhun122]

Thank you every much! I was always confused by the definitions in my language and this is the best explanation and definition that I have found in English and German. Great work!

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment and I am glad my video was helpful.

[@dns911]

Best. Video. Treating. Entropy. This should be shown in schools

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment.

[@tuanvnguyen872]

4 years in mechanical engineering but the concept of entropy is still the pain in the neck

[@tuanvnguyen872]

It's our of my field, I should not say and cannot say anything. All i can say is that engineers love science, we cannot resist it, a d it is always good for us to learn more.

[@tuanvnguyen872]

+The Earth Is Cubed it is very normal to have the feeling of knowing so little. Even the great theoretical physicist Richard Feynman said "there are many thing I know nothing about, but i don't feel frightened"

[@The112Windows]

Physics major = Path to Engineering major

[@chandansarma0]

entropy is a concept that has to accept only.

[@lambda2857]

Entropy is also a royal pain for every junior year chemist and physicist. Even after more study in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, we still do not get it.

[@RomanNumural9]

This clarifies my misunderstanding from"Entropy: Why the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics is a fundamental law of physics" Thank you for the video! Great as always

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Glad you liked my video, and that it helped clear up a misunderstanding. Thanks.

[@JamJellyFishJam]

newtons laws dont hold up anymore they suck

[@jsan9456]

I love the way that you explain things. Ill start to donate as soon as I can since I binged watched like 30 videos. haha, thank you so much!

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment and I really appreciate the fact that you plan on donating. That means a lot to me. I hope you enjoy all my other videos just as much as you enjoyed the 30 you just watched.

[@learn001]

Thank you Eugene. God bless with these videos.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks!

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

You can help translate this video by adding subtitles in other languages. To add a translation, click on the following link: kzbin.info_video?ref=share&v=vX_WLrcgikc You will then be able to add translations for all the subtitles. You will also be able to provide a translation for the title of the video. Please remember to hit the submit button for both the title and for the subtitles, as they are submitted separately. Details about adding translations is available at support.google.com/youtube/answer/6054623?hl=en Thanks.

[@hiljainentaivas7216]

Hello Eugene, I'm would like to submit a translation for Spanish(Latin America) since I 've spotted the current one has some errors.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

@@hiljainentaivas7216 Thanks. Please send me an email. My email address is available in the "about" tab on my KZbin home page (if you view it on a PC, not a phone). I will email you the subtitle file. You will then be able to edit it and then email the file back to me, and I will then upload it to my channel. Thanks.

[@hrivera4201]

IMHO entropy can be seen as a measure of amount of information you need to know about a system, in order to describe it. If less information is needed to describe it, the system is more ordered. Although the two forms (yours/mine) are equivalent I guess. I'm not sure, if you take into account the fact that if all particles were indistinguishable, it est, all particles are spheres or cylinders , the number of possibilities is less than this case of distinguishable particles. Although you has said that no matter the microstate but the macrostate in order to speak about the entropy of the system. To end I need to say that the example of the glass is a little spooky and tricky cause I'm not sure the more suitable, what about if the piece was a crystal with a regular lattice. What about if you launch many times the shatter glass pieces, how many times it reach the initial pristine condition, a regular lattice for instance. In the sake of turn graspable entropy concept, who will be of enormous fertility, we need to make a effort to clarify further. Here there are a interesting recent article: Second law, entropy production, and reversibility in thermodynamics of information. arxiv.org/pdf/1712.06858.pdf Thanks for the video. For sure I need to see this video many times, but will be a pleasure.

[@richardpatrick32123]

This is definitely the best explanation I've ever seen on entropy re micro and macro states. Excellent work!

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment.

[@SassePhoto]

Entropy is so difficult to understand, I have been struggling for years - until - I came across the genius Eugene of this channel/ MANY THANKS!!!!!

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliments. I am glad my videos have been helpful.

[@ricardo4fun922]

What's the software used for the animation ?

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

I make my 3D animations with "Poser."

[@lpfan2457]

Its truly the best animation software! I hope Hollywood will soon adapt this style of making mind-blowing movies with such simple yet beautiful animations

[@lukasspfc18]

You can use Cinema4D too, its easy for this type of animation, you can find inumerous tutorials about in KZbin. In fact, i've guessed that is the software used in this video.

[@MrHatoi]

10:07 This looks like the end of an anime episode

[@vector8310]

Consistently high quality videos. You're amazing.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment.

[@satviksharma8025]

Your channel is awesome...... You deserve much more subscribers..... Each and every video make our concepts crystal clear..... Thank You for the videos 😊

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment.

[@harleyfilho8087]

Great video, as always, but as a chemist I couldn't help considering the breaking of the mirror as a "reaction" which increased the entropy of the room. Before the breaking, the microstates are restricted to different positions of the intact mirror through the room. After the breaking, there are now much more microstates associated with multiple distributions of the pieces. Wouldn't be more adequate to have begun for example with a pile of bricks which is hit by the ball? The organized pile would then be just a microstate equivalent to the dispersed array of the same bricks.

[@nmarbletoe8210]

yeah i think the analogy works better with bricks. the molecular forces in a mirror mean that not all states are equally likely

[@Kowzorz]

Is entropy increasing being necessary tied to the expansion of the actual space of the universe?

[@Hank254]

Technically, it is the expansion of available microstates of the universe. Volume is one way that is accomplished.

[@krzyszwojciech]

If we were to assume complete determinism, would that mean that entropy of the universe doesn't _really_ change, since the probability of every state occurring at any given moment would be equal to 1 (and probabilities of other, seemingly possible states would be really equal to 0)?

[@Hank254]

krzyszwojciech Not really. If you assume the current interpretation of quantum mechanics to be somewhat accurate, determinism has its limits. Even if we conclude after the fact that something was completely deterministic, that doesn't mean it could have been predicted with 100% certainty. The 100% and 0% you are talking about is only applicable to what actually happened in the past. An increase of Entropy is not defined as the change in the odds. It is the increase in the number of possible microstates that forms the macrostate. So even in complete determinism, where we know what microstates the system will evolve to, if the number increases so does entropy.

[@krzyszwojciech]

I think I get your point. So entropy by definition assumes taking into account all logically possible states rather than the actual ones? *_If you assume_*_ the current interpretation of quantum mechanics to be somewhat accurate, _*_determinism has its limits_*_._ That wouldn't answer my question ;) As for the QM and nature - I don't know. There are completely deterministic and coherent interpretations of the theory as far as I've heard - the uncertainty coming from limits in our ability to investigate rather than from the nature of reality itself. And QM might not even be the final theory.

[@Hank254]

krzyszwojciech The checker board in the video explains it pretty well. Given a long enough period of time, the pieces will occupy every possible combination on the board. The progression of different positions can be completely deterministic or the progression can be completely unknown... that part doesn't matter. We say the entropy of that system is not changing. The pieces move around randomly or deterministically within their allowed states. Does this make sense? If there is something I am missing in your question, please try and give me an example/scenario and hopefully I can still answer. I agree with you on the quantum mechanics and I tend to support determinism myself.

[@seriousOmajan]

I wanted video about the entropy and I'm super grateful that you made one. I will have to check those linked videos as well.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks. Though, this is actually my third video where I discuss entropy. The other two videos are the ones mentioned at the end of this video.

[@seriousOmajan]

I guess I wasn't a subscriber back then. But anyway I have to catch up.

[@seanwiesen7418]

Awesome video as always Eugene. You explain entropy so well.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks.

[@Applest2oApples]

I am skeptical of this explanation. Suppose you swept up the glass into a pile. Would that not mean then you have have decreased the entropy of the glass?

[@replicaacliper]

I think you would, and I see no problem in that.

[@abksema4media947]

To talk about "all the glass in one piece" being just as likely as it being shattered, begs the question. What is it for the glass to be in one piece? It is a construct of consciousness -- literally, psychologically or both. Consciousness is a missing part of this jigsaw. (panpsychism)

[@Daniel-dc5mr]

Abk Sema4Media gtfo

[@phucminhnguyenle250]

You need to put energy into that, and by doing so you oxidize some chemicals in your body, which woud increase your entropy, and the entropy of the universe

[@ArnavBarbaad]

The entropy will still increase. Sure you decreased the entropy of the glass, but now the system also consists of the broom and you (because it is influencing the glass). To sweep you burn chemicals in your body. The gases released due to this (which you later exhale) have higher amount of entropy than the amount you managed to decrease for the glass. This is the beauty of thermodynamics :)

[@jakef1519]

Why did you say the probabilty of each individual combination in the large area is equal to the probabilty of each individual combination in the smaller area. It seems like there is a 1/24 chance for each in the smaller area and a 1/(a number much bigger than 24) chance for the larger area. I get that each combination within the larger area is equally likely, and each combination within the smaller area is equally likely, but the smaller and larger probabilities shouldnt be equal to eachother...

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

That is assuming that the objects can be anywhere in the original 10 by 10 grid.

[@fixfaxerify]

​@@EugeneKhutoryansky If we know, as you state in the video, that the objects are confined to a smaller area within the 10x10 matrix, then it seems that should affect the probabilities. Or maybe it depends on what probabilities we are considering, the probablity of arriving at a particular configuration, or the probabilty of guessing a particular configuration with some knowledge about the outcome. Like, if I roll a 6 sided die without showing you, but tell you that it is an uneven number, the probability of arriving at a 1, 3 or 5 is still 1/6, but your probability of guessing correctly with the knowledge I gave you is 1/3. Probabilities are tricky!

[@KeyserSoseRulz]

One of the best explanations of entropy in KZbin videos.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment.

[@SungwooYang]

Best channel, I know. I appreciate your work.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment.

[@Mandragara]

What about Poincare reoccurence

[@martinmartinmartin2996]

DUMB !

[@Mandragara]

MartinMartin Martin no u

[@rbettsx]

Surely, this follows from your excellent exposition in this video. It is >not< true that the entropy of the universe (or any closed system) can >never< decrease. The second 'Law' is simply a statement of the statistical truth that such a decrease is very, very improbable. The water in my glass could, by accident, arrange itself in such a way that half of it was hot, and the other half ice. No Law of physics would have been broken. But the chances of that happening are, to say the least, small.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

If it is so improbable that you have to wait several orders of magnitude longer than the age of the Universe for it to happen, then this is pretty much the same thing as saying that it will never happen. I cover this topic in detail in my video at kzbin.info/www/bejne/rHabY4N6f6drpdk

[@Hank254]

+Robin Betts "It is >not< true that the entropy of the universe (or any closed system) can >never< decrease." Do you have an example of it decreasing in a closed system? "The second 'Law' is simply a statement of the statistical truth that such a decrease is very, very improbable." No, it is impossible. When people lock in to the statistical explanation of entropy, they often confuse a particular possible microstate as being a higher or lower entropy than another possible microstate. This is incorrect. An increase in entropy is related to an increase in the *number* of possible microstates. Once the number of possible microstates has increased, it will never decrease for a closed system. "The water in my glass could, by accident, arrange itself in such a way that half of it was hot, and the other half ice." This is exactly what I mean... if you are considering your glass a closed system, the particular arrangement of molecules is just a particular microstate. By talking about some other arrangement of the water molecules, you are only talking about another microstate... NOT a change in the number of microstates. The problem with your scenario is that the microstate you are talking about is not possible; a glass of water could never evolve into that microstate because it is energetically disallowed.

[@TengYuan]

I dare you to explain to them two.

[@Hank254]

Teng Yuan ???? Explain what to what two?

[@TengYuan]

Were you on drugs? read your post from 4 months ago. i dare you!

[@priya-fz5pj]

you deserve salutes...you are amazing..you really cleared all my concepts..when nobody even can .i am very thankfull to you..may god bless you with lots of happiness love wealth..thanks a lot

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thank you very much.

[@johnysingh5023]

This channel deserves 5M + subscribers. Far better explanations than other players.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment.

[@ripsirwin1]

Anyone who wants to learn more, read this book: www.amazon.com/Thermodynamics-Introduction-Thermostatistics-Herbert-Callen/dp/0471862568 In my opinion this is the best book on thermodynamics you can get

[@jjay6764]

This video is wrong as it relates to disorder. This is because you leave out a key element, information. The glass is in a more ordered state and a low entropy state because it takes less information to describe the glass that's not broken. When you break the glass, you have a more disordered state and a higher state of entropy because it takes more information for me to describe the broken glass. If I open a deck of cards, it's in a low entropy state and ordered because I can describe the deck of cards by using just the suit and order of the cards. Once I shuffle the cards, they're disordered and it takes more information to describe the shuffled deck of cards.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

It is not "wrong" because information does not have this relationship to disorder or to entropy. For example, suppose you vaporize the glass, and turn it into a gas whose molecules are evenly spread throughout the room. From a macroscopic point of view, this state can be described with very little information, yet this is the state of highest entropy.

[@jjay6764]

Of course it does. Have you read any work from people like Hooft, Susskind or Maldacena? Entropy has a close relationship to information. In fact some will say entropy=information. If you were to vaporize the gas and the molecules are spread out across the room, it would be in a state of disorder and it would take more information to describe the molecules. The vaporized glass would also contain more information than the whole piece of glass because there's more ways to arrange the molecules. Look at your example of the objects on the checker board. If you place the objects in the middle of the board in a straight diagonal or horizontal line, it takes less information to describe it. If you place the objects on the corners of the board, it takes less information to describe it. These are low entropy states that are more ordered than if the objects were randomly placed on the board.

[@Hank254]

The problem is that the word 'disorder' has a much broader usage than just information theory. In the usage that most people attribute to the word, it is a subjective measure of 'messiness'. The typical example given is that of a 'messy room' which does nothing to describe entropy. Saying that it takes more information to describe the glass vapor molecules is functionally equivalent to saying the number of microstates has increased. Both of these are _descriptions_ of entropy rather than definitions of it. Entropy cannot be defined at the microstate level, it is a macrostate variable.

[@jjay6764]

This is just wrong. Entropy isn't just a macroscopic variable. Have you ever heard of the entropy of entanglement? If you don't understand entropy of entanglement, I suggest you read this paper. Measuring entanglement entropy in a quantum many-body system www.nature.com/nature/journal/v528/n7580/full/nature15750.html A messy room does give an excellent illustration of entropy. A messy room would be one of higher entropy and it contains more information because it's more ways to order a messy room than a room that's already ordered and immaculate. Again, this is just an illustration of entropy and it's very useful to use with people who are just starting to learn about entropy. Like I said, this video is WRONG. Each configuration is equally likely to occur at any given moment but there's probabilities associated with which events are most likely to occur based on order and disorder which is associated with information. Just look at the deck of cards. It takes less information to describe a deck of cards in order. I just need to say A-K in 4 different suits of cards to describe an ordered deck. That's a small amount of information compared to the information needed to describe a shuffled deck of cards where information is needed to describe the position of each card.

[@Hank254]

jjay "Have you ever heard of the entropy of entanglement?" Yes. It is a description of the _quality_ of an entangled state; it is a way of using information entropy but it is not a definition of entropy. "A messy room does give an excellent illustration of entropy. A messy room would be one of higher entropy and it contains more information because it's more ways to order a messy room than a room that's already ordered and immaculate." The problem with using 'messy' to describe entropy is that it is a completely subjective term. Suppose you walked into a room and it looked completely messy to you but the person who's room it is explained that that was the _exact_ state they wanted the room in? Then what you are calling messiness (and high entropy) is actually the 0 entropy state. How can you reconcile that with your description of entropy? A measure of entropy should not be dependent on the state of the observer. "Just look at the deck of cards. It takes less information to describe a deck of cards in order. I just need to say A-K in 4 different suits of cards to describe an ordered deck. That's a small amount of information compared to the information needed to describe a shuffled deck of cards where information is needed to describe the position of each card." The problem with using information theory to describe entropy is that it requires a context. When you ask the order of a deck of cards, you are asking a specific question. Depending on the content of that question, you may or may not need less information to describe the deck. If we are only concerned about the color of the cards, for instance, it takes even less information to describe a deck that is all black cards first then all red cards, we don't even need the suit information. So, in that case, a group of completely randomized black cards on top of a group of completely randomized red cards has LOWER 'informational entropy' than your 'more organized' deck. The REAL way to increase entropy of a deck of cards is to _add more cards to the deck_. These things do not describe entropy in a clear, understandable way. ANY specific combination of 52 cards is only a specific microstate. It is EXACTLY as likely for a specific state to come out of a random shuffle as it is for the cards to come out in suit/rank order. This is why you cannot examine the microstate to see what entropy is, it is a macrostate variable that is emergent from the statistics of the system. It is really no different than examining temperature... you cannot describe temperature by talking about the specific energy level of one particle. You have to talk about the average _randomized_ energy and only in relation to the randomized energy of another body. You cannot tell the temperature of something by examining the speed/direction of one of its particles.

[@RaccoonEatingCacti]

Really cool video. That ending killed me, with the aliens etc. A really nice way to soften the blow of existential dread of the statement, "One of the unfortunate consequences of this law is that it means that all life in the universe will eventually end." Thank you!

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks. I am glad you liked my video.

[@mikesercanto9149]

Those friendly creatures appear in other videos on this channel!

[@RaccoonEatingCacti]

@@mikesercanto9149 I did discover that after watching this video, haha. Excellent mascots

[@mobiustrip1400]

Beautiful music in the background and a very brilliant description of our physical universe. It has helped me to start preparing for the inevitable. Thank you for this video. The Universe is a mystery beyond conception.

[@hassannosrati6226]

Excellent exposition of a difficult concept. Thank you for clarifying many questions and misconceptions.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment.

[@WemustKnowmore]

Wow! Such a clear, precise, utterly elegant way of explaining physics... admirable! Come on, lads, support this talented people!

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment and for your support.

[@shrutsilakari9711]

This was a fabulous video, the animations and the explanations were very clear and I finally understand Entropy clearly. Thanks alot!

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment about my video. Glad it was helpful.

[@Reddogovereasy]

This video is an excellent example of the use of probability and helps my understand of Quantum field theory based on the concept of a photon traveling from point a to point b and calculating the probability of its path. Therefore, the video helps explain Quantum field theory and the reason for the development of the feynman equation. Yes, I know we are discussing entropy, but I see a correlation.

[@ceceliapassarella8485]

Hi Eugene I enjoy your videos they take complexity Of a flat equation and visually and visually simplify a concept making it easy to think expansively and apply it to every day life even if you're not a scientist thank you

[@konradswart4069]

This is a brilliant video! This video has the concept of entropy _almost, but not quite right!_ Still... It is _so close_ to the correct concept of entropy, that I recommend it wherever and whenever I can! Good work, Eugene!

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

I have a video devoted exclusively to Maxwell's Demon and the connection between entropy and information at the following link. kzbin.info/www/bejne/bobMnapvqZKmr7M

[@konradswart4069]

@@EugeneKhutoryansky Ah! Thanks! I shall watch it, and then I come back!

[@markchampneys]

Terrific explanation. The second law is all about arrangements and probabilities of large numbers, whether we are considering energy, matter, or information.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

I am glad you liked my explanation. Thanks.

[@TheSkullConfernece]

That first minute of video alone made me insta-like! I love that revelation (even though I already knew it).

This is excellent! Your explanation and visualisation helped me understand this topic :)

[@cosmicwarriorx1]

like always... a great video Eugene... keep it up.

[@sumanshrestha6112]

Your videos are just great, with the concepts. Thank you very very much.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks. I am glad you like my videos.

[@Kommandant7]

9:08 is so far my favorite animation! Superb job piecing together the universe like that.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks. I originally made that animation for my video "Infinite Universe?" at kzbin.info/www/bejne/f3fHl6Wqr9Rnibs

[@The_Tormented_One]

Thanks for clearing the concept 😊

[@garelekoyambongo2341]

Thanks. I am a PhD student, but always confuse what entropy physical means. Through this video, I think my understanding grows up!

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Glad to hear that my video was helpful. Thanks.

[@jackd3910]

I love your videos so much you are one of the only science and math KZbin channels that never dumb down the subject just for views. I have a question though: could it be said that the second law of thermodynamics is just a form of conservation of energy? For example the glass plane shattering and recombining would be impossible because the energy required is to great to fuse it back together and gravity would have to reverse. Plus, isn't everything spreading out to its lowest energy state?

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment. In reply to your question, the second law of thermodynamics is separate and distinct from the conservation of energy. Without the second law of thermodynamic, the shattered glass could recombine and fuse together if we also include in the analysis the kinetic energy from all the air molecules, all the ground molecules, and all the glass molecules. If we include all this, and run a physics simulation in reverse, then all these energies will add together to allow all the glass pieces to fuse together, and we will be back to the original condition.

[@givemeakawasaki]

Thanks Eugene for ALL of your videos! they are all excellent! You have a great way of explaining concepts in visual form that along with the narration make an awesome educational experience. A video on QED would be great if you can! :-D

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment on my videos. And yes, I would eventually like to make a video on QED.

[@simplyyummy92]

Thank you for making such awesome videos! I have been binge watching them lol! (I am new to your videos and they're awesome!!!!!!) P.s Could you pretty please make more calculus videos as i'm new to the subject and it's so much easier to gain a perspective when it is visual. Thank you for making these videos! :)

[@thanosAIAS]

This video is a contribution to science and the rest of us. Thank you soooo much for clearing the entropy concept!!!

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks.

[@shantanukhairnar9786]

Great explanation ! Awesome lucid language easy to interpret well done guyz

[@RahulRaj-er5bp]

you are doing a great work... your video help me in my studies

[@panupentikainen953]

Your physics videos are among the best on Youtbe. Thank you for your effors.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment. I am glad you like my videos.

[@Nissearne12]

Great. Have struggle with made better stirling engine for years, so at least I get in touch with entropy also in practice

[@abrarhasnat8259]

really love this channel 😍😍

[@stefanostefano7022]

Thank you very much, congratulations for your video. Im from argentina and sometimes some words in english are incomprehensible for me. The traduction and the subtitles integrated into the video solve everything. Good work!!

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks.

[@farooqueparvez2767]

Excellent presentation

[@JH-KU]

Excellent video. Thank for uploading it.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks. I am glad you liked my video.

[@JohnSmith-he5xg]

Interesting take, I'd never thought of it as not having to do with being a continuous sheet of glass, but rather where that sheet can be located given the constraint that it remain a solid panel. Breaking it (easing the constraint) opens up many different combinations in the room

[@anadesign]

u are amazing ,and that amount of work is wonderful ,ur video make science easier by visualizing the tedious to simpler

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks. I am glad you like my videos.

[@scatmanthefetish7474]

I'm always coming to your videos for stuff I listen at university, and you always are so similiar to what and how they explain. I really appreciate your work, may I ask if you have a similiar background ?

[@sirkowski]

Love watching these!

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks. I am glad you like my videos.

[@exptea8145]

Great video! I have a question regarding the breaking of glass. You are saying in the video that the entropy of the unshattered glass depends wholly on the size of the glass (which I agree with). But when the glass breaks the entropy seems to increase to me. Why? Because the process of breaking the glass is the same as the following one: you start with 4 objects on a 2x2 chess board (This is equivalent to having the molecules of the glass in the intial position). Then, you drop the objects on a 10×10 chess board (the equivalent of a floor in the breaking of glass example). The entropy of the final state is thus increased, since there are more microstates (total possible combinations of arranging the objects). Thus, using a similar process, the process of going from unshattered glass to shattered glass is increasing the entropy of the system.

[@moonho6699]

Love all your video. description so clearly.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks. I am glad you like my videos.

[@toanhien494]

your videos are just amazing.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks.

[@SwedebearSe67]

I never really understood entropy until I saw this video. Great work!

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks. I am glad my video was helpful.

[@conqueringruler4283]

Watched vid multiple times. Great stuff.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks. I am glad you liked it.

[@MehediHasan-rq3fs]

Another excellent video from you....

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Glad you liked it.