Giant fishing dinosaurs: Uncovering Spinosaurus and Baryonyx - with David Hone

[@HiveFleetOni]

"You can't be a paleontologist without showing pictures of yourself digging things up, so here are some pictures of me digging things up!" Started out strong, and stayed on form the whole time. A great presentation!

[@mintymintygogo]

I’m sure you can be a palaeontologist without showing off pictures of yourself.

[@JoshuaaMS]

@@mintymintygogo i think he’s showing them as a form of credibility, and to poke at the idea most people who aren’t paleontologists probably think all they do is dig up bones. Also, regardless of what it is, if you are doing a presentation you are gonna want some credibility even if its not the only significant form of it. Like if a hunter was doing a presentation about hunting deer but had no pictures confirming they have even attempted to do so

[@mintymintygogo]

@@JoshuaaMS yes you’re right; you wouldn’t be on stage in the first place if you didn’t want to show off

[@MariusPartenie]

Yes, David Hone is back! Loved his presentation on T-Rex.

[@MitchGriff709]

I was going to make the exact same comment

[@Jemppu]

I only JUST watched that today, and here they are with another, recent lecture! I happened by at quite an opportune moment, it would seem.

[@MitchGriff709]

@@Jemppu go buy a lottery ticket

[@massantimuller7804]

So what?

[@TheCynicalOptimist88]

Yes totally agree , just the most passionate person ,always learn lots from him !

[@lucky1time811]

I’d love to see this guy speak on pterosaurs, Quetzalcoatl is my favorite! Amazing how such a large animal could fly regularly like they did!

[@bobthescutter]

Dave here! Thanks for the kind comment. Actually I was originally supposed to be giving a talk on pterosaur growth and then covid hit and it all got put off for 2 years and when we finally got round to sorting out a title my spinosaur stuff had leapt to the front. Maybe next time!

[@thenumbah1birdman]

Dr. Hone actually helped describe a giant pterosaur related to Quetzalcoatlus, Cryodrakon boreas from Canada.

[@ItsmeUVie]

@@bobthescutter the legend himself

[@thedoruk6324]

@@ItsmeUVie The true Legend

[@robbie356]

quetz is overrated. hatz and aram are the real ones

[@pantybeaver]

This what true influencers should do - teach , enlighten, entertain. Love this man.

[@yuu_megumi]

Loved his lecture on T-Rex, so I got really excited when I knew he'd talk about my favorite dinosaurs the spinos. Despite being upset for not being able to attend to it in person, it's a delight to watch it nevertheless and I'm really thankful to the Ri for posting this lecture. I have thought of becoming a paleontologist and dig, specially to look for spinos, but I definitely have no means to pursue this goal. However, it's nice to have Hone calling potential paleontologists out and it makes me consider following such path after I get a stable life. Amazing lecture as always, Mr Hone. Thank you.

[@apetime9039]

Dude has a podcast by the way, terrible lizards it's great

[@persianking44]

Spinosaurus, while not my favorite dinosaur, is a species that just continues to fascinate me the more and more we uncover about it's physiology, behavior, and lifestyle.

[@ItsmeUVie]

And it's infamous *Tail*

[@retregratotherversrsentre7727]

@@ItsmeUVie rather useless at swimming tail lol

[@sthui2866]

​@@retregratotherversrsentre7727 now we know its more likely as a pursuit predator because d e n s e b o n e s.

[@retregratotherversrsentre7727]

@@sthui2866 dense bones arguments doesnt immediately disqualifies the holtz and hones argument let alone mr hendersons argument If you really want to be moe specific about it we have literal bio isotopic analysis that literally show terrestrial spinosaurus specimens from morocco tunusia and libya Besides Hone and Hendersons quite openly and deliberately reject and rebuted nizars interpretation

[@thedoruk6324]

@@sthui2866 Uh I dont know if you are aware at all but dr holts dr hone are both openly rebutted the nizals interpretation let alone mr henderson too Alas we also have some contradictary studies about bio isotopes that shown there are actually terrestrial spinosaurus specimens

[@garywebster3585]

David Hone ; legend. Great researcher, excellent presenter, witty and unpretentious. Does'nt presume to know it all which is rare in these days of lysenko science. Podcast is great fun and a new book which is a must read.

[@happymelon271]

What’s this talk of Lysenko science about?

[@angelfishguy]

Also he is very cute

[@Artersa]

@@happymelon271 Let me Google that for you. In time, the term has come to be identified as any deliberate distortion of scientific facts or theories for purposes that are deemed politically, religiously or socially desirable.

[@happymelon271]

@@Artersa Ok, but in what sense are we living in days of Lysenko science? Seems quite hyperbolic no?

[@Velociraptor99100]

As always a great presentation from Dr. Hone. I strongly recommend his new book and his Podcast with Mrs. Iszi Lawrence "Terrible Lizards". It's great !

[@donihee137]

Thank you so much! I have been looking for a dino podcast and was disappointed in everything I had found so far.

[@Velociraptor99100]

@@donihee137 you're Welcome ! Yeah i was searching too and found only this one. I actually started with the Podcast and then I read his books and watched his Videos. Enjoy!

[@joshuatatum8519]

Wow! I was scouring this channel for more Dave Hone videos, what a treat

[@generalkrang7138]

David is a great communicator

[@CR0SBO]

The whole talk is wonderful, but the image of a Spinosaurus running across water is amazing all on it's own

[@Pauly421]

😂

[@michealtaylor7745]

Lol

[@caseybelden1]

Wait a minute. I’ve been watching Dr. Hone’s videos for weeks now, idolizing him and all of a sudden he name drops my Paleontology Professor, Dr. Holtz, as a key coauthor for his research. Never in my life did I’d expect to have 1 degree of connection to Dr. Hone!!!!

[@Captain_Gargoyle]

Dr. Hone is so knowledgeable and such a great science communicator! His knowledge goes well beyond Spinosaurus. I'm sure its been mentioned elsewhere but if you like this talk then i _strongly_ recommend Dr Hone's podcast "Terrible Lizards" which he does with comedian Iszi Lawrence.

[@caaarloraptor777]

Fantastic presentation! Spinosaurs are my favourite species and being an Englishmen Bary has always been my number one ☝🏼 really great stuff thank you.

[@richardparrott7192]

What a fantastic presentation, always such a pleasure to hear David speak!

[@iamandyFEARME]

DAVE YES

[@cleverusername9369]

This gentleman is blessed with a head of hair that would make a sea otter jealous.

[@Anglashock]

Thank you David. Been interested in dinosaurs for decades now and you have rekindled my interest again. Awesome. More lectures please🇦🇺

[@Hannes2k]

Love David, thanks for bringing him back!

[@Oswadomob]

David hone the 🐐

[@stephen9869]

What an absolute winner that he's made another video. Love this guy! My favourite dinosaur too (Baryonyx) :P

[@h.i.5280]

Thank you Dr Hone, please keep them coming!

[@trespire]

So in a nut shell, a 7 ton crocodilian with 3 gianormous claws, running around on two legs. Stuff of nightmares. [corrected thanks]

[@julianshepherd2038]

My cat would fight it

[@rodrigopinto6676]

“Crocodilian” is more like a GHARIAL

[@trespire]

@@rodrigopinto6676 Aren't gharials also in the crocodilian genus ? Spinosourus' snout does look very gharial like, only it's at the buisness end of a 7 ton monster.

[@Deform-2024]

Yeah, "run"

[@ezragonzalez8936]

have watch his T-rex presentation over 20 times since it came out 5 years ago wanting to see more of him 5 years later yes! this guy is wonderful!

[@wxo_5057]

I love Baryonyx, you don’t see much on it, but for it to be talked in the same light as a Spinosaurus, I understand they’re the same family of dinosaurs, but it’s awesome!

[@Erikaaaaaaaaaaaaa]

Funnily enough two months after David Hone held this talk a new study was published called "Subaqueous foraging among carnivorous dinosaurs" that talked about how Spinosaurus was not just a specialized aquatic hunter, but a proficient underwater hunter as well. Quoting the paper: "Spinosaurids are revealed to be aquatic specialists with surprising ecological disparity, including subaqueous foraging behaviour in Spinosaurus and Baryonyx, and non-diving habits in Suchomimus" So yeah, worth noting that this is a much more controversial topic than this lecture gives the impression of. Just in general, and this might just be me, but I'm not a huge fan of telling the general public, who of course don't really know all the ins-and-outs, these things like they're absolute facts when they're still controversial. Like "But certainly not a a high-speed pursuit predator or a particularly good deep-diver", that makes it sound like it's settled when it really isn't. I think changing "certainly" to "In my view" is better form.

[@billmc4673]

This made my day! I've been waiting for new information, David Hone is a fantastic communicator

[@The_Leftysaurus]

O_o oh I love seeing fossils, especially holotypes, it's honestly so special ♥ Just the thought that this was once an actual animal walking around doing it's thing and then dying and being preserved through literal millions of years... it's just mind boggling

[@Cybermat47]

Amazing to think that the body ended up in just the right spot to be preserved for tens or even hundreds of millions of years, against scavengers, the elements, natural disasters, and so much more, and then, one day, was discovered by an ape.

[@skyemcdavid]

Excellent talk! I agree that a heron is probably the best modern analog for Spinosaurids

[@faisalsheikh7846]

Thank u very much Royal institution ❤❤❤

[@cyankirkpatrick5194]

Yes yes and Yezzzz

[@IdaiMakayaPublications]

This was really good. Following the scientific evidence, rather than the fanciful forced-fit suggestions we often see from dinosaur researchers on KZbin.

[@kgspvgsp7569]

he just really knows his material and love his job, u feel it through his presentations

[@Jayson_Tatum]

To me, as soon as i saw the first major update on Spinosaurus, with the short legs and spined tail, i immediately thought of shallow water ambush hunter - like a heron. Everything about its physiology screams heron-like hunter. I picture spino being just like the picture by Bob Nicholls at 32:30. It having such a long, straight tail actually makes sense as a counterweight for an animal that is primarily ankle and muzzle-deep in water most of the time. I do think though that spino was possibly in a somewhat transition point before going extinct. I mean that it was possibly still a decent swimmer and slowly transitioning into more aquatic life. You can see this with its legs getting shorter, mainly. I wouldn't be surprised if it is later discovered to have had webbed feet. The spino, as opposed to the Baryonyx, was not a very quick animal at all. It's so massive with very small legs, so there was no real way it could be very fast. This supports it being a waterside ambush predator even more. Baryonyx and Suchomimus, however, seemed like a type of animal that was likely an earlier, less specialized version of what spino ended up becoming. Maybe they started as a more typical theropod, but some branches became incredibly specialized, becoming Spinosaurus.

[@cyankirkpatrick5194]

Last week Ben G Thomas did a upload about these but thank you for this. Just because they haven't been found yet doesn't mean they weren't there at all.

[@thedoruk6324]

+Cyan Kirkpatrick we also have literal isotope studies that openly show terrestrial spinosaurus specimens

[@leenapesci8905]

Can’t get enough of these videos! Love the terrible lizards podcast but actually being able to see the relevant figures and references are great. Spinosaurus is my favourite. I love how he explains everything, even the things I already knew just seem far more interesting, so nice to see someone genuinely passionate about what they are doing. The bourbon reference in the video on the tyrannosaurs was so good😂

[@trespire]

Spinosaurus was one magnificent intimidating animal. Would not want to meet one in a dark alley 😱

[@woooster17]

David is very easy and engaging to listen to.. Always had an interest in Palaeontology since a young child.. & having recently turned 50 I am re-discovering this interest. Would love to attend a lecture or take on an educational course. Never too late 😊

[@Scoobz187]

I love that the graphic at around 10 minutes was composed by David and Thomas, my two favorite paleo´s.

[@pantybeaver]

What a brilliant man . I enjoy his lectures very much .

[@Jon.A.Scholt]

Couldn't the explanation for Spinosaur eating terrestrial prey be that it's an ambush predator like a crocodile? I'm guessing there are lots of crocs that share a similar diet to non aquatic animals

[@pumrukpansing9744]

Just found this video today, exactly on Jan 28, 2 following years. Fascinating lecture indeed. Cheers from Thailand!

[@jewleetee9320]

Fascinating! Love that he brought actual examples of what he was talking about.

[@tacoenvy]

Dave really is the best. Love listening to him talk about Dinos. I've sent links to his T-Rex talk to several people when he did that one.

[@annekec4666]

Oh hey, I loved your Tyrannosaur Chronicles book. That was the last thing I went out to buy at a major public attraction before the pandemic.

[@elena3947]

Excellent presentation, as always!

[@aidanisan]

Spinosaur is my new favourite dinosaur, pleasure to hear about them from someone in the field who is also a confident orator nice one David.

[@sadwingsraging3044]

That large sail and tail would be great to create shade to attract fish and even channel them in slews and creeks to force the fish to swim past the head.

[@deusvultpictures6550]

Great presentation. I love the idea of Spinosaurus as a heron like predator and how this theory was evidenced very convincingly from paleobiology, very well done

[@itzelpretzel]

The section about the different nostril locations on the skull of various water-dwelling animals was fascinating! To see just how the different environments pressured different types of skull growth was great insight into how Spinosaurids evolved.

[@joelwebster8227]

Dave Hone is excellent. Thank you RI for this lecture

[@Chi-town1369]

He is so easy to listen to and learn from The more presentations from Him, the better

[@ch1pnd413]

I wonder if spinosaurous used their sail as a shade to create areas that fish would congregate in. the spinosaurus could than eat the fish from the shaded area. There may be evidence of this if there are snout marks in ancient river trackways adjacent to spinosaurus foot prints facing roughly perpendicular to the direction of the bite marks. There may be a lack of evidence if they were delicate eaters and would not get their snout all the way on the bottom such that it could make an impression. Modern bird behavior of shading areas of the water to allow fish to congregate in is seen in certain herons I think. It seems many species of spinosaurus would be able to specialize in various types of fish that need to be attacked in different ways.

[@Charlie-Charlot]

I thought about that too, that could be a good explanation. Also, Spinosaurus would be quite vulnerable when fish hunting, having its snout in the water and being relatively lightly built in an ecosystem full of other large predators may be a bit dangerous, a large sail in the back and on the tail might help appear larger and scare them away

[@bloodswan]

What an excellent lecture. It has helped consolidate what I know about spinosaurids and also helped me interpret the modern arguments about the lifestyle; hell heron is a fantastic metaphor and to be honest it sums up everything, herons are fucking brutal, they eat fish sure but they also eat baby crocs, ducklings and even ducks and storks are even more capable of non-piscarine prey.

[@AlxRo66]

Would love to hear if there’s any potential experiments coming up to test the Spino’s digging capabilities.

[@George_M_]

I love that Spinosaurus has become the aquatic monster that the early 1800s scientists thought all dinos were.

[@bradyonyx174]

I love spinosaurs so much! They’re my favorite dinosaurs! (Hence the username) It’s so amazing seeing our perception of these creatures change and evolve over the years

[@K1NGM4S1V]

David is a rockstar

[@Rickboi321]

He should do Giganotosaurus next I feel like it talked about very little.

[@tobisteffen]

I love it, when biologists don‘t understand an obvious characteristic and then say „it‘s for signaling“.

[@efanjul5768]

I am no specialist, but I have my little out-of-the box layman's hypothesis with regard to the more aquatic-like version of the spinosaurus species. Although the sail would make it top heavy and a poor swimmer in a pond or a river, this condition would change in more open, windier waters. From my experience as a windsurfer, if you are standing with an open sail in still waters, it is very difficult to maintain your balance, but as soon as a small breeze starts to blow, the pressure of the wind on the sail and the resulting inceease in side resistance on the keel propells you forward. Four legs acting as keels and the additional tail fluke sticking out of the water would give the lizard additional sail surface and a better direction control than a windsurfer would be able to achieve. The sail and tail surface may not compare to the surface of a windsurfer's sail, but it would definitely enable this creature to effortlessly cruise long distances, and the tail could be used for a quick propelling action when encountering prey. As for the nose not being in the front, this would be more useul in windier choppy waters, as the nose in this case would be higher than the crest of the waves. Now, with reference to the example of modern aquatic lizards pointing out the differences between male and female as an argument for the sale being merely a courtship display feature, I would venture to say from my layman's, perhaps uninformed point of view that females don't have a sale like males do maybe because the males are more specialized as hunter-providers than females.

[@shinjayzilla8553]

I was thinking that if not a full blown swimmer, if it may have submerged most of its body, using the sail as temperature regulation.

[@cyankirkpatrick5194]

🤯🤯🥺😳, I was just thinking about your discussion about the Spinosaurs, what about the actual environment adaptation like the difference between the African elephant and the Indonesian elephant.

[@motorcitymangababe]

The lecture on t rexes is something ive listened to a dozen times and i love spino even more than rexes so im super excited!

[@mr.lonewolf8199]

I could listen to this kinda paleontological presentation all the time. More of this content if you please 😁

[@suecastillo4056]

Yessss! He’s charming AND intelligent!!!Loved the TRex chronicles!!!

[@tc7363]

Great lecture as always! It is an honour to have you teach my undergrad course!

[@Tsathogguah]

Great lecture. Learned a lot about our understanding (and lack of understanding) of spinosaurous. This gentleman is a great presenter.

[@jaimibingley6056]

Try watching the BBC movie Planet Dinosaur because it shows the Spinosaurus and the Carcharodontosaurus. I also have Planet Dinosaur on DVD.

[@hollyodii5969]

David Hone is a great speaker! And a great scientist! More lecture vids, please.

[@TrueLifeAdventures]

Take a drink every time he says the word "bits" in this video or his T-Rex talk! Lol!

[@chojinnppp]

Would have loved to have seen this in person, great presentation.

[@nHans]

The Q&A link is incorrect; it takes you to _"Q&A: Thinking better with mathematics - with Marcus du Sautoy"._

[@TheRoyalInstitution]

Oops. Sorry about that. That should be fixed now - thanks for letting us know!

[@chrischong6613]

Don't know how I got here but I watched the whole thing.

[@Va113n]

Brilliant insight Sir. Always enjoy these lectures

[@sciencegeekgrandpa8]

I wish I had seen this when it was new. It's clear from the puny legs that Spinosaurus would not have been any more able to chase things on land than in water. And it clearly didn't care if it was seen by potential prey...or could being seen actually be an advantage? For a klepto-carnivore, yes! Being perceived as bigger than you are would be a distinct plus. And being heavily armed on the front end would mean it could deal easily with any resistance. Dig up a few lungfish, and it's a living.

[@keithcole8536]

The spinosaurs should be still be here today

[@superkalifragilischt]

Bauplan means blueprint. Love your channel!

[@TheWirksworthGunroom]

Ceratosuchops and Riparovenators and Baryonyx Oh My!

[@szendrenko]

Keep making these presentations! They are brilliantly organized

[@jeremyb03]

I loved his presentation on T-Rex, and I’m currently reading his book on tyrannosaurs

[@voornaam3191]

Hey, that Schnitzler, I am Dutch and in 1984 I met a certain Peter Schnitzler from the very very south of my country. I was a soldier, and he was. Did he have a surprising carreer as a scientist? You never know! Was your Schnitzeler a Peter?!

[@kevkfz5226]

very interesting. enjoyed

[@magicworldbyjorg]

[@andrewpaige1194]

I just wanted to bring something up in response to the part generally around 20:00, about how it’s not made ideally for ......., but despite how everyone automatically can’t help but to view living things, nothing is a finished piece of work. By definition, everything continues evolving, so just because we only know something as A, doesn’t mean A is the finished product(not even us humans), EVERY living thing is ALWAYS, at any point in time, a work in progress, so just cause something doesn’t SEEM to be ideally built for something, doesn’t mean it ISNT working towards it. It also doesn’t have to “appear” to be a positive mutation, it could still be so, and we just don’t understand exactly the direction it’s going. I’m not trying to argue ANYTHING about the spinosaurus, I’m JUST trying to point out that just because something doesn’t seem to point towards something, doesn’t mean it’s not that thing, or headed towards that thing. The only time something is fairly certain, is when multiple things point towards something(which every living thing has aspects of). Of course that doesn’t mean it’s not a good idea to assume something based on what somethings features point to, it’s just important to keep in mind that everything is still evolving, so to always take any individual features with a grain of salt, especially if it doesn’t seem to make much sense, or even seems to contradict other thing(s).

[@christianbrix4311]

Love these lectures and this guy, but I always get distracted by the Mitsubishi logo hiding in the geometric shapes on the wall behind the speaker

[@klavicus2276]

This is so interesting, awesome, fascinating and also surprisingly quite relaxing. Big thumbs up internet should be more like this and I wish I would have grown up in a similar environment with similar goals like this guy 👍 hopefully he or others will find a fuller skeleton of a spinosaurus! 🤞

[@Kwodlibet]

28:38 - I've always thought about the back sail as having some display function, but also being quite a pragmatic solution to regulating one's body temperature. Probably an especially useful adaptation for an animal that wades a lot in water, or better still, ambush hunts by standing in said water for prolonged periods of time. Tropical climate or not, colder weather or colder water happens and water will sap your body heat away eventually. Exposing your sail, or even a tail to the sun to help to offset it means saved calories

[@cyankirkpatrick5194]

I remember when I seen a alligator in China I nearly lost my mind 🤯 it took me a minute to how in the world did that happen then a friend who just happened to be a professor told me and then everything went back to regular.

[@mungobaggins8197]

Concerning nostrils, why aren’t ducks part of the conversation? The nostrils look about the same placement as on a duck or merganser, and both will eat just about whatever they can get their bills on. They are also more likely to have big display features than herons are.

[@rafaelmarquez6115]

This is amazing! David Hone is an amazing teacher

[@lutzderlurch7877]

Great lecture and presentation, except one single issue: When Hone shows some details under that lamp, we only get to see it in a semi blurry view on the screen, from across the whole theatre, in a wide shot. It would be nice to be able to see those sections the same way we see some of the slides: directly what is projected unto the screen being recorded and shown in this video.

[@myparceltape1169]

I see what you mean. The only way past it which I can think of is to use two cameras and only one for the sound feed. Of course it would need a very alert operator, preferably with the script down to the minute and the ability to switch in separate slides as required.

[@lutzderlurch7877]

@@myparceltape1169 I can't even 'program' a toaster, so it is all witchcraft to me XD

[@The_ZeroLine]

Title should be: “Giant fishing dinosaurs?”

[@Demidar665]

11:00 when i realized actually that is totally true.. its just the bone ! imagine with the nail !

[@Pingaheimer]

Great stuff.

[@messiahmatrix]

Two thumbs up 👍🏻!!!

[@jollyjakelovell6822]

Spinosaurid skulls have been, for lack of a better term, 'misidentified' at least in the popular media, they are tall and narrow like a pelicans, or a stork or herons more bird like than crocodilian. Pretty much the only thing about spinosaurids that would be analogous to crocs is their teeth. Croc skulls are broad and flat, even the Gharials, true their snouts are narrow but they're flat which many have likened to a frying pan. Spinos on the other hand are just about the opposite. Yet this description of croc mimic has migrated from describing their teeth to encompassing the whole of the species at least in the popular media and for the layperson. Less than five years ago national magazines and their cable broadcasting proxies had them knuckle walking. Why would spinos have short hind legs with the densest of bones? well to plant them firmly and steady resisting river currents, What is the 'sail' for? well the lengthened vert spines in my opinion are similar to the lengthened vert spines found in diplodocid sauropods, that is more surface area for attaching muscle and tendon to relieve tension, bent over staring into the water puts a great deal of strain on your back, just as holding your head 10 meters above the ground would do to diplodocids if the didn't have adaptaitons to alleviate the strain and stress. All life is gonna economize, which is more efficient? Swimming not as well as crocodilians, voraciously after a meal that is as likely to get away, cause a) it's a better swimmer, and b) predators just often fail or, or to stand still in a river channel and have your meal swim right up to you and thank goodness you got that s curved piston neck to drive your gaping ma full of croc like teeth down and grab and hold that slippery piscis. Which is more feasible? to me the latter but what do i know, i am just some guy who loves dinosaurs. p.s. if the 'sail' is for catching the ladies eye, why would they, the females have 'em also?

[@stevepartridge2959]

Zfast becoming my favourite dinosaur expert.

[@funk2744]

I would love to become a paleontologist but I’m not sure what steps to take, great lecture!

[@shinjayzilla8553]

Biology and animal sciences along with geology

[@xg835]

very interesting =, curious about how they now that the specimens found later of spinosaurus were not of a younger spino... because the legs do look weirdly proportioned to the arms and the structures found in the old skeleton

[@Deform-2024]

Bone histology and isotope ratio.

[@DipityS]

This fellow knows how to draw you into his passion and clearly explain it - I love his lectures!

[@ricopaulson1]

This guy just put a gun to the head of the theory that Spinos were aquatic and blew its brains out in front of a live audience. That's disappointing. His observations are sound though. I always wondered how such a big sail could be anything but a hindrance when swimming. Still a super cool dino. I really hope we find more complete specimens in the future.

[@retregratotherversrsentre7727]

+ricopaulson not disspointing but realistic and well presented in all honesty there already were dinosaurs with extended tails the neoceratopsians so nizars interpretations are already extreme to a point of speculation instead of facts

[@zanzanazenzen1221]

+ricepaulson we also have isotope analysis that suggested terrestrial spinosaurus specimens from morrocco and libya which everyone ignored so yeah

[@wyattbhoffman]

I hood claim I’ve heard is that spinosaurus species were most likely evolving into a water based creature but there time was cut short because the change in climate

[@retregratotherversrsentre7727]

@@wyattbhoffman quite the opposite a newer research casts doubt that spino was ever had the capacity to swim at all