Evolution in the Middle Permian

[@Jonnywaffles64]

unreal quality. love the look and tone of this whole thing

[@amberrichards2778]

Every time you post a video, you can tell that your skills really improve. I was so excited to watch this when it came up on my feed!!! Hype! I thought the formatting on the video was a little bit dark, and it made it kind of hard to see the different creatures. Did you animate all that?? Cool af.

[@CambrianScience]

In order: Thank you; that's awesome, I'm always hype to read the comments personally; yeah I shoulda cranked up that moonlighting at the beginning; yes; and thank you

[@JG_Online99]

Great video, your editing skill has taken a leap forward since the last video, well done!

[@CambrianScience]

Thanks for the encouragement along the way man

[@nephuraito]

Thanks for talking about therapsids and their amazing era

[@CambrianScience]

I did it just for you

[@gogogomez51]

Excellent video! Thank you for giving the Paleozoic some much needed love :')

[@t888]

Awesome and thank you for continuing and improving!

[@CambrianScience]

I try ;)

[@greenwaddledee1743]

Wow im so happy i found this channel keep it up man!

[@cesaralcaraz819]

Anticipated for your Triassic video

[@CambrianScience]

Oh boy it's gonna be a long while but me too.

[@cesaralcaraz819]

CambrianScience I understand life can get in the way but try to do it as soon as possible your content is quality work.

[@blockmasterscott]

Dude, I love this! Awesome.

[@echoff6476]

it's been so long (i've watched this when it came out and I know that they take quite the time to make)

[@CambrianScience]

Funny you should say that....

[@demigods3559]

Your Videos are Amazing :) Deserves way more Attention, but unfortunately most humans aren`t interested in learning something new ): Anyways keep up the good work, much love

[@temchak]

Super interesting!! Thank you a lot for what you do, great vid

[@dennisdegasEDG]

I'd recommend toning down the music compared to your narration.

[@AbuN4z1r]

Came to say that, makes it hard to follow sometimes. Otherwise great content, thank you!

[@marlow4388]

I agree. Awesome video nonetheless!!!!!

[@shep9231]

Awesome video. You really should resume doing these...

[@CambrianScience]

Thanks. I've actually never stopped. They just keep taking longer and longer :(

[@leon_noel1687]

Realy good videos, there should be more out there that let you dive into earth history.

[@lloydmckay3241]

I have been wondering about what the prevailing air pressure would have on the fauna and flora and also the chemistry of the air, plus variety in the forces of gravity.

[@Ledinosour673]

for most of the paleozoic the air would have been toxic and super hot, but when the first terrestrial plants appeared, they began turning the atmosphere into something more falimiliar

[@brunobucciaratiswife]

Love your videos! Hope you get a bunch of subs, your videos are amazing and informative. Go dinosaurs and synapsids!

[@grantexploit5903]

Absolutely fantastic video, the wait has totally been worth it! You did a great rundown of most major amniote groups known from the fossil record at the time. The only minor advice I have for you is to try to avoid using the terms "primitive" and "advanced" (as those promote the misconception that evolution is a progressive process) and replace them with terms like "basal" and "derived". I noticed that you avoided the question of the precise phylogenetic position of Testudines among extant reptiles. Was this done to mitigate confusion, save time, or for some other reason entirely? Also, do you have an opinion on the matter?

[@CambrianScience]

I'm glad you asked. Turtles used to be considered procolophonid parareptiles, captorhinids, pareiasaur parareptiles, basically they were all over the place. Once they did scans of Eunotosaurus's skull though, they realized it had a diapsid skull that was modified to look anapsid. Also, recent DNA analysis puts turtles closer to archosaurs than to lizards, so it seems like turtles are probably close diapsid relatives of the other saurian reptiles. I've been burned in the past by being too specific with phylogenies, since they are often subject to change. Case in point, a few months ago, a paper came out suggesting that parareptiles are in fact diapsids, which was unfortunate because I had already recorded the voiceover. So that's why the tree says "neodiapsida" while the narration doesn't. With regard to "primitive" and "advanced", "primitive" just means the original state of things, while "advanced" just means that it has moved beyond the original state of things, which I think is accurate. Plus, all lineages from a given time period are equally "basal", depending on how you orient the family tree. Thanks for the comment!

[@grantexploit5903]

@@CambrianScience "Case in point, a few months ago, a paper came out suggesting that parareptiles are in fact diapsids." Woah, what the?! Do you know where you found that study, I'd like to read it. If that is indeed the case, then a similarly unusual study that recovered the separation of turtles from archosaurs as having occured as long as 322 mya may make more sense.

[@CambrianScience]

@@grantexploit5903www.nature.com/articles/s41559-019-1047-3 That's the paper. It's only one, so we'll see whether it pans out. The 323 million year estimate isn't crazy, but from what I've gathered, DNA time-of-divergence estimates tend to overshoot.

[@Olddos]

Pls come back imma still wait for ya

[@cesaralcaraz819]

After your done with the Permian could you begin the Mesozoic Era with the Triassic Period

[@SB-qm5wg]

Great video.

[@russpaxman3660]

Fantastic and interesting.

[@gabrielelagrastaglg2263]

great channel! Subscribed!! What program do you use to make these videos?

[@CambrianScience]

Maya for 3D stuff, After Effects/Premier Pro/Photoshop for editing, Garageband for Music.

[@oliver8928]

I'm having issues understanding tetrapod evolution in the Carboniferous. One school of thought seems to maintain that not much happened and somewhere very late in the period there were minor taxonomic shifts that enabled tetrapod diversification in the Permian - characterising the period as one of little change where animals unremarkable from the tetrapodomorphs of the past 100 million years(!) sometimes dragged themselves out of the water. The other school of thought seems to place true terrestrialisation right at the base of the Carboniferous with rapid diversification throughout the period - characterising the period as the first major tetrapod radiation on land with a wide variety of morphospace suddenly exploited possibly as early as the middle of the period. Sorry for the long winded question, but I would appreciate your thoughts?

[@CambrianScience]

Short answer: the second one. Basically, scientists are starting to realize that Devonian tetrapods weren't all that capable of actually walking on dry land very well. So tetrapods with the ability to move well on land probably showed up in the Early Carboniferous. Then there was the appearance of the temnospondyls, lepospondyls, seymoriamorphs, and all kinds of weird groups, which there is no evidence of before the carboniferous. In terms of fully-terrestrial tetrapods, the amniotes only showed up in the second half of the period (as far as we know), but for the last few million years of the carboniferous, there were many of the same large terrestrial amniotes as there were in the early Permian, even specific genera like Edaphosaurus and Sphenacodon.

[@oliver8928]

@@CambrianScience Thanks for the answer. I'm currently studying (undergraduate dissertation level) a carboniferous ecosystem from about 307Ma which is preserved almost entirely as plant and insect remains, except for a single "pelycosaur" trace fossil. I'm trying to gain a broad overview of the complexity of tetrapod faunas at this time but there seems to be very little in the way of published research on early tetrapod ecology, only morphology and taxonomy.

[@CambrianScience]

@@oliver8928 I tried to cover some of this topic before, so I have a few useful papers saved. Try "Diversity change during the rise of tetrapods and the impact of the ‘Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse’" (Dunne et al 2018). There are a lot more ecology papers about the Permian than the Carboniferous unfortunately, but see if you find them useful: Predator-prey interactions amongst Permo‐Triassic terrestrial vertebrates as a deterministic factor influencing faunal collapse and turnover Experimental and Fossil Evidence for the Evolution of Tetrapod Bioenergetics Origins and early evolution of herbivory in tetrapods

[@richardbrooks-lightning]

Very Good!

[@mikel6668]

great video

[@Ka0sv1]

Amazing !!!

[@ish6410]

When are u going to make a new video.

[@CambrianScience]

It's been a weird summer, but hopefully within a month or two.

[@ivanivanofivansson8551]

This is some cool stuff

[@echoff6476]

Yo, you adapt better than these animals dude! Those are some improvements I see! Also, PERMIAN OCEAN! PERMIAN OCEAN! PERMIAN OCEAN! 🍰 (I mean more permian ocean lol

[@CambrianScience]

Then you'll love the next vid

[@blackymolly5508]

CambrianScience make it quick 😂

[@CambrianScience]

@@blackymolly5508 How dare you

[@blackymolly5508]

CambrianScience my bad 😂😂

[@CambrianScience]

@@blackymolly5508 The Permian Ocean has arrived

[@Ka0sv1]

Hey, I’m a music composer and producer - would love to work with you! Happy to provide audio for your videos - your content is amaze!

[@LapisOverlord]

Synapsida > Diapsida imo

[@CambrianScience]

Agreed, but as a synapsid I'm biased.

[@LapisOverlord]

@@CambrianScience I indentify as an attack helicopter so fortunately I am completely unbiased!

[@CambrianScience]

@@LapisOverlord Unfortunately self-identification doesn't work that way.

[@shaneh5316]

YEAH

[@spymaine89]

prelude asinine , show bones

[@CambrianScience]

I am intrigued about what this could possibly mean.

[@spymaine89]

@@CambrianScience communication must be difficult for you

[@CambrianScience]

@@spymaine89 :(

[@spymaine89]

@@CambrianScience yep

[@chadvogel3594]

Spymain89 I think you are the one with the communication issue