fMRI Brain Networks in 10 Minutes | Default-Mode Network and Others Explained

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Brain networks such as the default-mode network are mentioned more and more and the media these days - but what exactly are these brain networks?
In this video, I start with the very basics of how functional brain imaging works and dive into the seven main brain networks that neuroscientists typically refer to. No neuroscience background needed!
What I describe in here is important foundational stuff for understanding the latest developments in psychedelic neuroscience, and for an understanding of brain function in general. This video is the first in my series on psychedelic neuroscience - much more to come!
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More info about the host:
Manesh Girn is a Neuroscience PhD student at McGill University and has been lead or co-author on over a dozen scientific publications and book chapters on topics including psychedelics, meditation, daydreaming, and brain networks.
Manesh currently has ongoing collaborations with Robin Carhart-Harris and others at the Imperial College Center for Psychedelic Research and is investigating the brain changes underlying psilocybin, LSD, and DMT.
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[@hfelippejr]

Thank you so much for this, Manesh! Really helpful :-)!

[@davoodbayat738]

a wonderful enlightening video. I wonder how those two people could dislike it! BTW, as I saw your research gate page on which you mentioned you are working on the DMN, I hope that you tell us more about it soon :)

[@mirnafilipic5545]

Amazing explanation! Thank you so much!!

[@sheafisher3578]

Awesome channel and content. I'm glad you're doing this because it helps me better understand some related psychology research that I'm doing, which touches on many neural network /fMRI studies. I just subscribed. Keep it up!

[@markuswilliner2707]

Great channel, manesh. Much appreciated content, manner of delivery and relevance. Keep up the good work.

[@lynntfuzz]

That is a great video! You explain things so succinctly and clearly. Students must love your classes!

[@kpatriciabouweraerts8343]

You are a clear, good teacher! Thank you so much for explaining these concepts so well.

[@marcraper4968]

An awesome overview of the systems. So interesting and enlightening. So helpful to have this information when discussing what is happening in mindfulness, introspection, and how tripping can affect the regions. Look forward to a deeper dive with you on the subject in future talks

[@bethf9419]

You explain this very well. I paused my lecture on this in my psychedelic coaching course to better understand the networks she was explaining. Thank you! I can also see the correlation of ADD with Depression and anxiety through better understanding of the networks.

[@nopranablem]

This is fantastic. Thank you so much for this great content!

[@ThePsychedelicScientist]

Cheers! Thanks for watching

[@StreetNickel]

Keep doing what you're doing!!!

[@KenE252525]

Thanks. Good subject matter

[@farbodzamani7248]

Great video, thank you

[@2064899987]

Great explanation 👍

[@sebastianbodden4856]

Very well explained

[@IKilledTheDodo]

Great video! I'm doing a paper on attention, and this was very helpful! I also appreciate the fact that you included the article. A lot of youtube videos don't cite their resources.

[@ThePsychedelicScientist]

Glad to be of help!

[@chasemanhart]

Making a Podcast for class on Creativity, apparently Default-Mode Network is a part of that. Thank you.

[@JoeC-14]

Great channel, thanks!!

[@juanlira89]

Hi, loved this video. I'm really interested in these topics and look forward to eventually do research in this area. I've aldso heard a lot about the task positive network, it's role in meditation and in attention directed to the environment. Any more info about this?

[@elevatedDestiny333]

Thank you so much for this video and all your videos! I am writing a research proposal as an assignment for my masters program on psilocybin-induced neurobiological mechanisms mediating reductions in existential anxiety. I'm thinking to analyze functional connectivity using fmri as a method and this video was very helpful.

[@ThePsychedelicScientist]

Very cool! Glad this was helpful!

[@p4N2xX]

Really helpful im currently styding about constructivism ideas for emotions Neural Correlates and it really helped me organise my thought! thank you !

[@ThePsychedelicScientist]

My pleasure

[@ivandisipio]

Thank you for your explanation, it is really useful! I'm interested in neuroscience of meditation and I've always had a question: is the DMN that bad as they say? I mean, if I try to be always in the present (task positive network it seems) after a while I feel my mind needs to rest, and I find DMN very restorative. Please, can you tell me what do you think about it?

[@annadearman8073]

Thank you! I am writing a transdisciplinary PhD proposal and am good with genetics but need help with my neuroscience, so this was great :)

[@thrivingwithadhd6352]

Thank you for such a fantastic video. Could you please point me towards some academic papers that explain this as well as you have? I’m currently completing a PhD on ADHD and have been really struggling to understand each of the brain networks and how they interact. The info I have found has either been too basic or too complicated to make sense of. Thank you x

[@pratheepp634]

Very well done. Made what is a complicated topic into something we can understand. Can you take a sample fmri report and add an explanatory video.

[@Micro.Movement]

would it be correct to say that default physical functions like tying show laces , or walking while day dreaming is also part of the DMN? specifically I'm interested about "automatic" movements.

[@zimny144]

That's so great! Thank you. I was diagnosed with ADHD-I recently, and researching ways to improve my left-PFC function, SMR, and to lower my TBR and DMN. Any advice? :)

[@peterlawrence738]

Get a prescription for one of the 8 medicines that help

[@PsytranceGOUGAS]

Your videos really hit a good balance of going hallway between surface level and more detailed neuroscience angles. I miss your content, dude! Would be great to see more when you manage to squish in some more amongst the PhD work :)

Interesting 🙏🏽😊

[@OlivaSullen]

Where does the task positive and task negative network fit into this? I think the task negative = DMN, but is the TPN a separate network from those you listed or is it an older name for one of the ones you mentioned? Your videos are exceptional and this is by far my favourite video of yours. I'm somewhat interested in what is occurring in the neural networks with psychedelic use, but I'm most interested in what is happening at the neural network level when we experience other altered states of consciousness, like psychosis especially. And how psychosis and psychedelic activity overlap and where it differs. I just find that there aren't a lot of videos out there that explain neuroscience as well as you have the ability to. There's an overabundance of videos on youtube repeating the same elementary information (like how synapses work), and then there are some neuroscience lectures that are usually too advanced, and then the odd ted talk that still speaks to the audience at a beginner level. I love that you link to journals and research papers and explain what they mean and why they are significant. If I can make a request, I would love to see more videos where you explain existing neuroscience research on altered consciousness states and the regions of the brain they impact. I think you have an excellent teaching approach, and so many people really want to understand the basics of neuroscience but we don't have the education for reading science papers, so I would love to see more videos where you introduce us to some of the more important studies related to Altered Neural States and break it down for us. Thank you!

[@ThePsychedelicScientist]

Hi Oliva - so sorry that I'm seeing this so late. Thank you for the comment and really happy to hear you appreciate my content! I will certainly tackle more of the neuroscientific and psychological studies on altered states as time goes on!

[@onsightitify]

Great video. You have a way of decomplexifying the brain that is refreshing to amateurs like myself. I have one question about the visual network that I have not been able to find an answer to. Where the heck do all the lights and colors come from when experiencing CEVs????

[@ThePsychedelicScientist]

Appreciate your comments! I'm not sure what a CEV is, but what I can say is that leading perspectives in neuroscience suggests that the brain (including the visual network) is actively constructing reality and then matching it to incoming information from the senses. This is in contrast to purely taking information from the outside and processing it. This suggests that all of sense experience is represented within us - and therefore it could make sense for the brain to generate these experiences independent of input. So in a sense, our conscious experience of reality is a self-generated dream that is constantly updated to match external information. See this vid for more on this view: kzbin.info/www/bejne/oqrYaKlto7ytnNE

[@onsightitify]

@@ThePsychedelicScientist Thanks for the link. CEVs are "Closed Eye Visuals". Your explanation of them being generated in the brain, sounds intriguing. I'd like to understand the mechanics of it, though. I've read that they may be electrically generated, somehow, but that's just speculation. I've seen beautifully colored, bright neon objects and entities with an eye mask on, in a dark room, and it just boggles my (normal) mind how this is all generated. I suspect it it similar to dream imagery, just amplified 100X. Thanks again for the channel!

[@waterkingdavid]

@@onsightitify Shpoggles your mind I think you meant to say!

[@maureens7853]

Thank you! My fourth or fifth viewing now

[@TimeForStrive]

Can you similar videos on meditation? 🙏🏽

[@astudentwithadhd849]

Is the Dorsal Attention Network the same as / a synonym of the Central Executive Network?

[@ThePsychedelicScientist]

They overlap but they're not quite the same. The distinction is that the central executive network is typically defined in relation to a task, whereas the dorsal attention network is a so-called 'resting-state network'. So basically, the CEN the result of a subset of both FPCN and DAN regions working together in the context of a cognitive task.

[@alski3000]

Fucking brilliant video - so well explained, he makes it so easy to understand 👍

[@ThePsychedelicScientist]

Cheers!

[@rafca7408]

I wonder if the "homunculus" tag is meant to censor something at 4:50

[@Milkshakman]

Hey Manesh, I'm a layman when it comes to neuroscience but have read a small chunk of the literature related to this video. Could you briefly explain to me the difference between the task-positive network, the central executive network, and the dorsal attention network? How much synonymy is there between these?

[@ThePsychedelicScientist]

Thanks for the comment! This is a really good question. The most important distinction to make is whether the networks are estimated while a subject is completing a cognitive task or when they're at 'rest' and not asked to do any overt task. The networks I describe in this video are based on the so-called 'resting state'. The idea is that if subjects are not asked to focus on any given task and you average their brain activity over a number of minutes (usually 6-10), then you get insight into the 'underlying network architecture' of the brain. In contrast, the task-positive or central executive networks are usually identified in relation to a particular cognitive task. Subjects are asked to reason or problem solve in a focused way, and the networks are estimated from that cognitive state. So we can think of the task-positive and central executive networks as the 'task-dependent' version of the dorsal attention (and frontoparietal control network) resting-state networks. So the dorsal attention and frontoparietal networks are present 'at rest', and then subsets of these networks become engaged and interact during a task to form the task-positive or central executive networks.

[@Milkshakman]

The Psychedelic Scientist Wonderful, thank you very much for such a thorough response.

[@OlivaSullen]

@@ThePsychedelicScientist Ignore my other question I didn't see it was already answered, thank you.

[@pritamshil5765]

Sir, I have a question _ Whenever a sexual thought arises in my mind, do I always have a conscious choice? Wheather to go for it or not? Wheather to act on it or not?

[@sandwich675]

Discussion of discrete networks begins at 3:40

[@rapisode1]

DMN is a self-referential sensor (PCC) the localizes 'us' in time and space, only NOT in the 'now'. Hence, mindwandering. This is necessary because: The FPN (for example, flow state) is a state where there is minimal self-reference and full attention (parietal lobe), the 'I' dissolves. It is the opposite of DMN. The key to these networks is the cingulate cortex. The ACC gives meaning to what we do based on emotions and rewards. Therefore, emotions are what govern our behaviour, not thoughts. Furthermore, I believe that psychedelics are just a heightened state of emotions, and morality to be more precise. Morality is the highest ideal of a human being, and psychedelics give a glimpse of that. The 'feeling' of connectedness is simply morality, you can call it what you want but it's still a subjective feeling.

[@art_noah]

Do you think the academic perspective of psychedelics is changing ?