Fall of Edessa - Event Triggering the Second Crusade - Medieval History

[@KingsandGenerals]

🎥 Watch more than 180+ other exclusive videos on youtube: kzbin.info/door/MmaBzfCCwZ2KqaBJjkj0fwjoin or patreon: www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. Support us on Paypal www.paypal.com/paypalme/kingsandgenerals as well!

[@AbacateGeopolitico]

Edessa / Urfa (the Bible’s ‘Ur of Chaldeans’) is the hometown of Prophet Abraham himself (!), and was actually the first Christian polity on planet Earth - King Abgar corresponded with Jesus Christ. Plus, fragments of the True Cross and the entire ‘Holy Shroud’ were kept in Edessa’s Church of the 12 Apostles. Edessa was just as consequential to Crusade events as Jerusalem. Home to Göbeklitepe and the one true 13,000-year Lost Civilization of humanity, the history of Urfa (modern-day Southeast Türkiye) is nothing short of EPIC: 8,000 years older than Jerusalem! As a Westerner, I confidently say: this beautiful city has way more EPIC history than the entire CONTINENT of Europe all together! It should be at the absolute top of any history fan’s travel bucket list. Surprised by how little of all this info - practically nothing - was even mentioned in the video.

[@jimhjortsberg2990]

John II: "I just want to visit the Holy land with my large army." Fulk: "Press X to doubt"

[@jackhuston5298]

"What are you doing step-Champion?" is WILD 10:05

[@goldenfiberwheat238]

It’s very how do you do fellow kids

[@sidp5381]

He is a turk

[@FLLCI]

hahahahaha I was almost choking on the spaghetti I was eating 🤣

[@shafqatmansoor9704]

Edessa, an ancient city located in modern-day Turkey, played a significant role in early Christianity and was known for its Christian community by the 2nd century AD. The city became famous for the **"Edessa History Documentary"**, which highlights its position as a center of Christian learning and culture, including the legendary story of King Abgar V’s correspondence with Jesus Christ, which is said to have led to Edessa being the first Christian state in history.

[@PatriotOfPersia]

Damn Abraham What have you done to the World !!!

[@17-MASY]

Imad al-Din Zengi A liberation Hero.

[@MohamedAli-xu3uw]

Palestinians wished they had guys like him

[@DeliYuzbashi]

Imad al-Din Zengi continued his attempts to take Damascus in 1145, but he was assassinated by a Frankish slave named Yarankash in 1146. Zengi was the founder of the eponymous Zengid dynasty. In Mosul he was succeeded by his eldest son Saif ad-Din Ghazi I, and in Aleppo he was succeeded by his second son Nur ad-Din. According to Crusader legend, Zengi's mother was Ida of Austria (mother of Leopold III of Austria), who had supposedly been captured during the Crusade of 1101 and placed in a harem. She was 46 in 1101, Zengi was born in 1085, and his father died in 1094 so this is not feasible. Zengi was courageous, strong in leadership and a very skilled warrior according to all of the Muslim chroniclers of his day. Unlike Saladin at Jerusalem in 1187, Zengi did not keep his word to protect his captives at Baalbek in 1139. According to Ibn al-‘Adim, Zengi "had sworn to the people of the citadel with strong oaths and on the Qur’an and divorcing (his wives). When they came down from the citadel he betrayed them, flayed its governor and hanged the rest.” According to Ibn 'al-Adim: The atebeg was violent, powerful, awe-inspiring and liable to attack suddenly… When he rode, the troops use to walk behind him as if they were between two threads, out of fear they would trample over crops, and nobody out of fear dared to trample on a single stem (of them) nor march his horse on them… If anyone transgressed, he was crucified. He (Zengi) used to say: "It does not happen that there is more than one tyrant (meaning himself) at one time." Some of his battle victories: Battle of al-Atharib (1130) Siege of Hama (1130) Battle of Rafaniyya (1133) Battle of Qinnasrin (1135) Zengid campaign against Antioch (1135) Battle of Ba'rin (1137) Siege of Aleppo (1138) Siege of Baalbek (1139) Siege of Edessa (1144) Fall of Saruj (1145)

[@barbadoskado2769]

wow, awesome! thanks for sharing, Zengi was one of the great military leaders from the east

[@wafflelite]

Based.

[@sandygehrmann6309]

Those dates for Ida of Austria mean that she would've been 30 in 1085 (if she was 46 in 1101). Why is it not feasible that she could have been Zengi's mother?

[@Zkdub4]

@@sandygehrmann6309 Because she was captured in 1101 (actually, most likely she was killed, but in any case she didn't head to the middle-east until the 1101 crusade).

[@sandygehrmann6309]

@@Zkdub4 Ah gotcha. I was just looking at the age but if we have records of her movements that'd make it easier.

[@tolgacerci8990]

this is my city edessa today name is Şanlıurfa.

[@babyrage6666]

Based

[@DrKarmo]

One of the worst downgrade in names I've ever seen

[@tolgacerci8990]

@@DrKarmo bro city today name herocity

[@Tao7889]

I really enjoy your videos on medieval stories. These are the best for me.

[@ZAMislive]

Free 🇵🇸

[@sidp5381]

The legacy of King Fulk of Jerusalem is felt in England. He’s a grandfather of King Henry II.

[@HeloisGevit]

No Fulks given

[@ivanzamudio5333]

Stupid retards think monarchs give a shit. Be an individual spot being afraid.

[@ilyassnajem8712]

At 22:50 you said that Ahmad Sanjar gifted Zengi gifts as a 'Caliph' but his title was 'Amir Al Muminoun' bestowed by the abassid caliph at that time which is translated to Commander of the Believer and not 'Caliph' itself. But the rest was excellent, great video.

[@KingsandGenerals]

made a mistake

[@alqudzz-9864]

Yh i was thinking that😂

[@abdurahman90982]

@@KingsandGeneralsamazing video kings and general keep them coming would love you to do a video between my adal sultanate( Somalia ) and ethopia Solomon dynasty, and after the death of Ahmad gurey, him getting avenged and ending the story at Battle of Fatagar…please we need a improved version of this East African history that goes back to ancient land of punt 🇸🇴 will be a huge new boost to this incredible channel

[@fastturtle1769]

The adoption of Islam by the Turks seems to have significantly changed the fate of Islam in the Middle East.

[@adamsnow4979]

Not really it was the Turks who lost embarrassingly to the first crusade

[@fastturtle1769]

@@adamsnow4979 During the Crusades, the Turks, especially through the Anatolian Seljuk State and independent principalities, showed strong resistance against the Crusader armies. In the First Crusade, Kilij Arslan led defenses across Anatolia, while Turkish raiders weakened the Crusaders in key mountain passes. Turkish forces also played a significant role in Saladin’s efforts to reclaim Jerusalem. The Turks effectively used guerrilla tactics and ambushes to weaken the Crusader armies, helping to preserve Muslim dominance in the region. So, i don't agree with your premise.

[@adamsnow4979]

@@fastturtle1769 the ones who lost the land to crusaders in the beginning were Seljuk Turks. You want to have the amazing parts and leave the bad negative ones

[@fastturtle1769]

@@adamsnow4979 On the contrary, I was referring to a general comment. However, you, starting from the loss of Iznik in the First Crusade, are downplaying the role of the Turks in the Crusades. I'm not doing any positive filtering or anything like that.

[@adamsnow4979]

@@fastturtle1769 it was also under Ottoman Turkish rule that the Middle East became inferior to Europe for the first time. The region was underdeveloped for centuries during the period of the sick man of Europe and when it collapsed there was a huge gap which the West continues to exploit and also bad leadership in the region. Even during the Ottoman period the West were intervening and causing chaos in the region

[@Rhaenyssupporter]

Finally ive been trying to find a good video on the siege of Edessa

[@hernanandresviverosnunez7183]

Thank you very much. Excellent content.

[@Tayyi_guy]

Finally the next episode of second crusades perfectly done!!!!! And thank you for you efforts I'ma watch this enjoyingly 😁

[@saniisnainwani]

the quality of this video is amazing and the story is greatly narrated. keep it up

[@KingsandGenerals]

Thanks!

[@bozturk7706]

"modern day kurdistan" can someone get this guy a modern and a historical map please! kurdistan never existed and never will inshallah!

[@fruitiliciousfruit4011]

womp womp

[@franciscojorgesousaandrade]

I can't wait for the start of the second crusade and to see Noradine time to step into the spotlight, as well as the role of Manuel Komnenos.

[@ImChapado_]

The GOAT Series in the Channel

[@balabanasireti]

Why are you still saying GOAT? It's almost 2025

[@markphelt6395]

@@balabanasiretiif the term goat is g.o.a.t. Then it will never be stale. Yanno because it’s the goat.

[@janpham2591]

Wondering if you could perhaps one day do a video on John II. Komnenos and his various military campaigns? Sounds like an intriguing topic imo. Awesome video as always!

[@curranlakhani]

Maybe they could do a longer video on the Komnenian Dynasty and cover the full resigns of Alexios, John and Manuel Konmnenos?

[@unaizahmad726]

Let my boy Zengi besiege Homs in peace.

[@robbabcock_]

Great video! I can't wait for the next installment! 😎⚔💪

[@KHK001]

Amazing video as always KnG!

[@KingsandGenerals]

Thanks!

[@SeArCh4DrEaMz]

Thank you so much for the always interesting and detailed content. Thank you.

[@Tommykey07]

The death of John Komnenos is one of the "What if?" questions of the era. If the Byzantines recover Antioch, it greatly improves their position in the region.

[@resentfuldragon]

Knowing eastern rome, the next few guys would have squandered whatever gains made like always. The eastern romans were cursed with foolish leaders most of the time, so the few smart ones like john, alexios, and basil were unable to do much because the next competent guy was starting from a worse position than they left. The muslims were blessed with a general mercy to other muslims when besieging, so they were far more likely to surrender and that caused states like the ayyubids and zengids to grow very dangerous in just a few leaders. They could unite more than christians because they typically didn't massacre the inhabitants even if they had religious minorities among them (exceptions like timur existed).

[@iwannisbalaouras1687]

@@resentfuldragon what a stupid comment from a muslim

[@ibrahimmustafa2481]

​@resentfuldragon Timur was cursed by Genghis khan's seed 😂.

[@Timelinebattlehistory]

The title is exactly what the video delivers, no misleading, very honest.

[@kstarek1]

Can't wait for the rest of the series

[@collintrytsman3353]

excellent as always

[@brokenbridge6316]

Can't wait for the next video. This series is great.

[@KingsandGenerals]

Thanks!

[@brokenbridge6316]

@@KingsandGenerals---Your welcome. I've been subscribed to you for a bunch of years.

[@iwannisbalaouras1687]

a series about john komnenos and mannuel would be great

[@nikostombris5505]

A series on Komnenian restoration and the unknown Byzantine victory at Philomelion 1116

[@ahmedshaharyarejaz9886]

Good content

[@Alec.40]

Thank you I love your videos ❤

[@AbhyudayaSinh]

Very informative❤❤

[@asimalmuzaini8442]

Thanks

[@bigsarge2085]

Interesting as always, thank you!

[@austinovervig1631]

Do you plan on redoing the 3rd crusade videos and after this one? Really loving these crusader series

[@KingsandGenerals]

Thanks. Yes, that is the plan right now!

[@Ibn_jala]

Thank you.❤

[@anthonyespinoza-eh5dx]

Thank you so much for sharing all this knowledge!

[@geranimallapache8165]

Hello, can I take some of your time? First of all, thank you for years for adding subtitles to your videos. I wonder if the translation takes you a lot of time? What method do you use to translate subtitles? Do you have a dedicated translation team, or do you use translation software, with someone who then takes care of proofreading and correction? Or use another method? Thank you for your attention.

[@KingsandGenerals]

Not at the moment, but we are working on something

[@pawefiedorowicz6789]

I love crusade-related content!

[@KingsandGenerals]

More on the way

[@-RONNIE]

Thanks for the video

[@KingsandGenerals]

Thanks for watching

[@-RONNIE]

@KingsandGenerals Keep up the good work 👍🏻

[@محمدیاسینباقری]

Can you creat a viedo for battle of edessa emperor valrian vs shapur I and the result of this battle❤

[@west_samurai0276]

Nur ad din and Salah ad din 💪🏻

[@georginhoweahvic3977]

fantastic!

[@KingsandGenerals]

Thank you!

[@plisskin117]

I've been a student of the crusades for years. I only subscribed to this channel about a month ago. Since starting with your series on the First Crusade, I've been amazed at how lucidly you explained the war for the holy land. However, this episode really blew me away. Just brilliant. Thank you.

[@marshallsilverstar9636]

John the second seemed a lot scary to anyone at the region and was himshelf capable . Will we have a video solely on him?

[@hansfabri6906]

Thanks

[@Rolilasx]

Will you guys cover all the crusades in this series?

[@KingsandGenerals]

more or less. Some would not need more than en episode or two.

[@Rolilasx]

@@KingsandGenerals I understand. Thats sounds really good, looking forward to the next episodes !

[@sidp5381]

I would recommend changing the title to fall of Edessa, which is more eye-opening

[@KingsandGenerals]

Placeholder

[@erhanozaydin853]

Boy this is complicated. Would have been very hard to follow short of a live map illustration. Thank you.

[@ivdelch9242]

Thats your best series, please do more. I have watched evey video.

[@KingsandGenerals]

Thanks!

[@MARINADUDE]

Thanks for going over this era in more detail, it is very fascinating.

[@darrylerren8185]

Question: has the 2nd crusade started all this time, or are we still setting up the groundwork?

[@KingsandGenerals]

Crusade itself was called after the fall of Edessa

[@xl8716]

Finally no more on those irrelevant India videos

[@Numba003]

I feel bad for the people trying to buy time for a rescue that never came. I had never heard of this siege before. Thank you for another fantastic informative video! God be with you out there, everybody. ✝️ :)

[@ObscuraInventions]

Love this video on the Second Crusade and Zengi's rise to power! I wanted to chime in with some additional context on the Byzantine Empire's involvement. So, during John II's reign, the Byzantines were busy securing their western frontier, but they also had a keen eye on trade in the East. They controlled key routes like the Silk Road, connecting Europe and Asia - a pretty big deal back then! Also, Zengi's marriage to Zumurrud Khatun was pure strategy, gaining him control of Homs in central Syria. That move really strengthened his hand against the Burid dynasty in Damascus. The Burid dynasty's internal drama is wild. Mu'in ad-Din Unur's assassination of Shihab ad-Din Mahmud and installing Muhammad as ruler shows just how complex the alliances and rivalries were within the Islamic world. One more tidbit: during Zengi's siege of Baalbek, the Crusaders actually reinforced the city's defenses, recognizing its strategic value. Oh, and one minor correction: John II Komnenos actually died from poison on April 8, 1143, not a hunting accident. Keep up the great content!

[@bozkurtmidi1461]

Oghuz Turkish Zengid Dynasty 🇹🇷❤️ Atabeg İmad Ad Din Zengi And Sultan Nur Ad Din Zengi

[@EM-tx3ly]

Oghuz always have a lot of surprises

[@HellenicNationalist1821]

Don't take ownership of the Zengid State, Arab State, Arab and Mongol States, and you also tell the Greeks that our food is being stolen.

[@bozkurtmidi1461]

​​​​​@@HellenicNationalist1821 Zengid State Ancestors Are Afshar Tribe Of Oghuz Turks And Shut Up Gayreek

[@KhaneteWarrior]

​​@@HellenicNationalist1821Stop TURKS why tolerated greeks what a clow.n

[@shimazutakuma1031]

the most terrifying part of the crusades is only the first one made it and held Jerusalem long enough that it had some "Kingdoms" made out of it, none of the succeeding crusades came close to that (Aside from the Third One? i guess?)

[@BossVonD]

This period would make a very very good serie on HBO. In the style of GOT or Rome

[@janphilipptambke549]

John komnenos needs his own series!

[@barbadoskado2769]

fall of edessa is one of those events that led to the downfall of the crusader states. the history of edessa is also very very wild...... check out Steven Runciman's books on the subject

[@Theboin]

I almost completed watching all of your videos .......lots of love ❤

[@KingsandGenerals]

Thanks!

[@AgrinJaff-h6k]

Like always great video! Hope you talk more about kurdish people in the future episodes it would much appreciated sir .

[@alberisrodrigues6168]

Please a video about the komnenos restoration.

[@robertfisher8359]

Byzantines and Knights Templars on campaign together...you don't hear that very often (if ever).

[@warotm.590]

Joscelin: Well, well, well, if it isn’t the consequences of my own actions

[@RLSDM]

I know you guys have millions of subscribers, but you’re still underrated

[@KingsandGenerals]

Thanks!

[@devereuxbirdzell]

You'd think kings would be a LOT more careful while hunting. I don't know how many times I've read or watched these videos where the king falls off his horse and dies.

[@danfreezin2040]

It was so regular that it's basically a meme in Paradox (EU4) games... get a good heir? Just wait for the hunting accident...

[@devereuxbirdzell]

@@danfreezin2040 LOL that's hilarious!!

[@uriu3193]

​@@danfreezin2040funny that you would mention that...... My Portugese empire literally just got into a junior pu with Britain cus of that

[@filippospaulou1761]

you have covered th first third fourth crusade and we are ongoing to second crusade . Is there a chance to cover the crusades after the fourth?

[@sidp5381]

Probably the only issue is that there’s not much to talk about in terms of those particular areas because those crusades basically fizzled that rather uneventfully, but it would be interesting. We’ll see what happens. I want them to come back with earlier popular stuff like the Mongols and of course, Justinian and the Byzantine restoration

[@KingsandGenerals]

We will try to cover more

[@Valenskytoporsky]

I think half part of Crusader is each religion having internal strife

[@mktf5582]

John Komnenous 2 deserves a series like Alexander/Napoleon.

[@bolggamer]

After 7 episodes we finally get to the actual crusade 😂. I love this series.

[@KingsandGenerals]

Is that a bad thing? :-) Want to give the full account.

[@bolggamer]

@KingsandGenerals Not at all! I just think it's funny.

[@aboeyousfie2409]

On an islamic side note : it’s actually forbidden to swear to anything except to Allah himself … so not on the quraan, nor your mothers grave etc… Abu Huraira reported: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said, “Do not swear an oath by your father, nor your mothers, nor by rivals to Allah. Do not swear an oath unless it is by Allah and you are honest.” Source: Sunan Abī Dāwūd 3248 Grade: Sahih (authentic) according to Al-Albani عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ لَا تَحْلِفُوا بِآبَائِكُمْ وَلَا بِأُمَّهَاتِكُمْ وَلَا بِالْأَنْدَادِ وَلَا تَحْلِفُوا إِلَّا بِاللَّهِ وَلَا تَحْلِفُوا بِاللَّهِ إِلَّا وَأَنْتُمْ صَادِقُونَ 3248 سنن أبي داود كتاب الأيمان والنذور باب في كراهية الحلف بالآباء 3248 المحدث الألباني خلاصة حكم المحدث صحيح في صحيح أبي داود

[@badbuddha2359]

Would love to hear about cilcia aremenia during this time, as they seemed to thrive during the crusades. Like they were an accidental crusader state of sorts.

[@denizucar3947]

Please do a new Zengids serial ❤

[@lokkj1641]

Zengi after seeing any weaknesses in the Crusaders. ATTACK DAMASCUS

[@wolfm33]

John II was the best of the Komnenian emperors and his relatively early death (he was in his mid 50's) was a heavy blow to Eastern Roman fortunes. If he had survived for another 10-15 years Byzantine fortunes might have been a lot better and the history of the entire region rewritten.

[@hiskakun2276]

If John II had survived that hunt accident, probably Edessa wouldn’t have fallen. And if Edessa doesn’t fall it means the second crusade as we know it today wouldn’t have happened. John II (or the empire’s) presence in the middle east alarmed Zengi, as we watched in this episode. John II was going to annex completely Antioch, and wanted to vassalage the rest of the crusade states. With the Empire’s presence, Zengi probably wouldn’t have attacked Edessa.

[@yourroyalchungusness]

10:05 i felt dirty reading that dialogue

[@thomasrinschler6783]

Thank you for mentioning that the County of Edessa continued to exist west of the Euphrates even after the fall of the city. Usually, this isn't mentioned, and the county is portrayed as ceasing to exist in 1144, when in reality it continued on, albeit as a rump state, for a few years yet in Turbessel.

[@erincvarol4888]

Did you just say "modern day kurdistan"? At 16.49 motherlover...is there a country called such as this?

[@alraziosmany]

Big clap for this awesome series , fan since 2017 🎉

[@KingsandGenerals]

Thank you!

[@mojolmao1752]

Hey guys, any chance you'll make a video about the history of philosophy? We see a great amount of philosopher come up in the 17th century (at least in Europe) and I was wondering if you could make a video on all the different school of thoughts there are and who influenced who

[@KingsandGenerals]

Will consider

[@mojolmao1752]

@ thanks :)

[@thatlewisturner]

Another great video! I do have a tiny critique, the map seems darker than normal, it could just be me eyes haha but just thought I'd let you know 😂😊

[@KingsandGenerals]

We haven't made any changes as far as I know, but I will check the files again just to be sure

[@Xenomorphocology]

finally

[@dudeboydudeboy-zj8kd]

Since you guys are making season 2 of the Ottoman's how far are guys going to cover it? 16th-17th?

[@KingsandGenerals]

Not sure yet

[@dudeboydudeboy-zj8kd]

@KingsandGenerals my suggestion would be covering Suleiman the Magnificent who led the golden age of the Ottoman empire. Following that a prelude to the decline of the Ottoman's starting with it's size peaked under Mehmed the 4th in 1683, and following the Great Turkish war (also called the last crusade) which saw a massive defeat for the Ottoman's foreshadowing the decline.

[@KingsandGenerals]

@dudeboydudeboy-zj8kd noted, thanks!

[@dudeboydudeboy-zj8kd]

@@KingsandGenerals you welcome

[@xjuncewski]

first

[@immad9706]

Just a pointless less fact: my name is also Immad

[@mohidahmed4962]

22:45 Ahmad sanjar was the sultan of the seljuk empire not the Caliph

[@RLSDM]

We all make mistakes my brother

[@Griffinlegion303]

i think you got something wrong Masud was the caliph and ahmed sanjar was the ruler of seljuk empire.

[@KingsandGenerals]

Yep made a mistake

[@MichaelSmith-ij2ut]

10:03 Ohhh going back on your pledge to Baalbek is TIGHT!

[@KudratNurmatov]

Another masterpiece by this channel, thank you! Incidentally, can anyone point to the soundtrack - specific tracks at Epidemic Sound that provides the sound? There are some recurring tracks from other Kings and Generals episodes. Thanks!

[@Bonservisjohnny]

never understood why we kurds always fought for someone else ans for things that ultimately dont concern us ans never cared about

[@tatarcavalry2342]

Your people fought for your tribal leaders and did what they said. Most of the people at that time were similar to that your people were just a little too loyal for too long to your Aghas and their profits it was like that till 90s . I know how Kurds live I have Kurdish friends original ones not immigrants

[@Bonservisjohnny]

@@tatarcavalry2342 who should we have sworn our loyalty to instead then lol its not like the ottomans or mustafa kemal deserved it in their place

[@tatarcavalry2342]

@@Bonservisjohnny Keep obeying to your Aghas then it's still the same your people making gains but mostly the elite gets it, common Kurds gets little to nothing because of this tradition you have

[@Bonservisjohnny]

@@tatarcavalry2342 true but even if we stop doing that our occupiers are the main problem

[@tatarcavalry2342]

@@Bonservisjohnny Westerners uses media and elites of the nations to control them. Kurdish land in Turkey it was not a problem for me I wish Turkey parted with 6 cities in 80s and exchanged populations it could be much better for Turks now they are recently making money from Kurdish cities and not from all of them after all the money spent and people killed by PKK it means little to nothing, Kurdish independence also means little to nothing 2 races mixed tensions fell and Kurds live nearly everywhere in Turkey now there is no point. And there is a much bigger problem for everyone it is government of Erdo who steals from common men no matter the race he is a Georgian he has no belonging to Turkey his ancestors did nothing for Turkey while Kurds mostly sided with Turks. In short Kurdish seperatists are being used like I said in my first sentence.

[@aneesahmed8177]

After 2 month, desperate wait the next episode of this series uploaded

[@Algenro]

Viking invasion of Hispania next please

[@theawesomeman9821]

I knew from Middle-Eastern Christians that "Edessa" is a common name among them. I didn't know the name originated from a historical city until I watched this video.

[@TheA4evr]

John II proving where the word Byzantine came from

[@azharrasheed2286]

My eyes light up when i see K&G video thumbnail 🎉

[@KingsandGenerals]

Thanks!

[@ronjohnson6916]

Definition of dysfunctional. I wonder if more far sighted leadership could have actually held out in the long run though.