Exploring the Euclid Mission with Neil deGrasse Tyson and Jason Rhodes

What are dark energy and dark matter? Neil deGrasse Tyson and Chuck Nice learn about the Euclid Mission and our latest efforts to uncover the secrets of The Dark Universe with JPL Researcher, Jason Rhodes.
If dark energy is spreading out and getting thinner, how do you get more of it? Learn more about dark energy as a property of spacetime, how we verify dark energy, and the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope set for launch in 2027. Discover how the Nancy Grace Roman and the Euclid Space telescope will help us find out more about the nature of dark energy and dark matter.
Could there be black holes made out of dark matter? We discuss how scientists deal with only using images of the distant past and whether agencies collaborate or are competitive with each other. What is the Great Attractor? Find out about this fascinating feature of our Universe. Why do we assume dark matter is matter? What is space? Are dark energy and dark matter good names for these phenomena?
What happens when gravity waves collide? Learn about an European Space Agency mission, LISA, that will put lasers in space to detect gravitational waves. What methods did Euclid use to explore dark energy? Plus, why is it called the Euclid mission? Does it have anything to do with geometry?
Thanks to our Patrons Florian Mueller, Bartek Moryc, Lorena Pereira, Leon Helmink, Stephan Marty, sam jones, and Phillip Berryhill for supporting us this week.
NOTE: StarTalk+ Patrons can listen to this entire episode commercial-free.
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About StarTalk:
Science meets pop culture on StarTalk! Astrophysicist & Hayden Planetarium director Neil deGrasse Tyson, his comic co-hosts, guest celebrities & scientists discuss astronomy, physics, and everything else about life in the universe. Keep Looking Up!
#StarTalk #neildegrassetyson
Timestamps:
00:00 - Introduction: Euclid Mission
2:02 - What is Dark Energy?
10:23 - Telescopes on Space Balloons
16:00 - Could There Be a Black Hole Made of Dark Matter?
19:39 - How Are Scientists Dealing with Outdated Images?
23:30 - What is The Great Attractor?
27:11 - Why Do We Assume Dark Matter Is Matter?
33:46 - Gravitational Waves Colliding
37:02 - How Will Euclid Explore Dark Energy?
40:49 - What Does the Euclid Mission Have to Do with Geometry?

[@StarTalk]

Want to ask a question of your own? Come check out the Patreon: www.patreon.com/startalkradio

[@michaelccopelandsr7120]

I need help with my new years resolution. I've figured out how to change the stars. My idea for changing the stars includes Orion and Pleiades (Subaru). I figure it's time to put something up there that's relevant to us, don't you think? Take Orion's belt and Betelgeuse becomes the head with a baseball hat. Below the belt are two legs bending at the knee. The feet aligning perfectly under the bent knees. The 3 stars of Orion's belt align perfectly as the 3 fat belt loops on a baseball uniform. The spear pointing at "Subaru" is the bat being swung and "Pleiades" is the baseball flying away after being hit. Put it all together and you get, "THE ALL-STAR." In my case, I see a left-handed batter and I imagine a "7" on the jersey. Which makes him, "Mickey." (As it should be ;-) But you can put any number you want, making, "THE ALL-STAR," any player you want. It'd be wrong of me to not, at least, try. This is me, trying. Pass it on, please and thank you. Don't worry, where I come from, crazy is a compliment

[@davidgollinger7376]

Understanding that everything has an opposite, could dark energy actually be anti-gravity?

[@charonrose3306]

Hi Chuck Hey Neil ❤🎉

[@worldmadebyphysics8622]

Happy birthday boss! ❤🍰🎉

[@mariusmacas380]

Hi Neil. Have emailed you more then a year ago. Still waiting for your answer ❤

[@ev1616]

Hi just finished “astrophysics for people in a hurry” and I loved it

[@revmsj]

But how fast did you read it though…? But seriously, slow down and metaphorically smell the proverbial roses, bro…

[@JoeVanGogh]

​@@revmsj😂😂 nice

[@j72ashley]

Almost done and I am loving it

[@Denny_7782]

Wanted to...was in too much of a hurry 🤪

[@chrisroger2000]

I was so much in a hurry that I listened to the audio version on youtube at 2x speed. I loved it too.

[@pgkhan3858]

“Dark energy is the name we give to our ignorance of what’s causing our universe to expand faster and faster over time.” I think Jason Rhodes just gave the simplest definition of dark energy I’ve ever heard.

[@michaeldonnelly2977]

I also think that is a very, very good definition. A similar definition could be given for DARK MATTER. It’s not actually related to Matter as we know it at all. I would define it like this: “It’s the name we give to our ignorance of why galaxies are spinning faster than the laws of gravity predict, given their presumed mass.”

[@michaeldonnelly2977]

I would 100% agree with Neil at 32:22 that a better name for Dark Matter is DARK GRAVITY.

[@michaelccopelandsr7120]

Neil and Chuck for 2024

[@Nefville]

Jason is an amazing science communicator. Its a rare thing to find someone who 1 knows the answers but 2 can actually translate them into something the public like me can digest. Top marks!

[@gregft1979]

Yep and with excellent language skill also. Clear and to the point

[@randomkindness1470]

In the past three years Ive taken it upon myself to solve my communication/social skills problems and it has been a daily struggle ...its NielDeGrass 's show but Sir Chuck is who Im here for.

[@dimitri1515]

One of the best dark matter/dark energy discussions I've heard. Great job.

[@keep-ukraine-free528]

Another great episode. I loved that Lord Nice shows us he's quite smart, even though he couldn't do a Ph.D. as Neil and Jason could. From only osmosis, without textbooks, Doctro Nice has learned so much in just 2 years - showing _he's also_ very smart! Loved this!

[@dave104832]

If he can, then whats everyone else's excuse?

[@theduder2617]

@@dave104832 Intentional laziness. Intentional ignorance. Outright refusal to educate regardless of consequences. A false belief that avoiding education enables invented fantasy to somehow become a reality. I mean, how far down the rabbit hole of reasons do you wish to travel?

[@jpdemer5]

I'm pretty sure he could earn a Ph.D. if he wanted one.

[@michael-4k4000]

Chuck is as smart as a whip!!! Chuck went to an elite college and is one of the smartest funny man in the universe

[@POOMMAH]

HAPPY BIRTHDAY NEIL!!!👑🎂🎁🎈🎉🥳🌌🌠🪐

[@davidlane256]

Neil was born when the U.S. had 49 states. A very small window of time

[@davidlane256]

Sorry, I had the wrong year

[@messier8769]

I bet it's so awesome to be both of yalls friends. The learning and the jokes are awesome ! & at the same moment, have our minds blown from the crazy facts by Mr.Tyson. The fact that he takes the time to learn and read published scientific papers, then tells it to us in a way that is very paletable for the masses is underrated, & I am honored to be alive in a time of podcasts to watch Star Talk. Thank You Guys! I highly respect you two and I highly recommend to watch all episodes. Have a great day everyone.

[@alanhehe4508]

Always entertaining and informative!! 🔥

[@julianheller9369]

Been listening to every episode these last years and from all discussions of dark matter/energy, this one was the most complete, comprehensive, and informative one. Amazing responses by the Jason.

[@waterashwagandha3]

happy birthday dr. Tyson i love you & i am so thankful for you 💗💗

[@AV8R_Surge]

I love the smart talk. Keep it going!

[@rambletonne]

Really enjoyed this conversation. Thank you to all involved. I learned a lot.

[@R3cce]

Happy birthday Neil 🎉

[@sapieattersisingere3288]

Thank you for all the good videos late at night I actually watch it and listen to you guys before I go to bed really does help . Except for sometimes I have really messed up dreams which I get to laugh about when I wake up

[@alexaales7937]

hello Neil, my personal astro physicist, every night when i walk my dog for the last time of the day and i look up to the stars (living in a small village where the sky is not light polluted) and being amazed every time i think of you cause you taught me so much! thank you for that! you will always be in my heart for the influence you had on my life! your epitaph has already been fulfilled so don't drive yourself nuts 🙂!

[@SoulFlameXil]

@StarTalk I’m not sure who/if this will get seen, but Neil, Chuck, would it be possible to get links to research papers/programs that get brought up in the show? Get some representation for the people doing the work that don’t get to make it on your show!

[@Forest-jj7pj]

It is very exciting to work on projects to explain or clarify the phenomena in the universe. Thanks.

[@mainman2256]

There was a study on perception for which some humans that were blind, but could receive a surgery to gain sight, were asked to feel some objects like marble and different dice before their surgeries. After, they were asked to identify the objects based on sight. It was concluded they could not reliably distinguish between the objects. Its mind blowing to think most of the universe is outside of human sense perception so most of reality is probably like the objects in the study. We can have good models and descriptions but our minds likely just can’t actually conceive of ‘what it really is’ or ‘what is really happening’. Dark matter, dark energy, forces, atoms, electrons, spin, the power of a star, the shape of spacetime, the scale of the universe type of stuff is probably way beyond our imagination. We’re just lucky math works so well cuz humans have near 0 intuition for most of what ‘is’ in the universe. Existence is weird 😶‍🌫️

[@mikemclenison8200]

Great topic and interaction! Looking forward to a follow-up with Jason. -Still waiting to see the comedic side of Chuck on America's Got Talent!

[@GREGGRCO]

ENJOYED IT !! GREAT QUESTIONS !!

[@nilo70]

Jason is such a nice man for taking this time to help us understand what the cutting edge of technology is doing right now to help humanity understand the Universe.

[@TurtleFootMining]

This is by far my best KZbin channel to watch. ❤❤❤

[@vadymkvasha4556]

Thank you for this episode, as always was a pleasure, looking forward for more!

[@jmanj3917]

0:21 Alright! Yay, it's Chuck! I mean that, too. I know that I bust his chops a bit, but it comes from a positive orientation. I like Chuck, and I'm happy to see it whenever he actually remembers something that was covered on an earlier show. It's great to watch the doctor's teaching methods as they bear fruit in front of me. Also important is that I take my comic relief seriously, too, and Chuck is, hands-down, the best comedic pick for learning this stuff from Dr. Tyson. Another huge asset is the extent of Chuck's knowledge prior to his Star Talk days. He brought with himself plenty of room for storing the newest, the latest, the greatest; and, also, the stuff that humanity has known for thousands of years... Mecurio and Kerchner (sp?) do a good job of staying funny and asking sharp questions, like Chuck does. Oh, and Merman is a hoot, but...he's...maybe not as "sharp", scientifically speaking, as is Lord Nice. And, No; That was not a mistake by my auto-correct, either...I deliberately typed that last section... It is what it is, so take it for whatever it is that you want it to become. Just so we're all on the same sheet of paper, the same slide, wtvr... 😅

[@Phoca_Vitulina]

This was such a great ep! Also I love Chuck so much, like he's such a great co-host and always has thoughtful and/or comedic input, and was really impressed by his calling out inequities women face/faced in science

[@snoflysse8844]

Happy Birthday Dr. Tyson! ❤🎂

[@faker-scambait]

Love your videos. 👍👍

[@will9001asd]

What if it's like air in a room. You can say as the room gets bigger you'd assume there is more air in the room. Unless only the room itself is expanding but it's a sealed space so there isn't actually more air. Instead the air within the room is getting stretched and thinner as the room keeps expanding 🤔🤔 Maybe gravity in space getting stretched is actually like a rubber band getting stretched and like a rubber band there is a constant force trying to return it's form back to the original state and that force is what we define as "dark energy". And like the rubber band, the force will either keep getting stronger as it stretches or the thing getting stretched will snap.

[@SheSweetLikSugarNSavage]

That was an interesting startalk. When will 'To Infinity And Beyond' become available with an audio edition, and will Neil be narrated it?❤ I love when he narrates.

[@silver3149]

Happy Belated Birthday Tyson.

[@lukedemeter2551]

Happy birthday Neil🎉

[@NickDoddTV]

"Twinkle twinkle refracting atmosphere" - the next great nursery rhyme

[@DrDeuteron]

Chuck was on point

[@cikgunirmell6958]

Awesome! 😀

[@jenniferblooms8283]

Happy Birthday, Neil. Libras are awesome people. 😉❤

[@scott4092]

"You're allowed to contradict something profound with something equally profound." I dig it.

[@eonworldwide4724]

Stunning

[@Mee399]

I hope you guys make an episode on New Nobel winners and their discoveries 😊✨🏆❤

[@MattCayen]

I heard in a french conference that they called it dark matter because we can predict it yet we cannot see it. Space being dark, that matter must be dark. What a fascinating subject

[@Soccer-ch5]

Just finished reading to infinity and beond! Loved it and am gana read it more than twice to gather all the great space knowlege.

[@wisemankhanye-io5mz]

The description of dark matter proves the relevancy of my equations for dark matter

[@DaBlondDude]

It occurs to me that even if the universe is non-Euclidean, by it's very name understanding that depends on Euclid and understanding what means requires that one understand Euclid. Similar to the Dunning-Kruger effect, this is still flattering as it becomes a foundation for understanding and a platform off which to leap forward.

[@vickieysacoff4249]

I love it that they're going to name this next space telescope after Nancy Grace Roman!!

[@frogz]

Happy birthday Neil

[@herbertgreen2824]

I can feel the new neural pathways just from thinking about all of this. love it.

[@ForceTahd]

"twinkle twinkle refracting atmosphere" lol chuck @10:53

[@TJ-hs1qm]

Imagine the amount of force it takes to expand the entire universe 😮😅😅

[@user-zl7vu6kp9h]

It only seems like a lot of force to us because we are all so tiny. For all we know , it was all started by a fart.

[@Vegitobluuuuu]

@@user-zl7vu6kp9hthat’s not funny , only explanation is God made everything before you jump to conclusions I’m not religious at all but all evidence points to God

[@littleeveline8961]

Hi Neil and Chuck, how can I ask my question in the cosmic queries? Love you and your show ❤

[@sabotagesabotage7927]

Y’all should do an episode on Mondays and Thursdays so we have something to look forward to in such desperate times. Also , Can a Planck length be expressed or understood as the minimum amount of space required for the mechanics of reality and or the Planck length measurement itself to exist within? Dark matter and dark energy are not real, they are probabilities, sold to you to fund research into the unknowing, but the more we split the hairs, what’s underneath was proven all along through religion and alchemical symbolism. That’s why so many physicists will tell you we’ve already discovered everything in the nature of reality, just fix the decimals and zeros depending on the outcome of a particular probability.

[@valagar15]

Hey I appreciate your vid. Odd? Is there anything in space that could potentially be used as fuel. Like fision here using water molecules.

[@dunderwood4444]

Happy Birthday 🎂 Dr. Tyson. Bless up from the Bronx Zoo

[@bonk2540]

For the last idk how many months i ve been listening to neil while sleeping..dude is a legit asmr.

[@drivetochill]

Hi Nils and Team, I am watching your programs pretty much every time. And I would say Blackhole in Quran mentioned as Hubukk. Which tells more details in simple words.as starting points.to explore more about. The universe. 😊 ... As for stars 🌟 ... yes When it gets destroyed on his age ... called with one word of sub-arrays of words... "Huwa".... Same as time is explained separately than the space. If they are in Present time like you me experiencing... they are tied together but for future and past they are not. To explain this properly it take very specific knowledge access . I don't have and the ones have .... don't understand what I read 😅.... simply because we don't have same opinions. So, I have only initials of the messages .😊

[@krithik8472]

Please do a episode on Jhon Titor

[@JohnRosado-ts1jp]

Space is surely mind blowing.....!

[@miguelsuarez-solis5027]

If you were trying to detect gravity before knowing what it is you'd see clusters of gravity as well

[@jredades7750]

Happy birthday Neil....

[@user-mx5fx5ng9v]

I believe what everyone may be missing is that if/when there's an explosion(like a big bang), everything is accelerated until it reaches it's terminal velocity, then it slows down or decelerates back to zero due to gravity.... In the vacuum of space, this would take longer because of little to no friction or wind to aid slowing.... Perhaps the universe is still accelerating/exploding to the maximum and hasn't begun the deceleration yet... Time to the universe is much slower than time is to us, so while we think a big bang happened such a ling time ago, to the universe it's still in the process of happening....🤔

[@user-bl1pw2th4l]

The big bang wasnt an explosion

[@skywatcherextraordinaire7014]

Does that make sense? Isnt the "big bang" an expansion and creation of the universe itself. Thats why the universe could be something other than a sphere, like a saddle shape or something else. So as the universe is expanding its creating Space/time as it goes along, so the vacuum of space doesnt exist outside space/time at least i dont think it does so it never slows down it just keeps expanding outward exponentially speeding up. Thats how i frame things in my puny human mind.

[@gregft1979]

The terminal velocity issue would be relevant if the speed had been increasing at a constant pace. Problem is, the speed of expansion was first very strong, then weak, then stronger and stronger. Doesn't correspond to an explosion speed pattern. we clearly see the explosion speed (although it was not a explosion) in the first phase, then something made the second push.

[@Nefville]

That's the crazy thing about the expansion of the universe, its not expanding into anything. There's nothing there, its not space, there isn't any _substance_ its expanding into. The other problem with that is its expanding everywhere, not on a front like an explosion. Problem 3 is that its accelerating yet we see nothing to cause it. With an explosion there are expanding gases, with the universe its just expanding space. There is no obvious input energy. I suspect if you were though to convert our universe into one that worked like an explosion that went into some space on a front you could actually say it expanded faster during inflation in its earliest moments than it does today. But that's some real reshaping of how it actually works, its totally inaccurate to think of it that way.

[@Schachtens]

​@@Nefville sounds like we're living in a black hole.

[@leolopez6341]

Yeah I'm#1 fan

[@lady_draguliana784]

On one of these shows, an explainer (can't recall who, sry!) described the universe as a regular grid on a plane within a spotlight illuminating it from the 3rd axis, but the grid extends BEYOND the perimeter of the spotlight, existing outside our universe (in whatever form). Universal expansion, in this example, is the spotlight that's illuminating that grid on that plane, being pushed away from the plane by some function of the already-revealed grid points. So as the spotlight is pushed away from the plane, it illuminates and reveals more of the grid, and the more grid units that get revealed, the faster the spotlight is pushed away, exposing more grid units, faster, which accelerate it further and so on. So it might be that there's 'something' that's not in our universe, but does exist elsewhere (either in the form of space/time or DE, or transformed into it as it enters our universe, perhaps a super-universal medium like-unto-Space/Time or DE. Now, I have NO CLUE how likely this example model would be, and it may well have been just a creative throw-away she was using, but I do find it Fascinating!

[@ElvisRosario00]

Imagine watching this in 100 years.

[@HT2Amusic]

It sounds like Diffusion models ive seen used in autonomous vehicles for something called Lidar Background Subtraction. You make a lidar map of the environment, then allow the robot to subtract all that data from its vision to isolate what it sees in the world based on intensity changes. Same models now used in LLMs

[@jithingeorge6791]

Feels like neil is not getting any sleep, or is he just getting old ! Hope he can do this for a few more decade.

[@konstantinossfikas4201]

Could it be that dark energy is related to entropy? Like the more the entropy of the universe increases (given that although the total mass-energy is always preserved, it is transformed into a less “usable” energy state), this lower “quality” of energy causes the dark energy to increase respectively so that the total “quality” of energy is also preserved in one way or another?

[@Kattakam]

I think if we as a civilization ever needed to space explore it would be now. Waiting or trying in the future, expansion would cause more resources just to cover tasks of reaching an object to be expended- right?

[@sebastronomical]

I see you Chuck!!!! he needs his honorary 🎉🎉🎉

[@Robelmar]

Star Talk Forever

[@patrikwollsveden5755]

is there a way to messure the largest size a electon can be? can it be to big for us, that we dont know to look for it?

[@meliferra1913]

Goodness! We are only a small part of the universe. So nothing is taking us over. We are mere spectators of what's happening in the universe.

[@brucecohen2547]

How do physicists explain observations from within the “expanding” universe. Do we need an observation point from outside the universe?

[@waterashwagandha3]

hi neil!! i love you so much 💗💗

[@R3cce]

It is his birthday today

[@OldSkoolF]

Hey Neil... could you do a segment on the effects of the South Atlantic Anomaly? Where is all that cosmic radiation going?

[@EvanderBergman-js3os]

FIRE ❤🔥

[@aprylvanryn5898]

Looking up is important, but don't forget to also look down, look within, look around, and look both ways before crossing the street.

[@baljuw]

I'm not a theoretical physicist, but using common sense, analytics, and a lot of time, you get some idea. Still nobody can say, that is what really happened!! Studie all theories and separate them from facts, the discoveries of the JWST really made me sceptic about the popular theories. Especially that the concensus between scientists is completely gone. I never been religious or a atheist, always said I don't know.. agnostic in short. The idea of a God was unlogical for me. But found out that all theories are just as unlogical. Made me wonder about Genesis. Everything we see with webb until the evolution is chronological exactly spot on!!! Ironic isn't it? G from Holland

[@brandtreppond2167]

If the further out we look shows us the more and more distant past, then at some point, we'd be looking at the singularity of our universe, right? So then up, down, left, right, etc. Am I somehow staring at the same point in front of me as it is behind me?

[@karlgoebeler1500]

'Father' happened to have a book from Radio Shack on electronics Year 1962. I was 6 years old.

[@infinitumneo840]

An ancient Greek mathematician, Eratosthenes was the first to prove the Earth was round by using trigonometry and accurate distances between two ancient cities. Therefore, he was the first to use non Euclidean geometry (ie Earth's sphere) in 240 bce. He also determined the circumference of the Earth relatively accurately.

[@CraigCruden]

And he was wrong, it was not round!

[@888meenbeeby]

Lots of fun! Ooooo so dark !! In time for Halloween 🎃

[@asgghanem]

Happy birthday Mr Neil I believe in god science and you

[@pranatawillett]

“Two postulates enter. One postulate leaves.”… perfect

[@gasriel3066]

Yayyyy, science.

[@RoryJamesFord-rn9yu]

I have a suggestion for Mr. Tyson: if dark matter is a wrong description, or title, as the US military changed UFO to UAP, wouldn't someone with as much clout as Tyson, be successful if he Organized a new name for dark matter? Dark gravity was suggested and here clear gravity was mentioned, if dark matter is so ill titled, wouldn't there be much support amongst the scientific (and media) community? I say go for it.

[@ddamindu]

I was't very interested in this when clicked on the video(mainly because everyone says the same things about this) but , he explored some interesting insights.

[@norweijanspruce]

Isn't there something about the Observer affecting what is observed?

[@Silverorient]

Could dark energy be the gravity of the rest of the mass outside of our observables universe on our local empty space? As more and more parts of the universe becomes beyond our observations hence growth of the gravity (dark energy)?

[@lady_draguliana784]

31:50 We could rename it "Dark Interactions" but that'd probably confuse Mystery Book Enthusiasts...

[@mrfilipelaureanoaguiar]

Helium super bit telescope moon principle type of float and "gravitational pull". I like that idea of all scientists working together with those telescopes and amateurs ,even the visions of religious or astrologists .

[@jeffoh5787]

Hmm, the more time I experience, the faster it seems to speed up. Maybe the more the universe experiences time, the more it expands.... hmmmm....

[@jmanj3917]

33:00 Okay, then; I'm with Dr. Tyson about renaming Dark Matter as Dark Gravity instead. Think about it. When we finally "complete" the Standard Model of Particle Physics, by identifying the Graviton (a Boson), we might then be able to detect its dark counterpart, the Dark Graviton. And then, maybe, we unravel the mystery of Dark Gravity from an unexpected approach. We don't really think of Bosons as being what we know as "matter", anyway. Usually we define not only the Elements but also everything we make from the Elements, by its nuclear contents. In other words, we classify "matter" by its Protons, and then by its Neutrons, and then by its Electrons. It's only after these classifications that we resort to the forces to define substances; ie, Covalent Bonds, and so forth. So, it makes sense to change the name of Dark Matter to Dark Gravity. As usual,, though, wth do i know,, right? Lol Just a thought.

[@colonelkurtz2269]

Light thinks it travels faster than anything but it is wrong. No matter how fast light travels, it finds darkness has gotten there first and is waiting for it. Terry Pratchett (RIP)

[@Praveen-eu1ck5rj8o]

"Dark energy is the name we give to our ignorance of what's causing our universe to expand faster and faster over time." I think Jason Rhodes just gave the simplest definition of dark energy I've ever heard.

[@TheNickoslicK]

God I love Science!

[@nilo70]

When I worked at JPL , Cal Tech Owned JPL . Just saying.

[@RoKappa]

"Non-Euclidean" geometry is called Riemannian geometry.

[@igi-chan]

Lmao you killed me with the Rubber-band sling shot sending satalites into space 😂😂😂

[@Donate_Please]

3:30 I would like to share my theory of dark energy. In the early universe gravitational lensing red-shifted light. This means that using the equation E=hf. The energy of light becomes less. And as the conservation of energy must not be violated the energy can't just cease to exist. It turns into what we call dark energy. This dark energy creates the negative energy density of the universe (Λ). Which in turn is creating the current cosmological expansion. That in turn red-shifts light and creates more dark energy.

[@adamstevens5518]

Is dark energy mostly uniform? The way I’ve been thinking about the universe recently is like a bubble. A bubble expands until it bursts or eventually contracts, but the force causing the expansion is not caused by the bubble itself but whatever is creating the bubble.