What Happened To The Other Mesozoic Mammals?

[@drewr.schulz728]

What I would love to know is how many Mesozoic mammals/mamalliaforms had quills! They wouldn’t fossilize except in very specific conditions, but it would make a lot of sense for them to develop spines. We have FOUR seperate lineages of mammals today with quills (echidnas, tenrecs, hedgehogs, and porcupines) which makes me think there were likely several groups back then doing the same thing.

[@carlosalbuquerque22]

Spinolestes

[@carlosalbuquerque22]

And probably also Zalambdalestes

[@TravellingTortuga]

Plus, we know Psittacosaurus had spines, so it hasn't just happened in mammals.

[@chequereturned]

@@drewr.schulz728 The porcupines are two lineages!

[@targaryen7029]

I'm also very fascinated by the evolution of bats and flying on mammals. We know bats already flew by 55 Mya as per fossil evidences, but I wonder WHEN flying really evolved in mammals. It's fascinating that in the Jurassic we had a lot of Mammaliaforms already trying new niches.

[@shaddonon]

6:40 Brian Engh's art is mindblowing; I can practically smell the wet plants, feel the sun, hear the gremlin yammerings

[@memofromessex]

I was about to say the same!

[@donhillsmanii5906]

And it’s REAL, not this AI prompted trash that everyone keeps using

[@calumreid8939]

Just wanted to say that I found the graphics and description of the clades of mammals in this video very helpful for my understanding!! Thanks!

[@woodsplitter3274]

Agreed. If we're watching, you can leave graphs on for awhile.

[@p.bckman2997]

Technically the description is not correct. Defining Mammaliaformes as cown mammals and any animal more related to them than to other existing animals means mammaliformes include things like Dimetrodon and Gorgonops. What the video calls mammaliformes are the anatomically defined mammals minus the crown group.

[@sirmixcomps]

I hated it same rotating pictures was terrible man

[@ThePipemiker]

As a long time allergy sufferer, I often wonder if it wasn't the Chicxulub impactor that killed the dinosaurs: It was all that newly evolved angiosperm pollen that really sealed the deal.

[@blackenedmagic888]

Could you imagine how loud a sneeze from, say, an Ultrasaurus would be?

[@robertjackson1813]

Last time I checked, seasonal allergies aren't fatal.

[@ThePipemiker]

@@robertjackson1813 Okay, if you want to get hyperliteral about it, it was asthma then.

[@Dth091]

@@robertjackson1813 Perhaps not to anything living *today*, sure! :P

[@brianroberts783]

Given that angiosperms fist appear in the fossil record 125 million years ago, I don't think that pollen reactions were to blame for the extinction of the dinosaurs. They had plenty of time to get used to it. And even aside from angiosperms, gymnosperms also produce plenty of pollen, and they pre-date the dinosaurs.

[@memofromessex]

I really enjoyed this episode of 'all them animals', especially the illustrations. I'm still amazed/confused how some species survived the Cretaceous, and others did not!

[@TiggerIsMyCat]

They had a few episodes taking about that. Basically, were you a small generalist (who needed fewer resources and could utilize many different kinds of resources, so could survive on a little bit of this, a little bit of that), or small and semi-aquatic (less resources needed, but also your habitat was less disrupted), or small and ate seeds (fewer resources needed, but also seeds were the most abundant of the remaining food sources). Small burrowers were also more likely to survive since burrows are more climatically stable.

[@marcob1729]

Small, burrowed, ate seeds and/or insects. Basically, that's the recipe right there

[@jesscmcmxc]

integument like fur or feathers also probably helped retain energy

[@jonathan0225]

with my time here in the internet, tierzoo, casual geographic and PBS show, essentially the dev(s) brought down the nerf hammer and killed the prevailing meta and did some gameplay balances giving rise to new niches.

[@Xnaut314]

I've been asking for a Mesozoic mammal episode for years, and it's finally here! Castoracauda in all it's glory is such a twist in the stereotype of "dinosaur supremacy" during the period and proves that our ancient ancestors were not helpless dino fodder all the time. No mention of Repanomamus though, which makes me wonder if they're saving the toughest of mammaliforms for its own episode. Hope so!

[@p.bckman2997]

It's still a fairly generalized critter, much like a moden yapok or water opossum. Being aquatic, like a beaver, likely allowed it to grow a bit larger than its terrestrial relatives.

[@BobaBushido]

Dead end species are my absolute favorite. Thank you for this.

[@toddberkely6791]

do you find them relatable?

[@BobaBushido]

@toddberkely6791 im not talking to some weeb with an anime pic

[@toddberkely6791]

@@BobaBushido ,:)

[@TheQuenchiestCake]

👀

[@HuckleberryHim]

What on earth is a "dead end species"? That isn't how evolution works...

[@theobozikis8225]

Thank you for touching on the Multituberculates in this video. They were the longest lineage of mammals ever! I would like to see a video starring these long-lived, little known, incredible mammals one day.

[@Pottery4Life]

An excellent, information dense episode. Thank you.

[@Fantasygod930]

So our ancient Cousins had their own beavers flying squirrels and moles My brain has grown exponentially!🤯

[@shiftinganimela]

Convergent evolution at its finest!

[@jacobgame2757]

​@@shiftinganimelaWhat is interesting is as far as I know, humanoids are pretty much one of the only forms that don't seem to keep convergently evolving

[@DarDarBinks1986]

Convergent evolution will do that.

[@Whatever94-i4u]

@@jacobgame2757 Yes, because we don't have a specific niche that would favor our form, and we were also the products of a "perfect storm".

[@Brandon-kt1qh]

Makes you wonder if there were mammals with dolphins or chimp like intelligence-maybe even greater intelligence.

[@memyself3510]

0:40 how is nobody talking about how cute that thing is?!

[@marquesbowden0130]

6:41 that make sense, and it's also somewhat ironic that the biggest obstacle to mammalian evolution wasn't necessarily dinosaurs, but other Mammalian forms. Kinda wonder if they note live young or laid eggs

[@thekaxmax]

Live young is one of the main things that define mammals

[@martijn9568]

@@thekaxmaxExcept monotremes😉. Milk glands or sweating milk would be better characteristic.

[@FloozieOne]

This is one of the best videos you have made. The tracing of the animals, climate and flora woven together in a beautiful tapestry is both intriguing and miraculous. One wonders what would have happened if one of the earlier forms would have adapted to the changes and come out on top. Gotta say though, I like the world as it is.

[@Captainrizzlicious]

The day I don't hear John Davidson Ng's name is a day I will cry.

[@elonstruths1475]

I miss Steve.

[@zachg.4251]

​@@elonstruths1475 and Steve! gone but never forgotten.

[@lineandersen3329]

​@@elonstruths1475Steve will forever be a legend

[@crisptomato9495]

@@elonstruths1475 yeah RIP Steve

[@marloelefant7500]

I like how calm and professional he presents this stuff.

[@lorithavon]

Three words: Tiny Ancient Platypus.

[@swedneck]

a platypus? /Gasp!/ Tiny the Ancient Platypus!

[@sirmixcomps]

three words: rotating crappy pictures

[@MorganBrown]

Two words: Shark Mouse

[@alfredwaldo6079]

one word, thundercougarfalconbird

[@edwardfrennmariano2951]

@@swedneckDoofenshmirtz Evil Incorporateeeeed!

[@CMVBrielman]

I’ve wondered if there happened to be any large mammals from the Mesozoic that we don’t have records of. Like how, even though mammals are dominant now, we still have large birds and reptiles.

[@GalvyTheTom]

Maybe large mammals evolved on islands, separate from large dinosaurs and thus able to evolve into the larger-bodied niches? Perhaps these islands just sunk into the sea and disappeared, leaving no trace of their existence. Food for thought.

[@CoralReaper707]

Interesting thought experiment, ​@@GalvyTheTom

[@carlosalbuquerque22]

Patagomaia and Repenomamus are such examples

[@CoralReaper707]

@carlosalbuquerque22 repanomamus is probably one of the more popular examples of a larger mesozoic mammal. It even was known to gobble up baby dinosaurs!

[@marcob1729]

Well, you have to define "large" and also consider the statistics here. Excluding crocodiles, a large reptile today might be the Komodo Dragon, but think of it this way: how likely is it that one species of lizard out of ~4,600 gets fossilized and we find it? (hypothetical scenario) We've only found about 700 species of dinosaur! They were on earth for 165 million years! The largest mammal in the Cretaceous that we've found was about 40 inches long and weighed maybe 30 lbs. It was carnivorous. Were there larger mammals? Almost certainly, and they don't have to have been on a sinking island for us to have missed them. The chances of getting fossilized and being found are miniscule.

[@kathleenwoods8416]

Honestly, its not surprising that the selection pressure dinosaurs represent would in part lead to this kinda specification.

[@operandwriter]

13:16 Anyone else got a double take at Nico Robin

[@Timatamelion]

Nico striked again! They were in a previous recent video

[@MossyMozart]

I still miss Steve!.

[@justcallmeSheriff]

Of course the archaeologist pirate is a fan of PBS Eons!

[@sumalikasbi4805]

A one piece waifu here is crazy

[@vertsang5424]

always found this kind of stuff fascinating, thank you

[@LimeyLassen]

This kinda "new regime, same as the old regime" thing reminds me a lot of fish evolution. Like several times, the dominant clade of fish will decline and some minor group will diversify and replace them, and pretty much replicate all the same niches. Maybe someday monotremes will take over and we'll have monotreme bats, monotreme whales, monotreme people...

[@zacharymoss2994]

Doubt it, egg laying is not as efficient for mammals as live birth and they would need better teeth and better energy but anything is possible

[@HuckleberryHim]

@@zacharymoss2994 They can just evolve viviparity exactly like the therians did. They lay very rudimentary eggs as it is. Given ample time and lack of competition, if all therians disappeared, monotremes would absolutely diversify like mad.

[@Andre-c6z]

@@HuckleberryHim i’m more confident in birds or even reptiles becoming the dominant species before monotremes.

[@HuckleberryHim]

@@Andre-c6z That's why I said with ample lack of competition, although consider that Australia was still easily "conquered" by mammals though reptiles and birds had gotten there first. Who knows.

[@simtexa]

It's not really that surprising once you consider that the core traits required to evolve a lot of very specific traits and occupy new niches already exist in all the lineages, but get more exaggerated or specialised in some.

[@OrdinaryCritic]

As a therian, I approve this video.

[@CommonThresher]

What is that to do with anything

[@hamstsorkxxor]

​@@CommonThresher I mean, you're also a therian

[@OrdinaryCritic]

@@CommonThresher bark bark bow wow what was I made for

[@HuckleberryHim]

You're just biased, I am a platypus and he barely mentioned us, as usual...

[@CoralReaper707]

I kinda wish we still had at least some Multituberculates alive today. Heck, I wouldn't even mind some non-mammalian cynodonts still being around.

[@Im-Not-a-Dog]

I want a Thrinaxodon.

[@whenthingsfly4283]

Yeah it's pretty sad how limited the class of surviving mammaliaforms are. We have 3, and one of them is almost as scant of surviving species as the surviving sphenodons.

[@CoralReaper707]

@whenthingsfly4283 yeah, we're so lucky to even have tuataras alive at all. I kinda wish we had some non mammalian cynodonts running around on a remote island in the modern day, evolving into strange and unique forms...

[@MossyMozart]

While I was in Wellfleet, Massachusetts, on the Cape, I once found the tooth of a Capecododon. You can tell by the all the lobster shell and corn cob scratches in the fossilized enamel!

[@Z4RD4N34]

😅 ​@@MossyMozart

[@Zimisce85]

03:55 🎶 He's a semiaquatic, specialist mammaliaform of action 🎶

[@GGregoryDarnley]

For some reason I heard that in the Doofemschmirtz theme jingle

[@logr12dragonknight55]

Love the new video from my favorite prehistoric KZbin site, though after re-watching some of the videos on this channel a question appeared to my mind and that question is in the future. Are they going to do a video the family of dinosaurs that the famous spinosaurus in the future?

[@pikciwok6360]

I had a long break in viewing PBS Eons and I am pleasantly surprised by a new host. His voice is very pleasant :)

[@Didomate]

I once heard someone say mammals evolved from dinosaurs 💀

[@CoralReaper707]

Lol

[@endc3043]

You never know.. we weren't around.. maybe their a missing link...?

[@leeleaman8057]

My sister (27) asked me if mammoths were dinosaurs 🤦🤣

[@Morrison-saber-tooth]

I think, I once seen this theory on one of paleontology iceberg charts

[@darkmusica1346]

Mammals and dinosaur split long before both exist.

[@mathmeetsmusic]

Wake up babe! New Eons host just dropped!

[@misterhat5823]

He has pubic hair on his chin.

[@semaj_5022]

​@@misterhat5823 Have some respect, please.

[@ghostratsarah]

Love seeing Nico Robin supporting PBS Eons

[@michaelblacktree]

Gabriel is doing great! 👍

[@spacedimensia]

13:43 As a Montanan, I get it.

[@BETTYLIBRIZZI]

I thought this was an excellent presentation; well paced and very informative.

[@ZeMarkKrazee]

Somewhat unrelated, what happened to the Konstantin Haase studio? I just realized the studio has changed haha.

[@jeremyl862]

OMG Thank you for looking into multituberculates!

[@Nawaf-]

1:44 omg. That background noise!! It scared me! 😭 I thought one of my cats was screaming a death scream! I ran out my room checking on them. When I returned and played the video I heard it again and realized it’s this video 😂

[@xwiick]

Thanks for all the hard work on these videos!

[@ccoodd26]

PBS PBS PBS PBS! Keep the entertaining videos coming! 👍

[@butkusfan23]

"Rodents of unusual size? I don't think they exist"

[@tarantulacollective]

Fascinating video!

[@narutouzumaki2157]

Did mammalioforms laid eggs like other reptiles or foetus like marsupials?

[@rafaelmarangoni]

Yes. All amniotes laid eggs, including synapsids. The evolutionary novelty among therians is that they "lay eggs" inside their own bodies. But laying eggs is not a trait that's new in "reptiles" (sauropsids). The ancestors of sauropsids already laid eggs, like tetrapods, sarcopterygii, osteichtyes, vertebrates, chordates, etc. It's possible that even the early bilaterians laid eggs, since both vertebrates and invertebrates share that homology.

[@narutouzumaki2157]

@rafaelmarangoni did they form nests like platypus? Or lay eggs in burrows?

[@carlosalbuquerque22]

@@narutouzumaki2157 Likely the former.

[@rafaelmarangoni]

@@narutouzumaki2157 Mammaliformes are not exaclty a species. It's a group, with a big variety of species within. So it's hard to answer that question, since it's much likely that you had both in that group.

[@LuisAldamiz]

Obviously Therians do not lay eggs.

[@katarinarosell4422]

Every time I hear "niche" said to rhyme with "itch" I take 1D4 psychic damage

[@dersitzpinkler2027]

Welcome, Gabriel! Great presentation skills on this one!

[@kevinmorgan2968]

2:09 exactly how I chase hotdogs

[@tobineptune5804]

Genuinely made me cackle, I scrolled to your comment at the exact same time it popped up on screen 😂

[@z-wo4ue]

Yay a mammal episode!

[@KarlBunker]

We owe our existence (at least in part) to flowers. Cool. 🌷

[@Ithinkthereforeiam-ph9nb]

I am a therian atheist, lol. Very cool video❤ Thank you for posting

[@gg5881gabby]

I love the Enos segment of PBS!

[@kanealoha]

Great video - and loved the art.

[@RDKirbyN]

Lmao, the pseudonym Nico Robin for one of the Eontologists is apt

[@gustamanpratama3239]

Mantap! Thank you PBS EONS for always making great science videos!❤❤ It's such a big help, especially for people in third world countries with difficult access to science content. Such a very well presented topic on a 15 minute video. Could you please extend this kind of discussion in the video all the way back to the Synapsids (what were their sister clades, and why they disappeared and only the clade we belong to that eventually thrived).

[@avrilbas1257]

I've been waiting for the calendar! Yay:)

[@demetrinight5924]

This is a really cool discovery. It looks like a beaver tailed otter. I wonder what other specialized mammaliaforms there were.

[@Thelonious2Monk]

Nice and informative as usual. I like the new (for me) presenter.

[@TiggerIsMyCat]

Ok. So. Rise of angiosperms made more insects, which helped insectivores, and it also caused climate change which knocked out the specialists as it often does, leaving our generalist/insectivorous ancestors to thrive. I think I understand.

[@nariu7times328]

YAY Complexly calendar! Love the pin Gabriel!

[@legendtrainerdj0427]

Love the outtake at the end there! You definitely were getting into that there Montana spirit 😁

[@apepchoko]

Another great video, thks 😊👍

[@LiamFranklinFarang]

Love this

[@Ratty524]

I want more representation of Mesozoic mammals in media, or just more prehistoric mammals in general cause it was such a distinct world even from now but the Dino’s hog the spotlight.

[@takenname8053]

I thank Dinosaur Train for showing me the small mammal diversity in the Mesozoic...

[@krunoslavniderle3817]

Mesosoic mammals are often overlooked, but they have been allocated in more groups then today s mammals. I hope there will be uncovered more fossils from mezosoic mammals which were much more diversyfied then previously thought. Who knows we may found some never seen form of mammal.

[@BenNelson-zl6lj]

I found some speculative evolution art that features Mesozoic mammals-like multituberculates-becoming bigger mammals, carrying niches that are already owned by animals that we're familiar with today.

[@PaulThronson]

Who is in charge of finding fossils? I want to help and I'm pretty sure everyone watching this video does too. Even if the chance that we get to name a species is almost zero (non-zero).

[@AndrewTBP]

Talk to your local university palaeontology department.

[@festerallday]

I'm really digging the new host.

[@TheDinosaurus99]

Wow love this!!!! U learn something new everyday!!!!! Dont forgot evolutionary histories of pinnipeds and tyrannosaurids

[@MichaelBurtonGahurton]

Great video. As always.

[@elainexe]

This sets off a question in my mind. It's very interesting to hear about the diverse mammaliaforms that there were, and only certain types survived the aftermath of the giant meteor. This makes me wonder how it affected birds. I've heard some about early bird evolution, but what early bird diversity was lost to that same extinction event, and which ones survived? Did the surviving birds have some similar traits as the early mammals, or did they fill different niches? (perhaps more versatile in opportunity due to flight?) How did they adapt to other changing conditions like angiosperms?

[@AndrewTBP]

They already have videos about that.

[@victoriaeads6126]

Excellent choice of pin, that one is the pin that convinced me to join the BB pin club 😃

[@davesatxify]

very interesting. also sad that youtube waited 10 days to show this to me despite how widespread my viewing of all the complexly channels is... :(

[@TimesRyan]

Yay! Gabriel! Why are all the guys and gals on this channel so charming?

[@blueprairiedog]

Smart people ROCK!

[@theOwnuts]

Watching this with my hefty housecat on the lap 😸

[@r.green.339]

I bet he found it interesting

[@theOwnuts]

@@r.green.339 no not really, he ignores my screen and focuses on the cuddling.

[@asierra86]

All this tells me is that if these mammaliaformes would still be around today they would just be mammal 🤷‍♂️ dunno why make the distinction. It's like calling sauriscians true dinosaurs while calling ornithischians "dinosaurformes"

[@dracorexion]

Not necessarily. Take the Tuatara, a species of reptile in New Zealand. Despite looking like a lizard and even having some behavior like other lizards, it is, in fact, not a lizard. People make an effort to ensure the Tuatara is not confused as "just a lizard" despite its appearance. Now if the groups of mammaliaformes that are not included in "true mammals" were alive today, their classification may very well be as true mammals themselves, but they might be considered distinct enough that we'd call them something like pseudomammals or make some other type of classification for them similar to the Tuatara.

[@ExtremeMadnessX]

I think the same about extinct crocodylomorphs. If they are still alive, would they be considered as just another group of crocodiles?

[@ExtremeMadnessX]

​@@dracorexionThose mammaliaformes looked more like regular mammals than platypus and echidna. So there is a question: Would platypus and echidna be considered true mammals if they were extinct group?

[@AlexanderRM1000]

They're thought to not have given birth quite the same as placental mammals, and probably had some other differences that are apparently harder to evolve between than the more visible ones like being a flying squirrel

[@lobachevscki]

​@@ExtremeMadnessXAnd dolphins look more like fish than other mammals but they are not fish, what's your point? If equidnas and platypuses were extinct taxa we wouldn't know for sure if they were modern mammals, it would be this very own situation. We classify these animals as mamaliforms because that is as much as the evidence tells us they are

[@huetzizi]

so when do we consider a mammal a mammal what's so different between monotremes and the others, when do the first crown mammals appear then

[@ekosubandie2094]

Surprisingly enough it's the presence of milk and mammary gland that traditionally define crown mammals to which is kinda difficult to determine with only fossils at hands since those features obviously does not fossilize

[@lividXmimic]

Love the Killerwhale pin!

[@l.a.gothro3999]

I get sooo excited when I see you have a new video uploaded! I was raised to know about evolution, not religion; I think that has something to do with it. I'm saving the longer "Could You Survive the..." videos for later to binge. Thanks so much!

[@settrasurfs1780]

Landorus-Therian implies that Landorus-Incarnate is a monotreme

[@shivin6997]

I love the music in this episode! Where is it from?

[@landonbenson9220]

Always look forward to these videos, very cool!!

[@C-Mah]

I seem to remember a video from this channel where a virus moved us to placental.

[@tylermacdonald8924]

So in summary, an extinction that made more niches followed by angiosperms modifying the environment?

[@dwilly8381]

One of my fav bloopers😂❤

[@ilkoderez601]

Love the new guy. The new girl (I like her) but it was a more difficult transition (regarding smooth narration).

[@JMDinOKC]

It's the same old story in evolutionary biology: you think you know how species evolved, and then you discover forms that are older - sometimes much, much older.

[@jacobmason8275]

Nico Robin would be a fan

[@GaryJohnWalker1]

Fascinating. The century old idea of shrew like generalists just surviving up to the end of the Cretaceous iasn't yet shown to be wrong, just that the whole mammal-like story was far more complex than told and not just dinos keeping future placentals/therians down. And has this cluster of channels including Eons had its own switch to a less hospitable environment causing the rationalisation of resources including people (and calendars)?

[@luthfiramadhan99]

wow miss Nico Robin the archeologist? not paleontologist

[@ceymiss1]

I did a double take as well

[@content-7881]

I wonder what the dominant mammal group will be in 50 million years!

[@MossyMozart]

Dead?

[@MarkVrem]

going by this video, odds might be highest on something small eating bugs

[@eybaza6018]

Platypuses WILL take over

[@b.a.erlebacher1139]

Rodents have the most species, are extremely diverse, and have many very adaptable species. I suspect that a new immense extinction, perhaps like the one humans are the main agent of currently, could result in the most successful survivors as mice and rats.

[@Manananggal-oe8gs]

I also wonder if human still exists 50million years from now.

[@BytebroUK]

Like your presentation. Over the years/months we've had 'shouty Hank', and we've had 'quiet Hank', and several other people some of whom can do either, but I think you've pretty much nailed the mid-ground as far as I'm concerned. I enjoyed the vid, and did not need to turn anything down :)

[@AqeefHusaini]

make the history of Stingray video next please❤

[@Elemarth]

I really wanted a bizarre beasts calendar since I missed out last year. I'm disappointed :(

[@morewi]

Didnt they find fur in copperlite fossils from the permian period

[@eybaza6018]

It's not 100% confirmed but likely. And we have no way of knowing what exact animal did they belong to

[@carlosalbuquerque22]

@@eybaza6018 They likely belong to dicynodonts since the hir comes from a carnivore's faeces

[@daleharsh6424]

Is the map guy from Chicago? Is that why Chicago is highlighted on Pangea? 4:45....

[@AndrewTBP]

It’s a running gag. It’s highlighted in lots of Complexly videos.

[@martijn9568]

It’s made by Christopher Scotese from the PALEOMAP project, who was an undergraduate student at the University of Illinois in Chicago. You can easily find his stuff here on KZbin and over at his own website.

[@kylekrizizke6115]

This map is actually on a touch screen at the Chicago Natural History museum. You can go through 500 million years of plate tectonics. It's really cool. Most likely the museum and artist put it up online for anyone to see and use, or with a fee to the museum/artist.

[@C-Farsene_5]

Somewhat unrelated question, but do we know if multituberculates layed eggs?

[@carlosalbuquerque22]

No they gave birth like placentals

[@zacharymoss2994]

I wouldn't be surprised if they did, considering they're older than the 3 modern mammal groups

[@carlosalbuquerque22]

@@zacharymoss2994 A recent study shows that they gave birth like placentals

[@C-Farsene_5]

@@carlosalbuquerque22 interesting, meaning to say live birth is convergently evolved among mammals?

[@ekosubandie2094]

@@C-Farsene_5 Multituberculates were actually more closely related to Therian mammals than Monotremes, so live birth may have been common trait shared by our common ancestors with them

[@judithdomangue9995]

So interesting!

[@markcaputo8300]

❤❤❤❤ 😊😊 Thanks!

[@johnabbe]

All your videos are great to learn from, and inspiring, and this one stands out as a particularly top-notch one. Calendar looks lovely, as well! Thanks for all your work, all you animals. :-D

[@Dosadniste2000]

Next: what happened to mammaliaformes in Cenozoic.

[@KlavierMenn]

Wasn't there an entire genus of multituberculates that survived all the way to just a few million years ago?

[@Lovejoy-j6z]

Yoooooo its shadow was vivid 😮

[@fen740]

Lets hear it for the therians surviving today!