Every Church Father explained in 10 minutes

[@redeemedzoomer6053]

This is NOT a substitute for reading the fathers, just an oversimplified summary. Also, if you have the return dislike extension and it shows my videos having tons of dislikes, it's not accurate. My videos nearly all have over 95% likes, and are NOT getting "dislike-bombed"

[@Namato360]

THERE'S A RETURN DISLIKES EXTENSION?

[@jonathankerkstra9152]

@@Namato360 Yes. It's very easy to get it.

[@Hylian_Herald]

​@@Namato360 Only problem is, as he confirmed via screenshots a few times, it doesn't work right.

[@ChromiusLain]

@@Namato360 y

[@GabrielPereira-hm1cz]

"Let us clothe ourselves with concord and humility, ever exercising self-control, standing far off from all whispering and evil-speaking, being justified by our works, and not our words." Clement Chapter 30 No he sounds Catholic. Protestants please read the whole letter, not just Gavin Ourtland's quote mines

[@hmbackup6577]

The fact that “Santa punched someone in the face” actually historically happened is pretty funny

[@KennyBare]

Eh, it might not've tbh

[@Erich_vonStroheim]

​@KennyBare "Bro, that's heresy"

[@TradForChrist]

Well say he did

[@processofelimination3099]

He actually did and was detained for a short time because of it

[@KennyBare]

@@processofelimination3099 is it in the transcripts of the council?

[@NESHYBeast]

All my homies affirm the triune God of scripture 🙏

[@melodygn]

Yes, but remember, this is not a matter of salvation. Let us remember not to "divide" the body of Christ just if some other bros and sis interpret the nature of God differently. I'm sure God won't say to any human being: "Welcome to heav..Oh wait! I see you didn't quite understand My eternal and all mighty nature and spiritual essence that transcends all things! Sorry son..."

[@Veritas231]

​@melodygn So who decides what is and what isnt damnable heresy? Do you have to believe that Christ is God to be saved?

[@Person29-fz4ql]

Are you sure about that? Tertullian believed that there was a time when the Father was alone and that he created the Son, and only then did the Father become a Father. _Because God is in like manner a Father, and He is also a Judge; _*_but He has not always been Father_*_ and Judge, merely on the ground of His having always been God. For _*_He could not have been the Father previous to the Son_*_ , nor a Judge previous to sin. (There was, however, a time when neither sin existed with Him, _*_nor the Son_*_ ); the former of which was to constitute the Lord a Judge, _*_and the latter a Father_*_ . In this way He was not Lord previous to those things of which He was to be the Lord. But He was only to become Lord at some future time: _*_just as He became the Father by the Son_*_ , and a Judge by sin, so also did He become Lord by means of those things which He had made, in order that they might serve Him. - (Against Hermogenes, Chapter 3)_ _Let Hermogenes then confess that _*_the very Wisdom of God is declared to be born and created_*_ , for the special reason that we should not suppose that there is any other being than _*_God alone who is unbegotten and uncreated_*_ . For if that, which from its being inherent in the Lord was of Him and in Him, was yet _*_not without a beginning_*_ - I mean His wisdom, which was then _*_born and created_*_ , when in the thought of God It began to assume motion for the arrangement of His creative works...But if this same _*_Wisdom is the Word of God_*_ , in the capacity of Wisdom, and (as being He) without whom nothing was made, just as also (nothing) was set in order without Wisdom, how can it be that anything, except the Father, should be older, and on this account indeed nobler, than the Son of God, the _*_only-begotten_*_ and _*_first-begotten_*_ Word? Not to say that _*_what is unbegotten is stronger than that which is born, and what is not made more powerful than that which is made. Because that which did not require a Maker to give it existence, will be much more elevated in rank than that which had an author to bring it into being_*_ - (Against Hermogenes, Chapter 18)_

[@Person29-fz4ql]

Clement of Alexandria believed that Jesus was God's first creation. _They were misled by what is said in the book of Wisdom: "He pervades and passes through all by reason of His purity;" Wisdom __7:24__ since they did not understand that this was said of _*_Wisdom, which was the first of the creation of God._*_ (The Stromata, V, 14)_ _For _*_He was the Wisdom_*_ "in which" the Sovereign God "delighted." (The Stromata, VII, 2)_ _But the nature of the Son, which is _*_nearest to Him who is alone the Almighty One,_*_ is the most perfect, and most holy, and most potent, and most princely, and most kingly, and most beneficent. (The Stromata, VII, 2)_ _And when Paul says, “Put on the new man created according to God” it is as if he said, _*_Believe on him who was “created” by God, “according to God,” that is, the Logos in God_*_ . And “created according to God” can refer to the end of advance which man will reach, as does...he rejected the end for which he was created. And in other passages he speaks still more plainly and distinctly: “Who is an image of the invisible God”; then he goes on, “First-Born of all creation.” For he calls the Logos of the essential Logos “an image of the invisible God,” but “First-Born of all creation.” Having been begotten without passion he became the creator and progenitor of all creation and substance, for by him the Father made all things. (Excerpta ex Theodoto, 19)_ _For we thus understand “I begot thee before the morning star” with reference to the _*_first-created Logos of God_*_ and similarly “thy name is before sun” and moon and before all creation. - (Excerpta ex Theodoto, 20)_

[@melodygn]

@@Veritas231 we, as humans, the church, can say something is "damnable heresy", but let me tell you something, I'm sure that lots of "heretics" will be resurrected to everlasting life. Why? Simply because God is not looking for perfect dogma or doctrine, God is looking for followers that learn how to love others (enemies included of course) as Jesus taught; people that learned how to see other people through the eyes of Jesus, that my friend, is better than any creed, better than any doctrine or dogma. And, let me tell you something , some brothers and sisters accept Jesus in their hearts as their Savior, and that leads to a transformation in their lives. I'm also sure that when the moment comes (and I hope it comes soon) He will not tell them: "Welcome son! I see you accepted Me as your substitute atonement, also you accepted my sacrifice in the cro...Oh...wait.... I also see here that you weren't able to understand the mystery that states I was the everlasting God incarnated... Sorry son... Good luck burning in Hell you Heretic!" No... No... Sadly, that's the God of many believers... A God that condemns them, a God that punishes them, a God that rejects them for "not believing" in the "right things". That's certainly NOT my God (#NotMyGod) But who knows! I might be wrong. I'm not dogmatic about it. 😁 God bless you!

[@cameronbailey9704]

Thanks for all the great videos Zoomer! I personally love St. John Chrysostom: “Christ conquered the devil with the same weapons the devil used against us: a virgin, a tree, and death. These tokens of our demise have now become the tokens of our victory. Instead of Eve, there is Mary; instead of the tree of knowledge, there is the Cross; and instead of Adam’s death, there is the death of Christ."

[@ericdanielski4802]

​@KTheAlphabetArtistIt's a very clever conclusion.

[@3339ty]

I love that, thanks for sharing.

[@georgeluke6382]

This is glorious. Thanks!

[@JB-em9po]

How about he conquered with a man - namely, Jesus? I mean ya a virgin was involved but let’s get it straight. Adam’s sin caused the fall and Christs perfection is the new life and restoration to come.

[@3339ty]

@@JB-em9po that would be sort of redundant to the 3rd point between Adam and Jesus no?

[@tonyl3762]

Here are the Catholic things you left out: All the Catholic things the earliest fathers agreed on: regenerative baptism, Church hierarchy/authority, Eucharistic sacrifice & transubstantiation, Mary as New Eve, etc. Why is there not a line from Peter to Clement of Rome? Ignatius also had glowing words for the Church at Rome compared to other churches he wrote to. Clement of Rome also said we are justified by our works and not by our words. He also claimed to speak with the voice of God/Christ Himself and commanded obedience from the Corinthian Christians, restoring the leaders to their offices. Irenaeus opposed the Gnostics not with Scripture alone but also with APOSTOLIC TRADITION & APOSTOLIC SUCCESSION especially as found in the Church at Rome. How about an actual citation for Clement of Alexandria's alleged view of an invisible Church? Just doing a word search of "church" in Clement's writings is showing a more visible understanding of the Church as Bride of Christ the King, Mother of Christians, a Holy Mountain, and led by shepherd leaders. The alleged iconoclasm of Clement and Tertullian is extremely questionable and debatable. Clement talks of Christian imagery/symbols on signet rings. Tertullian was also a rigorist that many believe became a heretic later, so rigorism on icons doesn't count for much. People may be misled by your video to think Constantine made Christianity the state religion; he did not do that. Jerome was the very first father to propose a 66 book canon, and there is strong evidence he abandoned that position later. It is also very misleading to say that Jerome believed the monarchical bishop "developed over time." No, Jerome believed the Apostles themselves instituted monarchical bishops. Augustine wrote A LOT. He even wrote a work looking back on and retracting or revising his earlier works/positions. You can make Augustine say almost anything.

[@nickb1771]

Nicely done 👏🏽

[@Onlyafool172]

Jerome in his letter 15 to Pope damasus I claims the Pope is bigger than a council, and that the Papacy is thr rock, and that Christ stablished it as its vicar

[@yam_yas]

Go off brother

[@Sobieskicharge]

you left out the pedophilia, paganism and gatekeeping the bible from the common man

[@JohnDoe-wt9ek]

Paul says that we are justified by faith, not by works of the Law. All of the book of Romans explicitly exasperates that in ad nauseum.

[@tannerhowe3088]

Clement only sounds Protestant if you fundamentally misunderstand the Catholic view of justification

[@marvalice3455]

Which is extremely common even among Catholics unfortunately

[@Hithereitsme32]

@@marvalice3455agreed but that’s most teachings I think it’s like over 90% of people that don’t believe in transubstantiation.

[@cardboardcapeii4286]

Same with Ephesians

[@Nrev973]

It’s really as easy as doing the Google search to understand what Catholics believe 😥🫨

[@clivejungle6999]

He doesn't invoke his Pope powers against the Corinthians and doesn't even seem to know he has such authority. He doesn't even mention being THE (Exclusive) Bishop of Rome, he doesn't even seem to know such an office exists.

[@luke_rs]

You did Chrysostom dirty. Barely a word.

[@Phil_Simpson]

For real. Are we just gonna ignore that he wrote the Divine Liturgy

[@trone3630]

I love him. He was called "golden mouth" because of how moving of a speaker he could be. He was born into wealth, so was likely well-educated, then became responsible for what seems to be a wayward congregation. We see that in sermons we have from him, some of which are in the excellent collection called, On Marriage and Family Life.

[@chad7070]

Bro, it was just a 10 minutes video...

[@Air-wr4vv]

​@@trone3630 once he decided to become a preacher, he reclused himself for 2 years in a cave and then became a simple folk preacher. People come to him cause he created an amazing atmoshere, and he became a favorite of simple folk For his popularity and a way with words they chose him to be patriarch of Constantinople, but when he came to his office, he started to expose corruption and protect simple folk. He exposed how greedy the queen was and she started to hate him for it. They started to falsely accuse him etc, in the end they rejected him from Constantinople and forced him to walk a loong way with their guards, they deprived him from food and water and he fainted many times in the path. One day they were coming by the Church and he came in, said "Thank you God for everything" and collapsed and died. That's what i remember, read his life if you want to know more

[@trone3630]

@@Air-wr4vv I hadn't heard that, so thank you for sharing that. It's consistent with what I've read of him, but adds a lot more detail. I'll look for more info about him.

[@aelarlightbringer6372]

I like you're just embracing "BRO, THAT'S HERESY!!!" at this point

[@LazyCat010]

"Come on Patrick!"

[@ingenieriaavanzada3391]

That's gnosticism Patrick!

[@Sinha010]

Let's quote mine St Clement. Let us clothe ourselves with concord and humility, ever exercising self-control, standing far off from all whispering and evil-speaking, being justified by our works, and not our words.

[@glstka5710]

10:17 If you want to know more about the Church Fathers...you can actually READ them. There are English translations of them.

[@edwarddow9263]

11 seconds into the video that's what he suggests. But if you want to learn more about their lives you can watch lectures on them!

[@TCZ17090]

Bruh, the desperation to make the Early Church Fathers sound Protestant is only going to make more people become Catholic. Thank you for your work, RZ. Keep making more content like this

[@fab7an758]

Yeah… they are all the same… just like the EO and RCC claim…. They actually held to all Catholic dogma. All iconophiles, all believed in a 3 tiers church government, all believed Mary was immaculately conceived… This video affirmed to me that everything I just said is the truth and now I will convert for sure (contains heavy degrees of irony).

[@LuzianJ]

​@@fab7an758They all believed in Apostolic Succession and all of them rested the final authority with the Church not themselves. They acknowledged their opinions were subordinate to the Church.

[@Hope_Boat]

They sounded (and looked) very Orthodox to me. None ever talked about salvation by submitting to a Roman Pontiff (Unam Sanctam 1302)

[@capybarapullup1233]

@@Hope_Boat Wrong

[@Hope_Boat]

@@capybarapullup1233 Right

[@Rieend]

This is so nice. I am looking into Saints because I’m getting baptised in a month, and I prayed to the Lord yesterday to help me find a direction to aim at, and now this pops up. Just, wow. Thank the Lord.

[@henrikvalborgland4556]

Dont be a calvanist

[@derekk2666]

@@henrikvalborgland4556😂

[@Gabriel-uq6iq]

Calvinism = satanism

[@Rieend]

@@henrikvalborgland4556 I’m not… Catholic here.

[@joachim847]

@@Rieend Thank God 😅 Congratulations, my man! Any front-runners?

[@andrewstudebaker5397]

0:51 Ignatius here is saying that Peter and Paul had more authority than he did, not their writings. This is what is mean by him saying "issue commandments unto you." He isnt referencing their writings, rather their authority as Apostles.

[@lain7758]

He knows that, he's just being dishonest, like they always are.

[@lukejohnson1274]

@@lain7758 Who is "they"?

[@lain7758]

@@lukejohnson1274 Protestants. Dunno if I can say it in one comment, YT's weird lately

[@plumeless4462]

I'm slightly confused. Wouldn't that authority also apply to their writings as well?

[@lain7758]

@@plumeless4462 as well as their personal authority, yes.

[@berkoroo]

I love the humour you use to accent your well researched summary videos. Thank you.

[@adrianlittle9989]

You even point people toward good follow up content. Thank you sir!

[@hap1678]

Ex Protestant, now CATHOLIC! ❤️‍🔥✝️🇻🇦

[@jsharp9735]

Why did you join the mystery babylon church ?

[@seronymus]

Orthodox arc when? ☦️

[@hap1678]

@@jsharp9735 This idea that the Catholic church is babylon is a novel idea of the 1900s, like Protestantism with it’s innovations

[@hap1678]

@@seronymus I already looked into it heavily, choosing the Catholic church.

[@itsjuicenotwine]

Hi, may I ask which branch of protestanism youre from? Thank you~

[@christ_mark]

Thank you for this video sir, now i can finally go read the Bible! God bless you🙏

[@joshuajohansen1210]

Could you please do some other church history ones: 1. Every Reformer explained in 10 minutes. 2. Every Scholastic explained in 10 minutes. 3. Every Puritan explained in 10 minutes. 4. Every Pope explained in 10 minutes. 5. Every Missionary explained in 10 minutes. 6. Every Theologian explained in 10 minutes. 7. Every Church Musician explained in 10 minutes. 8. Every Apologist explained in 10 minutes. 9. Every Martyr explained in 10 minutes. 10. Every Preacher explained in 10 minutes.

[@betterhappensdaily]

Do “Every Christian in 10 Minutes”

[@Noblebird02]

I would love to understand the Methodist church in Wales, like why is the Methodist church in Cornwall Arminian but the Methodist church in Wales is Presbyterian

[@ProfesserLuigi]

Every Martyr sounds like a several hour video to me...

[@cameronbailey9704]

@@ProfesserLuigi Yeah especially considering around 50 Christians had just been martyred in Lyons when Irenaeus became bishop there. And that's just one occasion.

[@Baltic_Hammer6162]

@@Noblebird02 1. The Methodist congregations have varieties, mostly minor, from place to place. That mostly depends on the pastor from my observation, but that happens in every denomination. Next, Arminius was and will always be Calvinist. Yes, I know its super hip to use Arminius as a pinata by today's so-called "Calvinists" but the truth is Arminius never denounced Calvinism despite what liars today will say. Arminius saw the unbiblical flaws in the works of Jean Cauvin (real name) and attempted to correct them. There are a lot but Arminius exposed the 5 worst. Since Arminius died before the big debate, the anti-biblical faction in Holland declared victory for their side and proceeded to beat and even kill some of Arminius's supporters/followers. Charles and John Wesley could see the unbiblical parts of Cauvin's decrees and stood against them. That's why I've heard Wesleys being mocked and bashed by some high profile "calvinists" in the US. The devil does not like the truth to be broadcast. WHY was Cauvin and his idol Augustine so far away from the Bible and especially the words/commands of Jesus???? I could go on for hours on this but the supersonic version is....Augustine was a believer in the pagan Gnostic sect called Manichean after the false prophet Mani. There were various flavors of Gnosticism that floated around for hundreds of years. They all are anti-God. Augustine "converted" to Christianity and gained an elevated status in "the church". When he got into his rift with Pelagius and was not winning, Augustine started pulling rabbits from his pagan Gnostic Mani hat. That is terrible enough but Augustine was copied by Cauvin who was only a lawyer & humanist and formed his own ultra twisted religion which is actually a mirror image of himself. From the advice I got from Bryan Melvin. when I seriously started down the path back to God, was to stick with tried and trusted reformers like Wesley. No Calvinists. Bryan is someone you need to get to know as no man alive has the extensive insight into hell and heaven. Lots of interviews, lectures and his own channel here...Christian Marauder. For several more hours I can lay out the course for the truth that I prayed for and have been lead to one step at a time by the Holy Spirit which has been perfect beyond words. Looking back over the past 8 years is awesome how and when and to who and to what I needed to know at certain times. Absolute perfection is too puny a description. One thing I realized a few years ago that NONE of the righteous teachers were Calvinists and NONE of the righteous truth even touched Calvinism. Now I figured out why......the Holy Spirit was NOT with Jean Cauvin. He once claimed he felt like the HS was present in his room. What a vague claim to deceive the masses. The main reason Cauvin were able to get so far......nobody was allowed to challenge him without severe danger of torture and death. Yes, he had his own personal torturer whose name I was able to dredge from history. When Calvinists like to get squirrely like they know more than me, I ask them to provide the torturer's name. So far NONE have replied back.

[@samvidas9599]

RZ again with the blessed timing - Looking to get deep into theology and doctrine this summer. This came at a perfect time! God bless ❤❤❤❤✝✝

[@vinnybaggins]

"Bro, that's heresy!" Said santa Claus. 😂😂

[@Howhardisittofindausernamebruh]

Wild when I found out that actually happened 😂

[@ivanhenrickdepedro835]

I'm sure there are other Church fathers that aren't mentioned in this list... But, what can I say, what an incredible way of oversimplifying explanations of them... I like the part with Saint Nicholas... "BRO THAT'S HERESY!" 😂

[@questor5189]

Fascinating....my own 23 year quest to understand the Nature of God aligns quite well with that of Gregory of Nazianzus. Thank you Sir for this educational video.

[@S.TPeter-n2m]

God bless all of the church fathers

[@DookyButter]

Crazy that you mention Bruce Gore. I’ve been listening to him for over two years now. He’s an excellent teacher.

[@TheGerkuman]

I love how -Ignatius- Irenaeus beat the Gnostics by telling everyone what they were concealing. Also, I think this is another time where history keeps echoing itself, because a modern 'hidden secrets' religion that is very litigious had the same thing happen to them! First in court (where they tried to deny it, then admitted that them trying to enforce a copyright claim meant it was true), then via South Park of all places. (Editing because I got the name wrong. I have the memory of a sieve)

[@boivin5163]

Scientology?

[@VictoriousCatholic]

Fact: Ignatius not only coined the word Christian (hence why Christs followers were first called Christians in Antioch; see Acts 11:26), but he also coined the phrase Catholic Church.

[@abelgebre243]

Thank you for the video Mr Zoomer but is that all you have have go to say about Chrysostom ??

[@VincentLusignan]

You mean his opinion about the (((juice)))?

[@justmike75]

So as an Irenaeus nerd, I always want more... but for what you were trying to do, in the time you were doing it- well done.

[@jaggedstarrPI]

Clement sounds like a Catholic when he talks about justification as well. He just doesn't sound like what many Protestants, especially evangelicals, too often say Catholics sound like.

[@yagocarvalho6546]

maybe because protestantism is from the 16 century lol

[@kingarth0r]

​@yagocarvalho6546 this is demonstrably false.

[@jaggedstarrPI]

@@kingarth0r Ok I'll bite: When was protestantism born in your opinion? You didn't direct the comment my way but I am honestly curious what you're thinking.

[@mussman717word]

Yeah, they build a strawman out of the Church that Jesus Christ established and then pretend they came up with everything later. The so-called "New Perspective on Paul" isn't very new, for instance. It's literally just what Catholics have maintained from the very beginning. Silly kids. Thankfully, many of them are being drawn back to Rome through independent study, now that the works of the Church Fathers are so widely available. Praise be to God for that!

[@ReformedSooner24]

@@jaggedstarrPIit was “born” in the early church, if not when the church was. The ideas were not new. The Reformation was just that: a Reformation. Not a revolution. It was a conservative movement that accused Rome of becoming more “progressive” (to borrow a term from our day). That Rome had changed in many bad ways over time. That they had evolved themselves right out of biblical orthodoxy and the apostolic faith.

[@Hannodb1961]

This is very useful. Roman Catholics and Orthodox people seem to have this idea that all fathers agreed on everything all the time, and then cherry pick quotes to ake it appear their traditions are apostolic, rather than the Interpretation of a later father that did not necesarily agree with other fathers.

[@masteryodapresidentofiraq]

Hearing reformed theology is like hearing nails on a chalkboard

[@heathc148]

😂

[@AllforOne_OneforAll1689]

Yeah the darkness cannot comprehend the light (truth)...

[@FisherOfMenParakletos]

@@AllforOne_OneforAll1689 so you're condemning the majority of christians for 2000 years lol wild

[@masteryodapresidentofiraq]

​@@AllforOne_OneforAll1689 just how protestant heretics can't comprehend tradition

[@luke_rs]

I know bro. It's just endless fruit checking instead of looking to Christ.

[@Ampwich]

I've been so confused lately. I've been researching a ton into Christianity and church history, trying to figure out the truth for myself. It's all extremely complicated and not everyone seems to agree on everything, even in the early church fathers it seems. I definitely believe in the Bible and am Christian but regarding the details denominationally and doctrinally speaking, I just don't know what to believe anymore. *Existential crisis creeps in*

[@michaelg4919]

the word ecumenical refers to the whole church. So the 4 ecumenical councils represent the whole church, so you can trust in their teaching (after that, the Oriental Orthodox split despite initially accepting the council). This comes from a baptist btw

[@nobyra]

In the end of the day, trust in Jesus. Men can make mistakes. The church fathers did great things but even them needed Jesus. We are all servants no matter what our prideful nature wants us to believe.

[@coolkangaroo5179]

Become Lutheran

[@glassman7961]

The problem seems to be the rejection of the Church as the pillar of truth (1 Timothy 3:15) that is built on Peter (Matthew 16:18) which is promised to be guided by the Holy Spirit (John 16:13). We're not asked to "figure out the truth for ourselves", but the opposite, that is, for *not* to lean on our understanding (Proverbs 3:5). Like Cyprian of Carthage said: "If someone does not hold fast to this unity of Peter, can he imagine that he still holds the faith? If he [should] desert the chair of Peter upon whom the Church was built, can he still be confident that he is in the Church?" (A.D. 251)

[@connerwilliams5870]

​@@nobyrabased and Christ-pilled.

[@EUSA1776]

Santa Clause speed running to sock some heretic in the mouth with a righteous overhand right is actually hilarious

[@josiahwoosley661]

"God, give me the strength to slap the heresy out of Arius." -St. Nicholas

[@gcarvlin]

"If the world is against the truth, then I am against the world" - St. Athanasius

[@joshuareeves5103]

This is one of your best videos. Great job

[@jakemoore1137]

agreed!

[@j4vi.3r74]

Yup

[@LazyCat010]

Baptized and raised Episcopalian, converted to Catholicism, and growing more Eastern in my theology as I read more of the Church fathers

[@Borealis.way.ofshura]

Even tho I don't really like the protestant reforms,I still like your videos and I think they're very useful for new christians

[@shivadizayin]

😂😂 that white polar bear sticking its head out at Arianism . Gold 😂

[@daniellenm395]

This is why it’s so important for there to be a final infallible decision made on doctrine, because even the early Christian leaders had their differing beliefs and interpretations. Every one of those heresies can find scripture verses to support their beliefs. Ecumenical councils are necessary. Whether there is two or three levels of authority doesn’t matter as much because every bishop is a priest (elder). Priests are local while bishops oversee a larger region. Its more important to understand that it is biblical that there ARE different levels of authority. Deacons don’t have the authority of priests/bishops. And laypeople don’t have any authority to interpret scripture on their own. The Holy Spirit is of course, always with you guiding you morally, but the Holy Spirit works through the structure of the church to prevent doctrinal error. I love that one of the first things this video said is talk to your pastor.

[@jsharp9735]

This is a great way to convince Christians not to read their Bible. We do have authority to read it and know what it says. Which is how you can know when your "authorities" are in error.

[@runictellings1536]

@@jsharp9735 Amen to that brother

[@thomasmalacky7864]

​@@jsharp9735 Who compiled that bible for you, Prodestant filth?

[@daniellenm395]

@@jsharp9735 i read my bible all the time, i just don’t assume that i am interpreting it without error. I defer to the church which WAS given a means to interpret without error. I’m not saying the bible can’t guide you morally, but as laypeople we don’t have the authority to decide doctrine for ourselves. The people who read scripture and decide for themselves what we should and shouldn’t believe about Jesus and Christianity are called heretics. You also forget that for 1500 years or so, no one read their own bible and for some reason, the faith survived. It wasn’t a hinderance to only hear scripture read in mass followed by an explanation from a priest.

[@jsharp9735]

@@daniellenm395 Then you're already in error because the church is in error and that is why Roman dogmas are heretical. Who say's anything about deciding doctrine, its merely understanding the objective context of the Bible. That happens by reading it often and a meaningful amount of time each day if you can. You're just repeating boiler plat narratives. Plenty of the early church fathers had the same opinions as the reformers. There is a reason why Rome doesn't want you to "interpret" and come to them. Its so you don't know any better.

[@aaronpeteres]

I loved this video! As someone who was raised in a 'prosperity gospel' environment and eventually left after studying the Bible, I’m only now starting to learn about the rich history and complexity of our faith. It's comforting to know that even throughout history, the Church Fathers had their own struggles and different interpretations of things. As long as we hold to the fundamental doctrines, discussing the secondary ones can be enjoyable-especially when we're open to having our minds changed. Once again, I really enjoyed this video!

[@ursula1815]

Justin the Martyr also believed in the Real Presence of Jesus as the Eucharist, Apology #1

[@Breakdowns04]

The New York accent just makes the video that much better!

[@timboslice980]

Former protestant here, the church fathers were huge in my conversion. St augustine is my confirmation saint. Here’s a based quote from him: For in the Catholic Church, not to speak of the purest wisdom, to the knowledge of which a few spiritual men attain in this life, so as to know it, in the scantiest measure, indeed, because they are but men, still without any uncertainty (since the rest of the multitude derive their entire security not from acuteness of intellect, but from simplicity of faith,)- not to speak of this wisdom, which you do not believe to be in the Catholic Church, there are many other things which most justly keep me in her bosom. The consent of peoples and nations keeps me in the Church; so does her authority, inaugurated by miracles, nourished by hope, enlarged by love, established by age. The succession of priests keeps me, beginning from the very seat of the Apostle Peter, to whom the Lord, after His resurrection, gave it in charge to feed His sheep, down to the present episcopate. And so, lastly, does the name itself of Catholic, which, not without reason, amid so many heresies, the Church has thus retained; so that, though all heretics wish to be called Catholics, yet when a stranger asks where the Catholic Church meets, no heretic will venture to point to his own chapel or house. Such then in number and importance are the precious ties belonging to the Christian name which keep a believer in the Catholic Church, as it is right they should, though from the slowness of our understanding, or the small attainment of our life, the truth may not yet fully disclose itself. But with you, where there is none of these things to attract or keep me, the promise of truth is the only thing that comes into play. Now if the truth is so clearly proved as to leave no possibility of doubt, it must be set before all the things that keep me in the Catholic Church; but if there is only a promise without any fulfillment, no one shall move me from the faith which binds my mind with ties so many and so strong to the Christian religion.

[@NatatheKiller]

Also remember about John Damascene (Damascus): he wrote An Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith and talked about Plato philosophy

[@cpegg5840]

St. Clement of Rome, one of the most based popes in history. Was martyred by being chained to an anchor and thrown into the sea. Now he sits in the Presence of the Lord.

[@joshuajohansen1210]

He probably didn't die that way.

[@TheNewCrusade]

@@joshuajohansen1210 Shut up Heretic!

[@TheNewCrusade]

@@joshuajohansen1210 He did Bro

[@joshuajohansen1210]

@@TheNewCrusade Its a fun story, but it is a later legend (at least 300 years after Clement). None of the earliest sources that talk about Clement mention his martyrdom.

[@unknown36187]

Universalism?

[@charlesjoyce982]

Which if any of these Fathers denied apostolic succession ?

[@LuzianJ]

None.

[@charlesjoyce982]

@@LuzianJ right. As far as I can tell, every single one wrote about the importance of maintaining the direct line of succession of ordination from the bishops to the apostles.

[@jaytv4eva]

Study your Bible and the historical record.... Is that too difficult to do?

[@charlesjoyce982]

@@jaytv4eva The answer is not a single one. They all unanimously defend apostolic succession.

[@jaytv4eva]

​@@charlesjoyce982 You said "They [Prots] can’t actually explain why something is bad, they can only explain why the new seems cooler. I said, "study your Bible and the historical record...Is that too difficult to do?" Right and wrong come from reason and conscience surrendered to the Word of God. Luther declared, ""Unless I am convinced by Scripture and plain reason, my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not recant anything, for to go against conscience would be neither right nor safe. God help me. Here I stand, I can do no other." Do you really believe that someone who surrenders to the scriptures is going to call Jesus accursed? Is it a sin to have your reason and conscience held captive to the word of God? Do you believe that the Gospel is the answer or rational secularism?

[@Gnostics-Gnightmare]

I've been reading Athanasius' On The Incarnation. It's a great book which makes sense of how bad sin is and why Christ Jesus must have a divine nature.

[@benclark4831]

Excellent video bro. Respecting and knowing church history is the medicine against sectarian bias, heresy, and kills Liberal stupidity.

[@clementine5053]

Do a video on the Church Mothers!! So many amazing women who are forgotten by history! Like St Macrina, older sister to st basil & gregory. Or St Paula who encouraged st Jerome to translate the Bible. Even jerome sings highly of her!!

[@silviocruz6255]

Top tier work!! If it is what you think The Lord wants, keep it up!!!! Quality > quantity. Don’t settle - much less of a theologian… but holler if u ever want a proofread or need to outsource any reading 👍🏼👍🏼 excellent stuff my brother Godspeed

[@louannebvb]

The St Nicholas slapping Arius part was so iconic I voiced the lines of both characters while the video was playing

[@Nrev973]

Clement understanding of justification is exactly like the modern day Catholic understanding of justification. You are justified through faith alone.

[@melodygn]

Faith in what exactly?

[@TCZ17090]

Saved by grace, in by faith, stay by works

[@melodygn]

@@TCZ17090 do we need works in order to "stay" saved?

[@JuliaNeubauer]

@@melodygnFaith is human faith (I am going to cross the street and not get run over) and is different from GOD’s faith. God’s faith = GIFT of PEACE -a light yoke - because God is in charge of all things, of all ppls. What is your understanding of faith - because your question comes from deep thought already in your own mind.

[@melodygn]

@@bikesrcool_1958 so you believe in salvation by works?

[@DavidLarson100]

Good on ya for admitting that the real presence in Eucharist, three-tiered clergy, and Roman supremacy were present from the earliest Fathers. I was raised Protestant and had assumed those kinds of things were later corruptions.

[@Nonz.M]

*Roman primacy

[@Nonz.M]

Also, although St. Ignatius speaks of 3 distinct offices, it's important to note that his view of bishops is not that they are overseers of all churches in a region. That develops later on. The role of bishops in Ignatius' view is that they are the senior pastor/presbyter/priest of a congregation, much in the way that St. Jerome describes it. "Wherever the bishop appears, there let the congregation be; just as wherever Jesus Christ is, there is the Catholic Church." (Letter to the Ephesians) Note the singular in congregation. "It is not lawful without the bishop either to baptize or to celebrate a love-feast; but whatsoever he shall approve of, that is also pleasing to God." (Letter to the Smyrnaeans) Churches celebrated the Eucharist every Sunday and it would be impossible for a person to visit every church in his area every Sunday for the Eucharist and also administer every baptism in the area, especially considering that baptisms can often be unplanned and communication was not easy and very delayed.

[@DavidLarson100]

@@Nonz.M Sure, I'm not one of those Catholics that think all these ideas were completely solidified in the early church. I think Christ told the Apostles to start a church, and then it took them a while to figure things out, like role of clergy, the Trinity, defining Christ's humanity and divinity, writing the New Testament, etc. Didn't happen over night.

[@FishermensCorner]

​@@DavidLarson100 real presence is a heresy created to fight heresy. Many such cases

[@DavidLarson100]

The real presence is a heresy… according to you and the rest of Pastor Jim’s Bible Fellowship and Tire Center in the strip mall off I-86? Fine. But nobody of consequence or authority thought that until maybe the 17th century, so maybe your power to declare things heresy doesn’t have the weight you assume.

[@RTG562]

4:06 LOL, that was my literal reaction (Indy Baptist here) and then that graphic came up! @Redeemed Zoomer you are elite

[@JeremiahAranez]

What about St John of Damascus who condemned iconoclasm?

[@michaelg4919]

He also didn't mention Cyril of Jerusalem... (maybe the video would have been too long)

[@redeemedzoomer6053]

He was later

[@regostMMA]

@@redeemedzoomer6053 What ?

[@robokopp1564]

Thank you for your videos they keep me from doom scrolling

[@WarriorcatGerda]

3:05 I would like an entire video explaining gnostic lore please. I am now interested

[@benrex7775]

The channel "Ancient Egypt and the Bible" has a few videos called "Gnosticism Explained". Perhaps you could go there until Redeemed Zoomer makes a Video on it.

[@Gnostics-Gnightmare]

To know why they're wrong, right?... ..Right? 😅

[@WarriorcatGerda]

@@Gnostics-Gnightmare yes

[@BenjaminAnderson21]

Just read Against Heresies.

[@darrenstout3870]

That’s secret knowledge, sorry.

[@leechandler3411]

Yes, I have listened to Bruce Gore a lot.

[@ikengaspirit3063]

Why u skipped Origen?.

[@neat7568]

Because he isn't a Church Father (just like mentioned in the video Tertullian). Part of Origen's believes was heretical, like e.g. whole conception of logikoi.

[@ikengaspirit3063]

@@neat7568 his heresy meant he wasn't a saint but it didn't mean he wasn't a church father. Not all Church fathers are Saints.

[@ironyusa3885]

@@ikengaspirit3063 He is referred to as a "church historian," but his theology was problematic.

[@ikengaspirit3063]

@@ironyusa3885 The Catholic University of America Press explicitly includes him in their collections on the Church Fathers. And not all the church fathers mentioned here had all their doctrines accepted as Orthodox.

[@alexm6715]

@@neat7568he was a church father but is not a saint

[@scouttrooper3123]

I love this! Thank you a bunch for explaining this for us!

[@ConradThePalamite]

How can you read the Fathers and stay protestant?

[@sopadeeletras]

If you dislike yourself very much, yes

[@YourBoyJohnny94]

Because we Protestants translated and distributed the Church Fathers writings, you Orthobros are terrible at promoting and translating ancient resources

[@LuzianJ]

By ignoring the fact that they all taught Apostolic Succession.

[@yagocarvalho6546]

That should be a new mystery for the church lol I cant figure out neither

[@jaytv4eva]

Easy. You understand that the church fathers are human and not God and you make sure you study the Bible, pray, and consult the historical record on the church 😎

[@Uploose.]

Curious about your summary of Jerome, I haven't read many of his writings, but he quotes Maccabees and even apocryphal books like Susanna as scripture in his letter 'Against Helvidius'

[@nuha1018_]

Awesome video! I find a lot of videos on the church fathers are catholic/eastern-orthodox centred, with an saturation of videos on certain church fathers over others. This felt like a great neutral/more general video on them which also lowkey taught me that some protestant beliefs are in fact traceable to before the Reformation (since it is often portrayed nowadays that protestant beliefs spawned out of thin air).

[@lilyw.719]

Very few Protestant beliefs are traceable to before the Reformation, and they were ALL QUICKLY REJECTED within the first few centuries of the Church. They were thrown out as heresy. The Church Fathers, btw, are the fathers of the one true Church, the Catholic Church. That is the "Church" that they are referred to as the fathers of. The father St. Irenaeus, who was a disciple of St. John the Evangelist and St. Peter, even made the earliest reference to the "Catholic" Church in the year 107 AD. He said that everyone who was outside of the Catholic Church and deviated from its beliefs was a heretic. Irenaeus really hated heretics.

[@michaelg4919]

This video was extremely helpful to me. Thank you for the overview RZ

[@Deus_Hoc_Vult]

As a Catholic, I approve of this.

[@mrbradley3309]

As a catholic, I dont

[@Deus_Hoc_Vult]

@@mrbradley3309 And why is that my dear brother in Christ?

[@Gloria_In_Excelsis_Deo]

@@Deus_Hoc_Vult He tries to make the church fathers sound Protestant which they didn’t he just forces it upon them

[@Deus_Hoc_Vult]

@@Gloria_In_Excelsis_Deo Indeed

[@enderknight39]

​@@Deus_Hoc_VultAt 2:54, he says, "That's not biblical," when the Bible had not even been compiled yet. He's altering history to support his view of sola scriptura.

[@SK-mz4cq]

Bruce Gore’s videos on the church fathers are excellent

[@bradburrick]

Any suggested reading on the history of the Church Fathers?

[@joshuajohansen1210]

2,000 Years of Christ Power vol. 1

[@bradburrick]

@@joshuajohansen1210 Thank you!

[@FisherOfMenParakletos]

read the actual epistles that they wrote, not someone else cherry picking verses. Start with Ignatius and Polycarp, the two disciples of John the Apostle.

[@AndyZach]

@@FisherOfMenParakletos I'd say, start with Papius and Clement, then Polycrates. Go in time order to preserve the context. There's a ten volume set called "The Writings of the AnteNicene Fathers". I read the first volume.

[@mussman717word]

Four Witnesses by Rod Bennett

[@JPGoertz]

Most of the Fathers also said important things on the Eucharist and the Mass... Not to mention, of course... ;-) God bless you. And may the Church Fathers pray for us all and the Militant Church still fighting in the world.

[@Zoom_Ology]

God first ☦️

[@cathyhale7172]

Love Bruce Gore lectures!

[@domen6398]

Hello, which books by Polycarp should I read(most important ones)

[@CybermanKing]

There's really only two and one of them is on his martyrdom. Just read them.

[@edenicchristian335]

You gotta ask why there were so many 'unitarians'. Because that is what scripture plainly tells us.

[@LucasIvey-pl7lv]

What is your opinion on Mar Mari Emmanuel?

[@LucasIvey-pl7lv]

@@drjanitor3747 I asked redeemed zoomer not you

[@georgefuentes4112]

@@drjanitor3747I could tell he is Protestant by his misconception.

[@joeljohnson7662]

Nestorian.

[@tinyad7180]

Yes Eastern Church grew in a seemingly parallel manner ... Mix them Chronologically ... It is time of ECUMENISM ... Narsai ... !!! Ave Maria

[@tinyad7180]

Thank you ... Fathers of the Catholic Church in a NUTSHELL ... Good compit ... as now the laity is taking a peep into these developments ... Serves very handy ... Halleluia

[@FrancisBridles-ko8ne]

St Cyril of Alexandria is my confirmation saint. I loved reading about what he did.

[@matthewwhite9732]

Love the early church fathers. Can't say enough how much their words have strengthened my faith.

[@sestameri]

The best short scholarly work on the early history of the Church is the volume in the Penguin series by Henry Chadwick, called The Early Church. An accessible work by an outstanding academic.

[@crazycoolkids00]

I need to pick this up. Chadwick is superb.

[@CrownedDiaries]

All the differences of thoughts, even within orthodoxy, makes me think of Mark 9:40 “for whoever is not against us is for us.”

[@Dandymancan]

Jerome also changed his view on the Deuterocanonical’s.

[@michaelg4919]

no he didn't. You believe in the canon of Augustine, but I hold to Athanasius who also held the view of Jerome (read his easter letter). Cyril of Jerusalem did also hold that view and Melito of Sardis went back to Israel to learn about the canon and came to the same conclusion. God bless you and may God keep your faith strong !

[@Dandymancan]

@@michaelg4919 All the early Protestant leaders (Luther, Calvin, Zwingli, even the Anglicans) claimed that Saint Jerome rejected the deuterocanonical books of the Bible that Catholics include. This is a bold claim because it sets Saint Jerome, a preeminent saint and doctor of the Catholic Church, against the Catholic Church. So is it true? Certainly, no one can deny that Saint Jerome may have had early reservations about the canonical books of Tobit, Judith, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Baruch, and 1&2 Maccabees (and those portions of Daniel and Esther). However, by AD 382, we see a reversal in St Jerome’s sentiments. The reason for this is that in AD 382, Pope Damasus and the Council of Rome canonized these books as inerrant and inspired by the Holy Spirit. So then, after this date, Saint Jerome, as a faithful son of the Catholic Church, submitted to the papal decree. The same is true of Blessed John Henry Newman who personally disagreed with a quick decree on papal infallibility, but certainly obeyed it as soon as it was issued. Here’s proof that Saint Jerome submitted to the decree of Rome of Pope St Damasus. The following quote is taken from a letter written by Saint Jerome in A.D. 404. Does not the Scripture say: ‘Burden not thyself above thy power’? - Jerome, To Eustochium, Epistle 108 (Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 2, VI:207) Here Saint Jerome quotes Sirach 13:2 (‘Burden not thyself above thy power’) as “Scripture”. In Saint Jerome’s prologue on the book of Judith, he recongizes that the First Council of Nicea (AD 325 - the council defended the Trinity and deity of Christ against Arians) recognized the book of Judith as “canonical”. Furthermore, Jerome in the year A.D. 402 defended the deuteroncanoical additions to the book of Daniel: What sin have I committed if I followed the judgment of the churches? But he who brings charges against me for relating the objections that the Hebrews are wont to raise against the Story of Susanna, the Song of the Three Children, and the story of Bel and the Dragon, which are not found in the Hebrew volume, proves that he is just a foolish sycophant. For I was not relating my own personal views, but rather the remarks that they [the Jews] are wont to make against us. (Against Rufinus, 11:33 [AD 402]). I rest may case. It seems clear that Saint Jerome did at one time reject the deuterocanonicals, but by A.D. 402-404 he had become a defender of them. Saint Jerome was not a dissenter.

[@dominikdurkovsky8318]

​@@michaelg4919 yeah ok, but still the Septuagint is historically more accurate. The earliest Christians and Jews used the Septuagint as it is the most quoted translation in the New testament. It doesn't matter if a saint in 4th century used a different text when the apostles used the Septuagint.

[@richardpinter3139]

Next time I wish you'll do a video about every apostole explained

[@apel.ogetika]

I can only remember St. Nikholas

[@AndyZach]

Thanks for this brief summary. I missed Polycrates and Papius. I think they're both very interesting. I read the first volume of The Writings of The AnteNicene Fathers 30 years ago.

[@rabbishlomo6908]

7:40 you are incorrect. While you were correct on saying St. Jerome believed in using the Hebrew text, as he had a back and forth with St. Augustine about making the Vulgate from the Hebrew texts instead of the Septuagint, the "66 books that are actually bible" is referencing the Masoretic bible, which was made by the Masoretes, who were Jewish and did not compile any New Testament books into their canon, 300-500 years after the Vulgate. He translated the books that were considered canon by the Council of Rome, Hippo, and Carthage.

[@bivlio]

I caught that too

[@UniTheNstall]

I'm Jewish, but ive always been interested in theology from other religions. You're one of the most reliable, easy to understand sources of Christian theology, and even though my faith in Judaism stands strong, i can see how well you preach the gospel, and many people will feel your message deep inside their hearts. Our beliefs might be different, but our taste for knowledge is the same. Thanks for the great video.

[@TheCatholicNerd]

5:13 sometimes I don't agree with all of your conclusions but the part about St. Nicholas alone gets your like.

[@aetu35]

why didnt you talk about origen he is much more than just a bullet point in the list of the alexandrian fathers

[@DaveTheTurd]

A good retrospective. Thanks for the effort. The early church was a chocolate mess.

[@joshuajohansen1210]

No Papias?

[@karimemad4581]

love the video man, I just wanted to know where I can read more about the church fathers, God bless you all✝️🙌🏼

[@jaytv4eva]

Just read their books, bruv

[@jaytv4eva]

Collection of Ante-Nicene Fathers Collection of the Desert Fathers Etc etc

[@anon8638]

Athanasius did not suggest the filioque. He's discussing economy of the trinity, not eternal procession.

[@VirginMostPowerfull]

That's false. The Athanasian Creed is about eternal processions only so the procession of the Holy Spirit from the Father and the Son is eternal.

[@anon8638]

@@VirginMostPowerfull lmao what? The Athanasian creed wasn't written by Athanasius. It was written a hundred years after him, and never gained popularity until Protestantism came about. Scholars universally agree on this.

[@VirginMostPowerfull]

@@anon8638 Never gained popularity ? Is that supposed to be an argument ? It was accepted by the West before the Great Schism and used by Western Christians. That Athanasius didn't write it doesn't take away from the fact his name is attached to a filioque creed accepted by the West. This is sufficient to prove the filioque position has traditionally beend recognized in Athanasius.

[@anon8638]

@@VirginMostPowerfull a creed that Athanasius didn't write is sufficient to prove Athanasius supported the filioque? That's complete nonsense. If it's so clear he believed the filioque then get an actual quote from him not a third party creed.

[@VirginMostPowerfull]

@@anon8638 No you don't understand the logic or you don't want to idk. If the Creed in question bears his name it means it reflected his theology for the West, which means the first millenium Church understood Athanasius as filioquist. There is no getting around that. And that right there is enough to end the debate.

[@nadebob1519]

Church fathers didn’t just suddenly stopped. They have been succeeded until now. Read the likes of his Holiness Pop shenouda of Alexandria,the see of St.Mark’s life & writing’s . Great video although i thought it was a bit jokey for such a serious topic. But I ain’t judging.

[@lucas_A_Conway]

0:08 or priest.

[@mussman717word]

Funny, too, because only Priests can be real Pastors.

[@StrangePolitician]

Omg Conway I’m Xavier

[@doomerquiet1909]

4:20 I believe you misrepresented tertullian here. This was a very common belief in the church that baptism washed away past sins, not particular to tertullian. He didn’t argue for delaying baptism to death either, but rather argued that the children should know who is saving them in baptism.

[@jesscatangay9384]

"To be deep in History is cease to be Protestant" John Henry Newman, Anglican convert to Catholicism

[@Max-zq2zh]

Could you do the same with the reformers?

[@Gospelfortheoutsiders]

This video releasing on the same day as I’m getting city of God by saint Augustine is a genuine blessing

[@JoWilliams-ud4eu]

Awesome

[@ReformedSooner24]

Polycarp’s story never gets old. I like to think that he had the biggest stupid grin on his face when he said “away with the atheists”. Hm. Guess I’ll have to ask him someday.

[@obiwankenobi6871]

As a Eastern Orthodox I appreciate this video greatly ☦️ THANKS RZ🎉🎉🎉

[@redeemedzoomer6053]

God bless!

[@deadeyeridge]

Missing lots, but a good sampling of the first few hundred years

[@benrex7775]

1:40 I have a question here. You say that Clement is an early example of the supremacy of the Roman church. I want to have clarification on your statement. I'm of the opinion that the different churches are of equal importance and should hold each other accountable. And if you have a competed scholar in one church his view holds more weight, for the fact that he is competent, not because he is member of that specific church. When I hear that Clement calls out another church, then I don't immediately jump to the conclusion that the church he belongs to holds a special authority above everybody else. I'm aware that the Roman Catholics use this situation as a justification for their claim for supremacy, but historically speaking, is that actually justified? Was that calling out done in a way of "Stop doing it, because I say so and I have higher authority."? Was there other calling out being done from one church to another or was it always from Rome towards others? How much of that Roman supremacy, if there was any, was for the reason that Rome was a city with a supremacy complex due to the political and historical power and how much was because the church is actually superior?

[@joshuajohansen1210]

If Rome supposedly had primacy all the way back in 1 Clement, why didn't Ignatius acknowledge it in his letter to Rome decades later?

[@benrex7775]

@strawberry4988 I don't care about statements like "x followed truth". I asked specific questions to avoid responses like this.

[@VirginMostPowerfull]

​@@joshuajohansen1210Ignatius does acknowledge it, he says that Rome has primacy of love and that he has nothing to teach Rome but it has to teach him. I'll provide the quotes if necessary.