Cause & Impact of Largest Mass Extinction of All Time- End Permian Extinctions | GEO GIRL

[@GEOGIRL]

CORRECTION: Conodonts were devastated but did not actually go extinct until the late Triassic (the period after the Permian)* Sorry about that! Hope you enjoy the video ;)

[@girishkumarverma5863]

Ultimate guide

[@omeshsingh8091]

As a lay-person I think of mass extinctions as events that suddenly happened on a particular day, but as you've discussed, this one was over a 2 million year period. No animal could have been aware of the way the world was changing because the change occurred over a period of time so far beyond any organism's lifespan.

[@blandp11]

You hit this one out of the park. I am so happy that you are taking the time to inform a layman like me of the up to date scientific explanations of these titanic events. There is so much old, superseded information that often it is hard to know what current research is uncovering. Thanks again.

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you so much for these kind words! I am so happy that you are learning from and enjoying my content :D

[@chrisconnors7418]

I don’t think I’ve heard of the Guadalupian extinction before (or have forgotten). Cool! Love these videos. And yes, you pronounced lycopod correctly…or at least you pronounced it the same way botanists and us biologists pronounce it (be kinda embarrassing if I’d been pronouncing it wrong all these decades). I do find past extinction events a cause of hope because diversity did return and new species arose. Despite what humans are doing to species now, it’s comforting to know that millions of years from now our entire civilization will hardly be a blip in the geological record and diversity will return.

[@GEOGIRL]

Yes, I have always found it so amazing how fast life recovers after extinction events! Life finds a way! Thanks for the comment, so glad you liked the video ;)

[@titisuteu]

So according to you, for the sake of biodiversity, Stalin and Hitler did nothing wrong , they just reduced some of the population of these pesky humans. Why don't you follow your beliefs to their conclusion and self-delete for the good of the planet? No? I thought so!

[@chrisconnors7418]

@@titisuteu I'll take Leaping to Wrong Conclusions for a thousand, Alex. ;)

[@titisuteu]

@@chrisconnors7418 "it’s comforting to know that millions of years from now our entire civilization will hardly be a blip in the geological record and diversity will return.". That's what you said.

[@chrisconnors7418]

Yes I said that. If you still don’t see how your conclusion was wrong, then bounce my comment and your conclusion off some friends and discuss it. Or find someone who teaches critical thinking/logical fallacies/logic. I bet you’d find it an interesting discussion. I certainly did on something somewhat similar did long long ago. And it also was an enlightening learning experience that had enough impact to stay with me. I hope you too find it a delightful experience. Best wishes to you.

[@daveklepacki2621]

Great job! I'm an extinction emo type too! The PTB is exposed here in southern Alberta in Kananaskis Country. It's awe inspiring.

[@tonytaskforce3465]

Avenge the Permian Extinction. Make trilobites great again. ✊

[@sydhenderson6753]

There were also elevated extinction rates between the two mass extinctions. Basically the Earth had it in for life during the late Permian. And there's another mass extinction coming up at the end of the Triassic, not to mention the Pluvian event during which it got very, very rainy for a very long time.

[@Hellbender8574]

I didn't know The Great Dying had 2 stages. Thank you for yet another educational video. My son has been finding more local fossils and is learning how to prepare them.

[@GEOGIRL]

Oh my gosh, how exciting! I love fossil hunting, but I am always so bad about caring for them after finding them, they just go in a bag somewhere in my closet lol. Good for him! 👏

[@Hellbender8574]

@@GEOGIRL Now that I'm thinking of it, How To Prepare Fossils Demonstration sounds like a good video idea.

[@hoibsh21]

I don't know why I'm crying over The Great Dying.

[@dukecity7688]

This is one of my favorite subjects. I try to imagine what the Siberian Trapps must have looked like while active. I know there is no way i can imagine but the result is evidenced. This was such a pleasure to watch. Thanks Geo Girl. I picture you with a cape like Super Girl.

[@GEOGIRL]

Hahaha Now I want to get a cape 😂 So glad you enjoyed this video, thank you for the kind words ;)

[@samuelwoolwineiv7886]

Imagine an ocean of lava the size of Australia

[@paarsjesteep]

Very informative thanks - I didn’t realise the end-Guadeloupian extinction was the important fore-runner. Would just mention a paper by Bjorn Baresel 2017 who showed the acute extinction at the start of the Siberian Traps was in fact a short ice age with marine regression. This is little mentioned in end-Permian commentary: Baresel B et al. Scientific Reports. 2017 Mar 6;7(1):1-8.

[@DrSmooth2000]

Ooh! I've read that. Is very interesting Controversial take is that a sulfur ice age pulse with ozone depletion precedes most volcanic based biodiversity shocks. Our detection is just now able to resolve but the following GW and CO2 pulse was more evident...so catches all shade

[@tedetienne7639]

Thank you for a really interesting video! Wow, with rapid, enormous releases of carbon dioxide and sulfate aerosols, acid rain, a decreasing ozone layer, methane hydrate release, ocean acidification, and rapid global warming, the late Permian was a difficult time for life on Earth! I wonder if this holds any lessons that we today might listen to? 🙄 One thing worth mentioning is that the Siberian Traps not only released a huge amount of flood basalt to the surface, but the magma also intruded into native sedimentary rock that had abundant carbon, including oil and coal deposits, which were effectively cooked underground and vented large amounts of harmful gases too. I vaguely remembering reading that early geologists who were first piecing together the timeline of the Phanerozoic were so shocked at the level of destruction at the end-Permian and end-Cretaceous that some had considered the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic (“old life”, “middle life”, “new life”) to be literal, complete restarts of life - like 100% extinction and starting over from scratch. Thank goodness that didn’t happen! I really should review my copy of “The Ends of the World” by Peter Brannen. I think that’s where I got that factoid, but the book is good enough to read several times anyway!

[@GEOGIRL]

I still need to read it, but I am so excited to do so, it looks so good! :D

[@willo7734]

It seems like signatures exist for there to be a human-induced (rather than vulcanism induced) great dying event that scientists (of whatever intelligent species exists) will be talking about 100m years from now. It’d be nice if we could use that vaunted human higher reasoning ability given to us by evolution to stop that mass extinction from happening. It’s still hard for us as a species to think on the scale of thousands or millions of years rather than next Tuesday.

[@SpringIsBACK]

Most of the CO2 release was probably caused by the far greater (in the eruptive stages) SO2 release.

[@thehairywoodsman5644]

CONGRATLUATIONS ! 10K quite the milestone ! keep up the fantastic content and you'll have 100k soon enough .

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you so much! I hope so :D

[@tedetienne7639]

Woo-hoo! 10 thousand subscribers!!! Congratulations! I don't think KZbin gives any awards for that, but it's still an amazing milestone. Keep up the great work!

[@GEOGIRL]

Haha, nope no rewards, but it is a pretty good reward in itself because I am so grateful to have all this support ;D Thanks Ted, you are one of my most loyal followers and you have no idea how much your words motivate me to keep going!

[@sayagarapan1686]

Gloomy and amazing! Very informative for me as an amateur. These are some of the info I've long wanted explained. Thank you!

[@GEOGIRL]

Thanks for the comment! I am so glad you found it helpful ;D

[@jodiegreen7980]

Very good thank you. Only one thing for my wishlist is to provide a bit of a commentary on some of teh ley observations or evidence types that are how we know these details enabling us to tell this explanation and narrative.

[@shovelspade480]

I absolutely love natural history however geology is my weakness. Your incredible. Your provide me with so many missing links within my understanding of earth's evolution over time. Keep up the great work. Your amazing at what you do and seeing the passion you have flow out of you is beautiful. Much love Geo Girl 💚💧☀️🌍

[@GEOGIRL]

Wow you are too sweet, thank you so much! :)

[@georgefspicka5483]

Hello GEO GIRL: I especially appreciate the information about the End Guadalupian Extinction. I knew it had occurred, but didn't know that much detail. With it's potential of joining the "Big 5," I've also heard that said about the Triassic "Carnian Pluvial Episode." Apparently it had a greater effect then what was originally thought.

[@alijadoon5196]

The PT boundary, My research topic , a wonderful topic and explained very nicely 👍

[@GEOGIRL]

Oh what a fun research area! :D

[@PraiseDog]

Just found your channel. My immediate impression is that it is impressive. Both in content, and your presentation.

[@GEOGIRL]

Thanks so much! So glad you found me and that you like my videos ;D

[@gerrardjones28]

Perfect channel for anyone interested in earth history or for anyone wanting to learn about it, its excitement and informative, I have a fascination with extinction events but didn't even know about the guadalupian extinction until this video

[@GEOGIRL]

So glad you like it, thank you so much for the kind comment! ;D

[@Smilo-the-Sabertooth]

Wow, a very fascinating topic, one that I am particularly interested in because not too long ago, I had visited a little museum of Nature and Science in Las Cruces which features exhibits of fossils and wildlife that are found in New Mexico and it featured some fossilized trackways dating back to the Permian period, tracks that were possibly left behind by the Dimetrodon or a creature that was similar in some respects to the Dimetrodon. And after certain museum visits, I know for a fact that your incredibly educational channel is the best place to come and gain a better understanding of what I’ve learned, no doubt or hesitation at all.

[@mattgrandich3977]

Really useful explanation. Thank you! Subscribed.

[@solarwizzo8667]

Geo Girl, I just discovered your channel. Love your content. I live in southern New Mexico and wonder, if there are outcrops in the Sacramento Mountains, where the permian-triassic boundary is visually recognizable. Maybe somewhere along Highway 82?

[@bocckoka]

That image from 8:35 is excellent. I assumed that these historical ages are kind of ad hoc, but that image definitely proves that they are long peroids of stability, separated by sudden and radical phase transition-like events. This is what makes climate change very scary.

[@goyoelburro]

LOVE this video! It made me subscribe to your channel. You don't overly explain every scientific term, and treat your audience as adults who have a modicum of understanding about past epochs. Keep up the good work!!!!!

[@GEOGIRL]

That's so nice of you to say, thank you! And thanks for subscribing! :) To your point about my terminology, I always wanted to go a bit more in depth than the main channels talking about these topics go, so I never really take the time to go back and explain every little detail like the time periods and what not. I know that some people might dislike that, but I am so glad you see the value in that! With all of that stuff out of the way, I can get to the much cooler stuff! :D

[@p.bckman2997]

A small note on pronunciation of biological nomenclature: Vowels aren't supposed to be inflicted. The 'y' in Lystrosaurus is pronounced like in 'rugby'. Likewise, the 'i' in e.g. Isopod is pronounced with an 'i' like in 'sit'. The letter 'c' is only pronounced as an 's' if it precedes an e or i, or the 'ae' (æ) combination, so 'lycopod' is pronounced 'lykopod' (with the non-inflicted y).

[@Alberad08]

Thank you for this interesting upload!

[@GEOGIRL]

Of course! So glad you enjoyed it :)

[@timl8258]

What happened to the hotspot that produced the Siberian traps? Is it the same hotspot that is currently under Iceland? Also, I really appreciate the effort that you put into your videos. Great work!

[@toughenupfluffy7294]

According to a Wikipedia article ('Siberian Traps'), the hotspot under Iceland is the same as the one that erupted in Siberia 252 million years ago.

[@VexGone]

Great video ! Just found your channel. Is it possible to get a video on formation of Himalayas ? Thanks

[@GEOGIRL]

I got one! :D -> kzbin.info/www/bejne/rnKUdmmadranf6c

[@MaryAnnNytowl]

I'm glad I found and subbed to you. I needed more channels to follow that cover deep-time and ancient critters like you do. I love the subject matter! 😍

[@mikelong9638]

Please keep these coming.

[@GEOGIRL]

Will do ;)

[@karenbrown4524]

I'm over the moon that by my reading an online article (THE ARCHAEOLOGIST) titled: "Australia discovers a long extinct sea scorpion that can reach 2 meters in length" and my doing just a general search to learn more, it led me to your brilliant channel! While some of the information you presented went a bit over my head because it was the first time hearing it, this was magically presented and I look forward to watching many more of your presentations.

[@chrisconnors7418]

In the AGU Eos digital edition for today, they have an article on the discovery of tridymite in mafic rocks on Mars. They briefly explain why that is unexpected, and they give a possible scenario as to how it got there. But, if you wanted to do a more in-depth video…. :)

[@georgefspicka5483]

Hi there Geo Girl, I'm sure you're aware that evidence has been discovered, that indicates a major extinction event at the end of the Ediacaran. So besides the Big 5, were faced with the possibility of having: 1-The End Ediacaran event, 2-The Guadalupian event, 3-The Triassic Carnian Pluvial Episode, and the 4-Anthropocene Extinction added, which potentially might result in there being 9 Mass Extinctions 😳

[@GEOGIRL]

Oh trust me there are wayyyy more than 9 from what I’ve seen, it’s just so hard to get the others to become ‘big 5’ status haha, but I’ve seen papers list like 50 throughout the entire timescale. Now many of those are much smaller than events like the great dying but many deserve to be recognized more widely. Maybe I could do a future video about some of them if I find enough info ;D

[@georgefspicka5483]

@@GEOGIRL I too know of other extinction events. The one I follow closest is the Mega Fauna Extinction at the close of the last glacial advance. First thought to be confined to North America, it was felt due to over-hunting, or the changing climate, but then it was realized it was a global event. Then on Nova there was a feature about evidence of there having had been an extraterrestrial impact, first proposed in 2007. I've favored that theory ever since.

[@faizanrana2998]

Wow, extremely informative! She makes everything sound so interesting.

[@GEOGIRL]

Yay! So glad to hear that ;D

[@sunspot42]

I read somewhere that the Siberian Traps were extra destructive because much of the lava that came up lit existing coal beds in the area on fire, resulting in a massive discharge of CO2 beyond just what came out of the lava as well as producing destructive acid rain.

[@GEOGIRL]

You are absolutely right! I can't believe I didn't clarify that in the video, but that is one of the reasons they caused such a drastic CO2 increase, thanks for mentioning that!

[@JoesFirewoodVideos]

When is the next great extinction event coming? Will us humans make it through it? I ❤️ GEO girl.

[@GEOGIRL]

Haha! That's a great question Joe! I don't even want to think about it. The first one is easy, it's now. The second question is a bit more complex, but the answer right now is just it depends. It depends on what we do as a species, how we alter our behavior, and it also depends on what other factors may come into play that we cannot control (COVID is a good example). I guess the real answer is who knows ;)

[@KoalaMeatPie]

AWESOME! More on our Ancient Weird-World (or AWW) - Will you be making a lecture on the "Fungal Event" ? A 100,000 year layer filled with Mould and fungus spores that thrived off of all the End-Permian anoxic decay?

[@GEOGIRL]

NO WAY! That sounds amazing! I would love to make a video about that but the book I use did not mention it lol, could you tell me where you read that? I will look for some sources and start working on a video :D

[@KoalaMeatPie]

@@GEOGIRL (Can't use link on YT) Worldwide records, Papers include - "Fungal abundance spike and the Permian-Triassic boundary in the Karoo Supergroup (South Africa)" - "Fungal event and palynological record of ecological crisis and recovery across the Permian-Triassic boundary" - "Interpretation of “fungal spikes” in Permian-Triassic boundary sections" - "Fungal virulence at the time of the end-Permian biosphere crisis?" - "Fungal decay in Permian Glossopteridalean stem and root wood from Antarctica." - "Evidence for a fungal event, methane-hydrate release and soil erosion at the Permian-Triassic boundary in southern Israel " - "Terrestrial paleoenvironment characterization across the Permian-Triassic boundary in South China "

[@GEOGIRL]

@@KoalaMeatPie Thanks so much! I am so excited to look into it :D

[@chrisconnors7418]

I just read The Mesozoic terminated in boreal spring Nature 2022 Feb paper by During et al. Fascinating detective work pulling together old and new discoveries. I scanned your playlist to see if you’d done a video on it but didn’t see one. Maybe an idea for a future video…?????

[@DrSmooth2000]

Evocative title 🧐

[@samuelwoolwineiv7886]

“New growth cannot exist without first the destruction of the old” -Guru Laghima

[@GEOGIRL]

Wow, I love that!

[@alanseymour1252]

GG: Your videos are rather long, but granted full of info. Sometimes we get bored with the sea of technical data, so often I close-out due to lack-of-interest knowing this video is tooo long .. … But wouldn’t it be nice if you could provide a summary in the beginning. This as comfort to know we’re not wasting our time (often I’m only looking for my unknown information, not my known). Hey I really like your videos, and I'll keep on watching (but not forever).

[@philc1372]

Thanks

[@NlKl420]

wow! such a knowledgeable video.. loved it 🙌

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you! So glad you loved it ;D

[@davidwilkie9551]

Tentatively we could think of the logarithmic condensation wave-packaging formation here-now-forever as the nodal-vibrational holography-quantization of inside-outside time-timing con-sequence of e-Pi-i emitter-receiver i-reflection interference positioning-location system, the cause-effect projection-drawing of holographic nucleation Singularity-point phenomena. You just have to observe flash-fractal elemental e-Pi-i sync-duration superposition identification..,which may easily take several lifetimes combined in parallel coexistence, instantaneous modulation cause-effect mechanism is obviously complicated and messy. Mostly, remember temporal wave-packaging is totally interpenetrating time-timing positioning and wait for the concept of superimposed stratified shell-horizons to make sense. No problem for Geologists.

[@noeditbookreviews]

I hope you see this! Have you read or heard much about Michael Benton's "When Life Nearly Died?" I just started reading it, and it's good, but it is a bit old.

[@SpringIsBACK]

Actually, mass quantities of SO2 are probably the substance that the volcanoes emitted that really caused the warming. Volcanoes release considerably more SO2 than CO2. Interestingly, at lower concentrations (Tambura or even somewhat more) SO2 causes cooling ("the year without a summer), and likely in somewhat higher yet / somewhat more extended doses, causes glaciation, but that turns around at even higher concentrations for extended periods, as you get an atmosphere (and rain) that ultimately pulls CO2 from the rocks...

[@GEOGIRL]

Actually, SO2 isn't a greenhouse gas like CO2, so it wouldn't have warmed Earth, but it was certainly released, you are absolutely right! :D However, I should note that SO2 does increase the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere which would also increase CO2 concentrations even more, which would exacerbate the warming, so you are actually right that it would've contributed to warming, but indirectly, rather than directly. :) Another edit haha: I should also note that SO2 can cause cooling too if it converts into sulfate in the atmosphere because sulfate blocks incoming solar radiation. However, this feedback is much slower than the CO2 warming effect (to my understanding), so I think that would've taken effect after the initial warming event. Thanks for bringing up those points! ;D

[@johnvoelker4345]

SO₂ is a poison CO₂ is a nutrient

[@anabelleramirez2976]

hi i just want to know what is the name of the book you use for historical geology. I'm reviewing for the board exam. BTW love your vids

[@GEOGIRL]

It's Earth System History: amzn.to/3v1Iy0G, and for future reference, the book(s) I use are always linked in the description box of every video ;) Best of luck on your exam!! :D

[@insectilluminatigetshrekt5574]

Make a video about the distinct between the 3 faunal types, "Cambrian", "Paleozoic", and "Modern"

[@anabelleramirez2976]

hi i would like to know what book do you use for historical geology. im studying for the board im currently ready the essential of igneous and metamorphic petrology you recommend

[@GEOGIRL]

I use Earth System History: amzn.to/3v1Iy0G, but for future reference the books I use are always linked in the description box of every video ;) Hope you are enjoyed the igneous and metamorphic petrology book so far ;D

[@takashitamagawa5881]

It's amazing that geology can reconstruct or at least hypothesize about the shape of ancient continents hundreds of millions of years back in time. Hurray for the nautilidae. Even though they aren't too common now they survived extinction events dating from the Paleozoic and still live today. Far out-surviving their offshoot relatives the ammonoids.

[@Get_to_the_Point]

Wow. The only thing more impactful to the world was the time you took out your guitar and started singing about geology. lol Cool vid thx !

[@GEOGIRL]

Hahaha I love this comment lol! Thanks Eric! You've always been a big fan of my nerdy songs and I love that ;D

[@Get_to_the_Point]

@@GEOGIRL lmao I play a little music too. That really was classic. I know a lot of geologists, never saw one pull out a guitar, much less sing about geology. lol A classic moment in the world of geology ! Maybe your name should be brave geo girl lol

[@Leadvest]

Do you think deep sea mining could disrupt chitinous benthic foraminifera from conducting ecologically important carbon capture?

[@GeoffCanyon]

I always see extinction events described in terms of the loss of diversity -- e.g. % of species lost -- does anyone look at them just in terms of overall "life that died" terms? e.g. it's possible that 90% of species were lost, but the remaining 10% were wildly dominant to begin with, so only a small fraction of "life" was lost. The measure I'm thinking of might be expressed in terms of % of individuals lost, or maybe loss of biomass? I'm not sure what the best way to describe what I'm thinking of, but it would be interesting to know e.g. how close lystrosaurus came to *also* going extinct: were they (for whatever reason) less susceptible to the stress of the extinction event and survived easily? or were they also affected, but less so and managed to squeak out survival? or were they just lucky in their distribution: a viable group happened to be in a location that was less affected? or were they just lucky in general: among many species devastated by the event, lystrosaurus just happened to be the ones to have a surviving viable group? or something else I'm not thinking of?

[@GeoffCanyon]

Replying to add that I just watched your video on the triassic extinction event, and I love the additional information you give there about how the dinosaurs survived it while the therapsids (largely) failed; and how the crocodiles adapted.

[@mariodegroote6756]

like always a good insight and straitgh to the point, thank you for your work here, i use a lot of your art that u use as inspiration for what i draw or sculpt, and for the rest its always a wonderful window on earths past;D thank you geo girl, and yeah belgium here, land of waffles chocolate and beer(i dont eat waffles chocolate and dont drink alcohol)(not really a representative belgian in this case:D hihi) anyways you take care outthere Geo Girl and till next upload

[@GEOGIRL]

Thanks Mario! Haha I feel the same way about being a geologist, the stereotype is that geologists love beer, but I don't like beer, so I feel like a bad representation of geologists! hahaha 🤣

[@mariodegroote6756]

@@GEOGIRL hahaha nah, were just... more realistic towards life i would say, and a bit um... unique in some ways, be proud of who and what you are, the rest, pffff thats the rest:D im a martial arts teatcher, also i draw paint sculpt, make things in paper, i write a lot, and love science in all his diff faces, im no fighter, i love life, , to quote the doors, people are strange lalalalala:D

[@TheErik249]

MY RESPONSE: Its important to note - 1. The Siberian traps event has been estimated to have taken place in anywhere from 30,000 years to 2 million years. Because it is over 250 MYA much of the evidence has been weathered away. 2. Flood basalt events are produced from mantle plume hotspots. The Siberian traps is a large igneous province.(L.I.P.) 3. The magma effused from mantle plumes is basaltic mafic magma. Very high in sulfur dioxide. Very silica poor (60%) It produces what are called shield volcanoes. Hawaii is a mantle plume. Iceland, Canary islands, and the most famous mantle plume, YELLOWSTONE. 4. The Siberian traps event covered an area as big as the United States and is roughly 5000 feet thick. 5. Because of the magma type effused, it saturated the atmosphere with sulfur dioxide as well. 6. Remember that methane oxidizes when it encounters oxygen, and then becomes co2 and water vapor. That entire transformation takes roughly 9.5 years. 7. Lystrosaurus promounced... List-ro-saurus. 8. Lycopods pronounced... Like-o-pods 9. This video was not dark, or depressing. 10. Remember that WE would not be here if not for the many extinctions that have naturally occurred on Earth with allmost predictable regularity. This is the way Earth works. WE are not the first. WE are not the last. WE will die out. Probably from volcanism. Okay... on to the next one.

[@MeanBeanComedy]

Nah, we're gonna make it. That's just loser talk.

[@ericlewis9472]

I like your nasa hat geo girl it’s cool and you look 😎 cool in it👍

[@jasoncuculo7035]

What do you think about the theory that the Siberian Traps was caused by the impact of a 40 km asteroid on the opposite side of the earth cause antipodal focusing so the force transmitted through the Earths liquid interior cracked through the crust creating a chain of volcanos ripping open the crust like a zippier and creating the tremendous Siberian traps?

[@jackprier7727]

Love Tha Quilt!!--

[@GEOGIRL]

Haha YES! So glad you noticed, thank you! :D

[@Ironfootball69]

From NASA 😅😅 well-done...geo girl

[@alimaleki6316]

The volcanos that erupted for 2 million years!! mind blowing

[@GEOGIRL]

I know right!!!

[@leechild4655]

I heard the Permian extinction event was due to volcanism that ignited coal laid down during the Carboniferous. I imagine with so much soot and ash and noxious gases in the atmosphere not only was everything poisoned but with little sunlight getting through it must have also been very cold too after the fact.

[@GEOGIRL]

Yes, you are abolutely right! It was that as well as a multitude of other factors that came together to create the perfect storm!

[@leechild4655]

@@GEOGIRL I had just learned that but didnt know of those earlier events. I love your channel. You convey more info that I can digest but I`ll keep watching and maybe I`ll catch up. ;-)

[@GEOGIRL]

@@leechild4655 Aw thank you so much! I am so glad you enjoy my videos! I hope my other videos will help to explain the concepts a bit more thoroughly ;)

[@pedrohpires6608]

Obrigado!

[@GEOGIRL]

You are very welcome, thank you so much for the tip and comment! ;D

[@SSMLivingPictures]

KPG stands for 'Kretacious etc etc"...Isnt it spelled Cretacious with a C?

[@samakshgupta8750]

Thank you for the video🙏. Have you studied geomorphology?

[@GEOGIRL]

Not very much, why?

[@samakshgupta8750]

@@GEOGIRL no I just asked randomly 😅

[@AnnoyingNewslettersPage6]

Didn't they find a six mass extinction event sandwiched between two others?

[@GEOGIRL]

Oh there are MANY more than 5 haha! We find more all the time and various sizes but because we have accepted these 5 as the 'recognized' 5 mass extinctions, it's difficult to get another one to become widely accepted as the 6th or 7th, etc. There have even been some that match or are greater in impact than some of these 5, and they still can't get enough traction to become officially recognized as one of these major events. Idk why, it's weird haha, I see papers all the time finding new ones and providing evidence for others, but we will probably always stick to talking about these 5 because it's what we built the timescale off of. ;)

[@nyoodmono4681]

I learned here that the permian extincton was actualy a double event starting with the guadalupian, ty. What do you think of the thesis that the evolving terrestrial flora broke up the rocks with their roots, causing huge ammounts of sediments being washed into the oceans and that this was causing an over nutrification and eventually anoxic seas/ coasts? Or was that way before in another extincton event? Also i have heard that it is not settled if the traps like deccan and siberian, did cause climate change, because they do not always correlate with warming. It could be that the traps in the permian are a result of plate tectonics and that these plate tectonics are also the cause of mesozoic warming, because Antarctica left the south pole. Since snow can not accumulate on the open sea to a massive ice albedo shield if there is no continent. After all we know that when Antarctica went back to the south pole, our current glacial age began.

[@GEOGIRL]

Yep, you are abosolutely correct about the over nutrification via evolution of land plants and yes, that was a previous event (the Devonian Mass Extinction), I actually talt about the trees being to blame for that event in that video but sounds like you already have a pretty good idea of how that worked haha ;) Also, I heard that about the Deccan timing but the Siberian timing is pretty spot on for the Permian extinction. I do think that tectonics played a role, but since Pangea's southern half was pretty much over the south pole, I think there was plenty of room for continental glaciers, especialy with the higher elevation of continental land at the time. (see pangea image: th.bing.com/th/id/R.c5635e143fb41008f92c7242c8edcd1e?rik=VMtTmraeY2deBQ&riu=http%3a%2f%2fwww.universetoday.com%2fwp-content%2fuploads%2f2010%2f10%2fpangea.jpg&ehk=v0Q1mONoRdx%2bbCBMUaCbYflWdeHPZ4%2bqDPOIOYxOk4A%3d&risl=&pid=ImgRaw&r=0)

[@nyoodmono4681]

@@GEOGIRL Thanks for the detailed reply! The picture in your link shows the permian i think, this is where the movement just startet, after that India will crash into Asia and Antarctica will move north bound too, away from the pole. These continental drift theories are not new and i found them being mentioned as major temperature factor on the website of the "Freie Universität Berlin', i do not know if that means any merit. But i noticed that there is no talk about this in many YT videos. My point it is it seems quite obvious. What did cause our cooling if not Antarctica moving back to The south pole? Because that is exactly what happened and we describe the (re)glaciation of Antarctica quite detailed. The north pole today shows it too: The arctic sea ice comes and goes with the seasons, only the greenland ice shield stays stable. Even though Russia and Canada are close, they do not carry ice shields, only when the interglacial ends. So the polar circle region is pretty narrow, yet very decisive. Without landmass, there is the strongest dark absorber: Sea. With landmass there is snow accumulating to massive ice shields, the strongest reflector.

[@GEOGIRL]

@@nyoodmono4681 Great points! To answer your question of what caused out cooling event (currect ice age), it wasn't just the position of continents at the south pole it was the isolation of Antartica at the south pole so the ocean could circulate around it and stay cool. Before it was isolated (before india & autrailia moved away and before the drake passage formed), the water was too warm because it wasn't only circulating near the pole. I talk about that in my Modern Ice Age video :). But as for your point about the Permian and Pangea, you are probably right about the coninental arrangement (& lack of glacial albedo) contributed to the warming. I wonder why more people (books and videos) don't go into detail about that?

[@scambammer6102]

Wait...so the Permian extinction was actually TWO extinctions? I want my money back.

[@romanregman1469]

Could the Gualadupian extinction have been caused by one of "our" Sun's outbursts -- mass ejection?

[@Ironfootball69]

So cute. Look ...and also very good video..😇

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you! So glad you enjoyed the video ;D

[@Ironfootball69]

@@GEOGIRL most welcome...✨✨✨✨🙂🙂🙂

[@davidday388]

Volcanism also releases a large amount of sulfur dioxide, which has a strong acidification potential

[@GEOGIRL]

Very true! Acid rain is a major result of large volcanic eruptions due to the CO2 and SO2 release, great point!

[@michaelcox1071]

You cannot "acidify" the oceans. The bottom of the oceans are all in contact with rock that will prevent such a swing in ph.

[@GEOGIRL]

@@michaelcox1071 I think he was suggesting acid rain not ocean acidification. But actually the ocean can undergo pH swings, they are just not super dramatic because of the rocks that act as buffers like you mentioned. However, for some organisms that have very specific pH requirements, even slight pH changes, for example from 8 to 7.5, would heavily affect them, so it doesn't always have to be dramatic to be effective ;)

[@michaelcox1071]

@@GEOGIRL you can have local swings in ph, but not widespread changes. Even the local changes are typically adapted to by resident species.

[@michaelcox1071]

Also, subscribed.

[@rommelfcc]

According to google, Anoxia is 0 0xygen... 😳 that would be a very dead sea! ☠️ I had being using the word anoxia wrong, for describing the precursors for multiple sclerosis attacks, and polyps, cysts and cancers, cause by Oils and animal fats (oils bing the worst, in causing hypoxic conditions in stressing and damaging cells... And in the case of MS causing the BBB to leak

[@GoliathJohnson]

"Today" as in wrte going through a 6th extonction event right now?

[@GEOGIRL]

Yep

[@GoliathJohnson]

@GEOGIRL been binging your stuff btw, great vids! Also, I'm assuming you have another vid about said current "extonction"(lol) event

[@GEOGIRL]

@@GoliathJohnson Actually not yet, but I am currently working on a video all about it, so that will hopefully be out in the next couple of months! Glad you've been enjoying my content! :D

[@hdufort]

It's sad that the tough little trilobite didn't make it through. Some species barely make it (perhaps one small population survive in a sheltered bay) while others come very close to surviving but ultimately disappear. I guess this is what happened to trilobites. Replay the movie, it might have a different ending. In an alternate universe: Humans with their pet goldfish & pet trilobite aquarium.

[@GEOGIRL]

Yes, it is fun to think about what might've been had anything been slightly different! A pet trilobite would be the absolute best hahaha

[@hdufort]

@@GEOGIRL Yeah but I wouldn't pet Wiwaxia 😂

[@GEOGIRL]

@@hdufort Hahaha true!

[@dustinking2965]

Largest extinction event _so far_.

[@rickricky5626]

welcome to the 6th extinction.....AND THIS WILL DWARF THEM ALL

[@Ironfootball69]

Hii geo girl...

[@roxyamused]

Lystrosaur! The capybara of the PTE and the sparse desert planet of the early Triassic. What a guy. Pour one out for a real one, our great great great... cousin four times removed.

[@DavidSmith-jj7ll]

WRT pronunciation: I think I've heard modern specimens of lycopodia pronounced "lie-koh-POH-dee-a" But caveat that this was South Carolinian naturalists so always a chance that it was just idiosyncracy not some Oxfordian 'correct' pronunciation.

[@GEOGIRL]

Well I am sure that is the correct pronounciation for the full term, it's like I say arthropOda when I say the full term, but when I shorten it I say arthropods with a 'ahhh' sound instead of an 'o' sound, so it's probably the same for lycopodia vs lycopod, but I am just guessing I could be completely off! LOL😂

[@SpringIsBACK]

In an eyeblink (100-200 years if not sooner) we are probably going to find out half of this is wrong...

[@sleep7220]

I wish I had a cute teacher ❤

[@nicholasmaude6906]

SciShow just put out a short video about the Lystrosaurus, Rachel, I think it will interest you😀 - kzbin.info/www/bejne/ZpWxdZKJrq2he6s IIRC palaeontologists investigating the end-Permian/Beginning-Triassic referred to it as the sheep (Or was that cows) of late Permian because there were SO many of them😉.

[@unrequited8200]

I had a mass extinction themed potluck at my house one time, with all my science nerd friends... I called it 'The Great Frying' 🤓

[@GEOGIRL]

LOL I love that! 🤣

[@nullofthenull]

Lol unless you count rn love it

[@nullofthenull]

Wow I feel special now

[@LorenStClair]

dig the ligo

[@789563able]

Great content. But slow down your speech and get a better microphone.

[@JC-mn2ll]

I always imagine what life would be like if this extinction didn’t happen. Dinosaurs and birds wouldn’t have evolved, and mammals would be much more bizarre.

[@GEOGIRL]

I know right! It's so fun to think how just one little difference in timing or conditions could've changed EVERYTHING! :D

[@avataranonymous]

hmm why don't you list geography as your topics...

[@GEOGIRL]

Because I don't know geography, I know geology ;)

[@avataranonymous]

@@GEOGIRL geography is interdisciplinary. You know physical geography - it’s a hybrid of geology, hydrology, environmental science science.. etc.

[@GEOGIRL]

@@avataranonymous Yea, I know, but I have always struggled with it just like I struggle with geophysics, another sub-topic of geology, so I just don't talk about those as much, but maybe someday! ;)

[@markstevenson2492]

If its a chinese word and you dont know what tones to use you aren't saying it right. ma with a flat tone = mum, ma with a up down tone = horse. So yeah default position should be nope I can't say this Chinese word unless you can read pinyin.

[@Smith_Jnr]

Do you have an issue with KZbin (via the United Nations) forcing their views upon your viewers?

[@GEOGIRL]

Not sure what you mean?

[@stavros1655]

@@GEOGIRL The blue "info" box that attributes climate change to "human activities" when, from your excellent videos, it is obvious that humans had no part of the 5 (or 6) previous mass extinctions (SUVs and cattle farts didn't cause the Siberian traps). The earth's core is what caused these extinctions and it is affected by the sun, solar flares and CMEs disturbing the magnetic fields surrounding the earth which, in turn, affect the molten core of the earth. The vulcanism has been exacerbated by asteroidal impacts on the earth, which might have been effected by solar activity. The attribution of climate change to humans is not only magnificent hubris but totally false.

[@GEOGIRL]

@@stavros1655 Oh I understand now, yes, I mean I take issue with the fact that they don't check the video to see that I am talking about ancient climate change, but if I were talking about modern climate change I wouldn't mind. I just wish they had come up with a better term for modern climate change than 'climate change' becuase the climate has changed many times in Earth's history so that does get to me sometimes, but oh well, it's not that big a deal in my mind ;)

[@nibiruresearch]

"....of all time" is not true.

[@LorenStClair]

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Krupp