That Time the American West Blew Up

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How is it possible to have cataclysmic eruptions without any real cataclysm?
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References: docs.google.com/document/d/15...

[@GeologyHub]

The Mid-Tertiary Ignimbrite Flare-up is responsible for a large majority of SW Colorado's ore deposits. Including lots of gold, silver, and copper. If you look from satellite, you can still see the La Garita Caldera via the circular depression in the ground around Creede, CO. It would have been a "fun" type to be a volcanologist back then, 25+ million years ago when CA, NM, UT, AZ, and NV had an absurd number of volcanic activity, far surpassing levels witnessed in modern day Indonesia. Another fun remnant supervolcano you can look in (not the Wheeler Geologic Area, although it is also fun) is the Chiricahua National Monument. It has 900 ft thick ignimbrite pillars which tower several hundred feet above the landscape and are still exposed. It is a national monument which honestly deserves and might soon get National Park status. Also did I mention that it also has a population of ocelots? You read that correctly, and it is in Arizona.

[@GeneralFr]

It was something unexpected to see you here xd

[@letumpeek]

Make a video for us

[@GeneralFr]

@@letumpeek He already talked about this topic in some videos (How those of Wah Wah Spring Caldera or La Garita Caldera).

[@MeargleSchmeargle]

​@@GeneralFr Well, he did make videos on a number of the supereruptions this ignimbrite flareup produced, so it isn't *too* surprising.

[@letumpeek]

@@GeneralFr let him make another one, the content must go on.

[@mellissadalby1402]

You folks at Eons really do a great job.

[@YetiUprising]

4:45 except for that over the phone line.

[@MossyMozart]

@@YetiUprising - Come again?

[@LSOP-]

Except for the awful shorts.

[@MaskofAgamemnon]

Hear hear!

[@MaskofAgamemnon]

​@@YetiUprising ingrates

[@a_e_hilton]

The Mt St Helens animals literally sleeping through a volcano eruption is a mood ngl

[@Mayla41400]

..."yall hear sumn?"

[@donhillsmanii5906]

@@Mayla41400 “nah mane, I farted”

[@Quazi-moto]

A 'mood'? I've not heard the word used in that way, and the dictionaries I looked at didn't help. Can you explain, please?

[@a_e_hilton]

@@Quazi-moto "this is a mood" = "I relate to this" Glad to help you discover new slang!

[@cogitoergosum9069]

​@@Quazi-moto _mood_ can also mean something along the same lines as _vibe_

[@xyzpdq1122]

“They don’t just gently puke out lava”. Callie, you are a true poet 😂❤

[@beepboop204]

why did the lava spill out everywhere? because they couldnt get to the "lavatory"

[@watcher805]

"ITS HAPPENING *AGAIN*"

[@Quazi-moto]

I had to rewind to make sure I heard what I thought I heard. I did. She actually said "puked." hehe

[@mitchchristian7246]

The Mid-Tertiary Ignimbrite Flare-up was also a great 70's rock band.

[@richardhinshaw2116]

Their Biography was ghost written by one of my favorite authors; Burgess Shale.

[@pokeylope6108]

Okay Randall and the Kosmographia Gang lol...

[@patreekotime4578]

@@richardhinshaw2116 He definitely did a great job at preserving the details!

[@NotFlappy12]

hehe... rock.

[@Mr.Beauregarde]

Ha. Rock band. You must slate at parent teacher conferences

[@l.a.gothro3999]

My late dad is with whom I watched PBS as a kid back in the 1970s, and he would've *loved* Eons! Thanks for doing such a great job.

[@joemeyers4131]

In that sense I'm generally from your fathers generation ..little boy by 1970 and teen by 78 ..growing up in Urban LA County in CA .

[@l.a.gothro3999]

@@joemeyers4131 I was the little kid (b. 1964); I watched PBS with my dad (b. 1923 - d. 1996).

[@rodchallis8031]

"Mama, don't let your babies grow up to be a non sinking Farallon Plate that becomes Ignimbrite."

[@MickeyMallone.]

I tried singing this, but I can hear Ed, Patsy, Waylon, and Willie crying over how badly it went.

[@veggieboyultimate]

This is why i love pbs eons, I never heard of this mid tertiary Ignimbrite flareup before until now. You can never learn too much.

[@terramater]

It's fascinating to see how species recover after the eruption. Our crew managed to film a unique phenomenon happening in the volcanic caves of Mount Elgon. Elephants have learned to mine a network of hidden caves for salt and mineral deposits. We follow them deep inside the extinct volcano to learn more about this incredible behaviour, and it's so interesting!

[@RecklawTheAmazing]

I think the fact that life didn't care about these freaking supervolcanoes puts the other mass extinctions into perspective

[@dralord1307]

there is a ton of missing info in this video. Dont take it too seriously

[@snypr5276]

@@dralord1307 Aight cough up the missing info bossman

[@dralord1307]

@@snypr5276 1 example. They dont talk at all about the bone growth disease caused by inhaling volcanic ash or drinking water with volcanic ash.

[@snypr5276]

@@dralord1307 Probably because it wasn't relevant to the overall point of the video. Life survived.

[@dralord1307]

@@snypr5276 ok then the KPG and the death of most animals doesnt matter because life survived

[@MaskofAgamemnon]

8:19 Thank you for hitting the "Uhh" this time. ❤️ Jeff Goldblum would be proud.

[@hannahdawg6829]

When I was a kid, I was absolutely terrified of the "Yellowstone supervolcano" because so many of my geology professors were convinced that when I exploded, it would kill us all. I kinda needed this, ngl, reminds me that sometimes scientists can jump to the worst conclusions from just a bit of evidence

[@wyvern723]

The way the area around Mount Saint Helens came back after the eruption was mine boggling. That being said, I remember my sixth grade teacher talking about still getting ash out of his gutter a decade after the eruption.

[@ewoksalot]

I have photos of myself with MtStHelens (Loowit) erupting behind me. I have lived in the shadow of Mt.Rainier (Tahoma). I can see Mt.Hood (Wy'East) from my driveway now. The volcanos of North America will never cease to amaze me. Native lands recognition: Cowlitz Tribe.

[@j.f.fisher5318]

Wow, I'd never heard of that period. As a kid a science overview book listed supervolanos in axway that suggested they were associated with a past era, but as I learned more I assumed that was just because no supervolcanos had happened for a while. I had no idea there was kind of an era of supervolcanos. Wow!

[@vesawuoristo4162]

Geological time is so vast that it is not easy to comprehend

[@LimeyLassen]

My takeaway from this is that suburbs and strip malls are more hostile to life than any volcano

[@NawDawgTheRazor]

I was always curious about this largest of super-eruptions. It’s amazing how even the most devastatingly energetic disasters are still just part of the circle of life.

[@theobserver9066]

This can be just a video about the ancient volcanoes of North America, but Eons made it more impactful with this approach.

[@danesorensen1775]

"Storm Cloud of Fire" is also my new Power Metal album.

[@matthewcox7985]

Go for heavy metal, and name the band Actinide Series. 🤘

[@persjofors2586]

Love how you use metrics. After almost 30 years in the US, I still need to translate most imperial measurements into metrics to make them understandable.

[@valiroime]

Too bad they didn’t translate for the metricly impaired in the audience.

[@kuromyou7969]

Even if you're used to metrics, meters per second isn't that meaningful tbh. Like, in imperial, feet per second isn't typically used for velocity. So, 200 m/s is 720 kph or 447mph.

[@zackakai5173]

@@valiroime I'm kind of glad they don't. Gives people an incentive to at least *try.* It's not a terribly complicated system (easier than imperial, certainly)

[@LJO_Hurts_Pianos]

@@zackakai5173 I agree. I live in the U.S. and am doing my best to apply metric to whatever I'm doing. However, my car's speedometer is the thing I don't dare touch -- I really don't want to accidentally do 60 km/h in a 60 mph zone, although it would make me fit in quite well with other drivers where I live, come to think of it...

[@wtflmaa7842]

@@LJO_Hurts_Pianos No worries, at worst people will honk at you for holding them up if they cannot pass.

[@mfaizsyahmi]

Archaeology and Geology intertwined in a video. This is one of my favourite Eons video.

[@mandobob]

I believe you mean paleontology the study of ancient life (which is under the umbrella of Geology) and not archeology which is the study of past human culture. There we no humans in this time period (40 to 20 million years before present).

[@davidt3563]

This is so amazing. Thank you for everyone's effort to bring us this content!

[@MarkoftheBeastyBoys]

Life said to the volcano;"don't give me your ash-itutde"

[@whistlingglasses8758]

Thanks to the whole production team ❤❤❤

[@alexr.5389]

Imagine sleeping through a super volcano. LOL amphibians rule.

[@proximacentaur1654]

True say. Mammals are overrated lol.

[@cillianwilliamson16]

Wutiyatalkinabeet

[@proximacentaur1654]

@@cillianwilliamson16 dontworryabouteet

[@benjaminzalisko3807]

My dad was one of the herpetologists studying St Helen's survivors, so I bet they referenced his paper. Cool that it's finding eyes 34yr later!

[@evilsharkey8954]

A lot of ash also just falls from the sky and builds up like nasty, scratchy snow. It’s not as sticky as snow, though, so it can blow off of things like leaves, allowing trees to still see the light as long as they’re not completely buried.

[@Apollyon1325]

I love volcanos. Knowing that their ash can help fertilize the areas they destroy is almost enough to believe in a provincial world.

[@joemeyers4131]

Hawaii in that way can be the ideal original style of land with volcanic soils around very fertile for some plants like the idealistic old Eden . Like a fresh new pristine and still older some lands .

[@johnfyten3392]

I wonder if the toads at mount St Helen's went into hibernation after the eruption, or if they instinctively knew it was coming somehow, and went into hibernation beforehand

[@A_Moose]

It erupted at the end of March, 1980, so they were probably still in their winter hibernation.

[@johnfyten3392]

@lanehoenig8655 Great point! I somehow didn't think of that lol

[@matthewwelsh294]

@@A_Moose May actually

[@nathancocco5606]

This is a perfect blending of geology and biology! I love PBS eons so much and it is my favorite youtube channel. Thank you so much for all the amazing content!

[@zam6877]

I love discovering something completely new and different 😲 This is one of the great joys of this channel😀 Thanks😊

[@petercha01]

I like how you emphasize the strong resilience of life through adverse conditions. Life endures far more, and is far tougher, than many people give it credit for.

[@Googledeservestodie]

Life uh, finds a way

[@Rockwood1407]

Perhaps.... Life finds a way?

[@clivematthews95]

Mos def! It’s crazy 😭

[@patreekotime4578]

Life in general is resilient. But humans have directly impacted thousands upon thousands of species in ways that they will very likely not recover from. And if the environment we all share changes enough, then humans themselves may be at risk.

[@seekingthelovethatgodmeans7648]

@@patreekotime4578 Even with people doing what they do, at the worst in a long view we can expect some things to come out of niches and occupy the mainstream.

[@jamesabernethy7896]

I don't catch all of your videos on release but whether they are long or short they are always awesome. Fascinating, varied, and sometimes a little weird, but that keeps your channel fresh.

[@poulthomas469]

3:39 looking at that map what really stands out as out of place? You should do a show on the formation of CA's central valley.

[@zacharytolbart5215]

There is a really nice fossil site in Northern Nebraska called Ash Falls, went there for the first time in 20 years a couple of years ago and it's impressive how much is still being uncovered!

[@larissakenney6461]

One of their videos mention Ash Falls. It was really neat

[@guyh.4553]

I love it when you do these particular videos Callie! Being a native Southern Idahoan and Pacific Northwestern, I've always been fascinated on how our dry high plateaus could be so thick. More specifically like the Yellowstone calderas. Always learn something from you! You rock!

[@danb.709]

Quite possibly the best educational science host on KZbin. It's a close race, but the Kallie narrated episodes of eons are fascinating. It's hard to tell if it's in the voice, the writing, or both, but it's really impressive.

[@MeargleSchmeargle]

Funny, I did a presentation on this for my geology course last semester in college, and nobody else had heard of it prior to my presentation. I would have loved to see a mention of slab rollback and how it significantly lowered the pressure on the underlying mantle to cause decompression melting, though I guess that's just the GeologyHub fan in me showing.

[@seanthorntonmd3908]

Agreed. The tectonic sequence depicted (shallow Farallon plate subduction) may not be correct. Mantel tomography finds no evidence to support this (search Karin Sigloch).

[@mikeciulla3952]

You are my favorite voice and person on these!

[@paillette2010]

What a GREAT episode!!!! 👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏 I’ve been to Mt St Helens, the way live rebounds is amazing.

[@curtisv7114]

Love the ending. Such high quality content and love when you have fun with it, read off some jokes, or just do Dr. Evil impressions. Fantastic!!! 10/10!!!

[@josefanon8504]

This is so well told, it's incredible. Also what a wonderful calming voice :)

[@jbennett3578]

This was a great video for me. I'm camped at the eastern edge of these ignimbrite deposits. Most of the hills around me are (if I'm reading the geologic maps correctly) part of the Carpenter Ridge Tuff, but there are some exposures of the Fish Canyon Tuff here too. In fact, I have a chunk of the Fish Canyon Tuff sitting by my keyboard right now. Not the prettiest rock I've ever seen, but it's real interesting to hold part of a 28 million year old pyroclastic flow. I'm a sub-academic geology fan, so I've been trying to understand the landscape here, and this video filled in some of the gaps, like how the Farallon Plate's behavior led to this period of volcanism. Good job, PBS Eons!

[@clivematthews95]

I don’t know whether to be terrified or relieved just imagining all that ash 😥 This sounds so horrific, calling it a natural disaster is putting it lightly 😅

[@Zaxares]

I'm also wondering what would be the best course of action to survive in the event of a pyroclastic supervolcano. XD I guess the best method would be to try and hunker down in the most stable and secure room of your house (ideally near the roof) and then do as the burrowing animals do and dig your way out after the eruption is over and the ash has cooled.

[@clivematthews95]

@@Zaxares wow you just made me contemplate it for real, I’d definitely need you ‘cause I wouldn’t have thought that, you stand a better chance of surviving this hellish scenario 😄

[@Zaxares]

@Disabled-Megatron LOL, I definitely do not have the skills or knowledge to live off the land like that. My ideas is just for surviving the initial eruption and immediate aftermath, after which I'd try to evacuate to the nearest town or city that's still functioning. A supervolcano would be pretty devastating, but based on what Eons has said, it alone wouldn't be able to destroy the ENTIRE country. (Would definitely cause huge disruptions and possibly send the economy into freefall though, depending on the scale of the destruction and what regions the volcano and ashfall affected.)

[@Rafael-nz6pp]

Thank you for the content. Great work.

[@cacogenicist]

Melting occurs from subduction because the water that's contained in the subducting plate lowers the melting point of the rock -- it's not just because it's hot down there, otherwise you would have volcanoes everywhere. Also, this shallow subduction hypothesis is increasingly disputed. And if you go back prior to 100 million years, it is likely that the leading oceanic edge of the N. American plate was actually subducting westward under a thick archipelago or "ribbon continent" out in the Pacific -- the collision and northward translation of which caused the Sevier and Laramide orogenies. My nerdy pre-teen nephew would probably like this channel. It's about at his level, at least for the next year or two. I shall send him a link.

[@smcic]

Nick Zentner would agree with you

[@qfl247]

Yes! Came here to say this.

[@oscarmedina1303]

Fabulous episode. We've been studying this exact subject in my geology class.

[@dat2ra]

Such high quality and interesting presentations. You rock!

[@Pfhorrest]

The meeting place for the plates isn't always out in the ocean. I live on the Pacific coast of North America, but also on the Pacific plate itself, as do most Southern Californians, because the southern coast of California was an island formed from the mid-oceanic ridge between the growing Pacific plate and the ancient Farallon plate, most of which is now subducted beneath the Americas, except for fragments like the tiny Juan de Fuca, Explorer, Gorda, Cocos, and Nazca Plates along their western coasts.

[@jamesredmond7001]

Makes you wonder if there are any fossil deposits from that area's time as an island, given how weird insular ecosystems can get, I'd guess there'd be a *lot* of weird species to uncover if their deposits survived to the present day.

[@joemeyers4131]

The Mojave and the Morongo basin with surrounding regions said to be formed into more land by accretting or spell accretion is the word I'm meaning to say ..supposedly the lands and crust there stretched . Living by it one can see all those long old splintered and shattered rocks and eroded to forms and boulders too with growing lower mountains around .. pegmatites seen around wherever nearby in the general area . This is about in the vicinity of Joshua Tree NP .

[@joemeyers4131]

@@jamesredmond7001 possibly look up fossil breadfruit like in that way generally as tropics like Polynesia now !

[@comparatorclock]

Southern California once was an island? No wonder you guys down there act more like Hawai'i than the rest of the continent 🙃🙃🙃

[@joemeyers4131]

@@comparatorclock In the SoCal deserts we have a lot of sand ..but no water , although the squirrels are hula dancers .

[@johnnyokeeffe6577]

Such a great video. Thank you for all the great work you do

[@AvangionQ]

1:00 That image shows a series of supervolcanic eruptions in north-central Mexico which were substantially larger than the Yellowstone chain ... that I haven't even heard of.

[@proximacentaur1654]

Wow this episode felt especially jam packed with information. Love it.

[@ippbrescia]

Thank you for your incredible work, your videos are amazing, and very educating! Ciao from Italia

[@jenniferlevine5406]

Love these video! Facinating science and geology. I especially like how you explain things I feel like I understand. You're presenters are amazing too! Thanks for doing these videos!

[@muxpux]

It’s one of the things we like to point out at Mt St Helens. The time of year helped the animals. There was lots of snowpack and ice still, so many animals were underground, and protected by a deep layer of snow. It didn’t save them all, but definitely helped. Also, the animals that did survive helped the plant life recover. Pocket gophers helped bring good soil to the surface, and big game like elk left hoof prints that made areas for seeds being blown by the wind to collect in and take root. The ecosystem around the mountain is thriving, for as much as it’s associated with devastation.

[@johnwalters1341]

...In May??

[@muxpux]

@@johnwalters1341 yep. In May. Especially on the north facing slopes. Not only were they shielded from the blast because of the topography, but the north slopes take longer to melt out because they get less sun.

[@nathancocco5606]

This video is beautifully well made

[@Aerie925]

I love these videos. There’s tons of information, yet the videos are short and sweet. ❤ And this chick is my favorite host.

[@seanmccaul3034]

Wow, what a great episode! I live directly adjacent to the rim of the Rosita Hills volcanic complex, so this video was of particular interest. I’d love to see SciShow Rocks do an episode on the Rosita Hills volcanic complex, as apart from publications in the scientific literature, it is difficult to find information about it. Wonderful job as always, PBS Eons! You guys are awesome!

[@Cypresssina]

Yes!!! I've been waiting for this video!

[@kanealoha]

I really enjoyed this one. Thank you.

[@Nightscape_]

I love those daily updates on Geology Hub.

[@KayDeePea416]

When PBS Eons drops a video=🤩! I love learning from you all!💖

[@Hobbes303]

Hi Kallie, it’s great to see and hear you host another Eons show! I love the work you and everyone else on the channel do, so please keep making more videos!

[@Marble_Sharp840]

Thanks a lot Farallon Plate for getting all bent out of shape & going all slab rollback 40 to 25 million years ago on the South West US. Now there's a bunch of double digits miles wide potholes in the form of calderas from California to Colorado.

[@mattwhaley1865]

Thank you so much for this information, I had no clue and definitely am gonna have to check out this geological gems in the near future.

[@hardland]

So beautiful AND inspiring. Thanks.

[@stephanieyee9784]

This was really interesting and informative. Thank you.

[@3452te]

Man, it must've been a crazy sight to see with this ancient supervolcano. Amazing video nonetheless. 😊

[@serena-yu]

It's actually pretty simple if you are in the US. The volcano of this episode is La Garita in Colorado. It's near a town called Creede, which she also mentioned. Driving around the caldera takes about 1 hour. There are also bigger ones, Long Valley, CA and Wah Wah Springs, UT (the largest single explosive eruption known in Earth's history). Also the famous Yellow Stone that everyone knows. If you are not in the US, then there are more super volcanoes dotted on our planet. You have La Pacana in the Andes of Argentina, Lake Toba in Indonesia, Lake Taupo in New Zealand, and Karymshina and Pauzhetka in Kamchatka, Russia.

[@martijn9568]

​@Serena Yu For Europeans, the bay of Napels is also thought to be a supervulcano.

[@serena-yu]

@@martijn9568 Known as Campi Flegrei, it's a VEI 7, one grade lower than those major figures. If we lower the threshold to VEI 7, then we will make a long list, which I am too lazy to summarize

[@JamesEugene19]

Cool! Appreciate the note about indigenous land as well. Well done! 🎉

[@angelqiu2237]

PBS has the best channels!! Love EONS❤

[@ursaltydog]

Imagine though the fossils under the first 10meters at the bottom..

[@wglenbatemanjr9729]

I fully second the "great job" compliment by a previous comment, ~11hrs ago. Eons was my 1st vid from.... Complexly?, yes, as do all associates=> great work, great omniscient- bound. ...stuff for investigative minds, from you guys at Eons that led me to finding SciShow. All PBS Studios. Love it like sunshine and hard rock n roll! Thanks and best of wishes EACH - KEEP ON 🌞 KEEPIN' ON! 🤘😎🎸 🎷 ;}~

[@rickcharlespersonal]

I've been fascinated with the geology of the American West since visiting a couple of times within the last few years, such a beautiful landscape carved by tectonic activity and cataclysmic glacial floods. Good to learn the details of the Eocene eruptions. I visited a petrified forest near Woodland Park, Colorado that resulted from one of these ancient eruptions.

[@JRPetruk]

Very impressed by this video. Thanks.

[@maddeusdoggeus1]

Great Video. Thank you.

[@JonnoPlays]

I love PBS! I could watch all day

[@Circe-nx5zs]

Interestingly, the subduction of the Farallon plate also led to the formation of the Yellowstone Hotspot. According to Zhou et al. 2018, the Yellowstone hotspot formed because remnants of the Farallon plate got stuck under the North American Plate.

[@kateapple1]

You guys are really awesome. And I love the lady narrating! Great job, as always guys 👏 ❤❤❤❤❤

[@roadkillanonymous4807]

…gently puke lava….good Lord that’s a sentence! 😂 Thanks for another excellent video 😊

[@helmann9265]

So much enthusiasm in your voice, wow, makes me want to see some supervolcano right now 😛 🌋 Awesome one. Thanks

[@olinwilliams]

Y'all have the most pleasant presenters!

[@CG-xb1kh]

Great ep, and really nice bgm!

[@SirNobleIZH]

"No matter how much ash Earth throws our way" Permian: am I a joke to you?

[@jc35334]

Thanks!

[@Sl1f3rDrag0n]

"Life finds a way" is such a relevant quote that it's hard not to overuse it

[@WAMTAT]

Amazing video

[@sauraplay2095]

Great video eons!

[@roryfriththetraveller4982]

wild! i wanted to go into geology and study volcanoes as a kid and im still really interested now, but ive never heard of Fish Canyon!

[@l.a.gothro3999]

I'm having flashbacks to my community-college Geology 101 course! Yow!

[@elseby]

I love how you all focused on the perspective of the animals and that you acknowledged Native Americans and their story. Thank you for the amazing content. I guess this is why some of the best farming is east of the Rockies and around them.

[@bigbuffalophill]

I love eons. Whenever im tryng to sleep early i start watching eons and then i fall asleep like 5 minutes later. (I dont know why, by hearing people explain stuff at 11 pm puts me to sleep).

[@gailaltschwager7377]

Thank you!

[@y__h]

The Mid-Tertiary Ignimbrite Flare-up, also known as "That time the earth forgot its skincare routine"

[@sssssnake222]

Very fun and entertaining thank you for your hard work

[@jdr9419]

Great video! 👍🏿👍🏿👍🏿

[@nerdisaur]

Love this topic!

[@joshhigh8488]

I am QUICKLY becoming a fan of Eons! This would have been awesome when I was a kid, but I am very happy it is here now.

[@alanmarston8612]

YES. It has been so hard to find information on geology in this area. I worked in the field of Oil exportation. The starting point for me was Nick Zenter. He works😄 at CWU in Washinton.

[@Aquatarkus96]

Go watch some of his recent lectures if you haven't already :) The model we use to explain the formation of the Rockies may soon be updated. The new thinking is that the Farillon Plate is not responsible, but rather a collision between some kind of island arc and the prehistoric N. American plate. Some of the remnants of this arc are hypothesized to sit roughly under New York state.

[@waxwinged_hound]

Imagine being a toad going into hibernation in a burrow and then when you wake up the landscape is unrecognizable. The trees are dead, their branches blasted off them, many completely torn from the ground. And everything is covered in a dull grey, powdery ash.

[@jimcurtis569]

Great job Kallie and friends.