Glaciation of Northeast U.S.

From the Discovery Channel series Making of a Contenent feature about the Wisconsinan glaciation. Shows - kettle ponds, moraines, till, striations, Great Lakes.

[@TWOCOWS1]

the series: Making of a Content, was and remains the most valuable documentary on the North American geology. Than you for posting them

[@michaelb6420]

More.. I need more on everything you said throughout this amazing mini doc!!!

[@KozmoDyne]

Thank you very much for sharing this.

[@lisastone3685]

Totally awesome thanks for the invite

[@SADFORIAN]

This was really well done.

[@sgoode8]

Thanks for posting that Jim. Ever since arriving in RI only 7-yr ago, we have wondered why we feel like we are potato farming every time we plant a tree in the landscape. I had heard we were sitting on the glacial moraine; that clip from TDC helps complete the picture. Also enjoyed flipping thru your Point Judith Pond series. Regards, -Sid.

[@annapajmel5843]

Amazing stuff

[@TheWinterShadow]

Fascinating

[@Richardguy9]

1. THE STORY OF ISOSTACY; By Richard Guy: New York, May 21 2014 1) Put forth background information on isostatic rebound, 2) What is Isostatic Rebound 3)How did the theory evolve 4) Why did the Theory evolve. 5) What supporting evidence is there for it and 6) What evidence negates it. what it is, how and why the theory was developed, what supporting evidence there is, or isn’t for it The description of Isostacy or Post-glacial rebound (sometimes called continental rebound, glacial isostasy, glacial isostatic adjustment) is the rise of land masses that were supposedly depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, through a process known as isostasy. It affects northern Europe (especially Scotland, Estonia, Fennoscandia, and northern Denmark), Siberia, Canada, the Great Lakes of Canada and the United States, the coastal region of the US state of Maine, parts of Patagonia, and Antarctica. Note here that originally the theory of Isostacy was supposed to be manifested only in the frozen Northlands. After Darwin observed what he termed “Raised Beaches’ in Patagonia South America Patagonia was added to the list. Then Darwin went to the Galapogas Islands and noted the same Raised Beaches” then they added the Galapogas and so on and so on. The premise of Isostatic Rebound, or Isostacy deals with the rise of land masses that were, supposedly depressed, by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period. Isostacy as a theory exists based on the premiss that the land was 1) depressed and 2) was depressed by the Glacial ice sheets of the last Glacial period. Further to this the premise states specifically that Isostacy affects northern Europe, Scotland, Estonia, Fennoscandia, northern Denmark, Siberia, Canada, the Great Lakes of Canada, the United States, the coastal region of Maine, parts of Patagonia and Antarctica. All these lands were, supposedly, burdened with Ice perhaps three miles thick which exerted a great load on the land mass which depressed the crust of the earth. Now that the Great Ice age had disappeared the land was no longer burdened and hence was now rebounding. Isostacy is sometimes likened to the effect of the feeling of levitation one feels when relieved of a heavy burden. Children sometimes play by pressing down hard on the shoulder of a playmate and then suddenly releasing them. The playmate experiences a feeling of levitation as if they are suddenly gaining height. Of course the feeling of levitation is illusory. The Theory of Isostacy had a prolonged incubation. Many characters were involved in its evolution but it all started with Darwin. Darwin was a trained Naturalist who dabbled in many other sciences including Geology. Charles Lyle a Geologist, was a friend of Darwin. In 1835 Darwin set sail in the research ship HMS Beadle on a journey that would take him five years during which he circumnavigated the earth… Before Darwin sailed llyle gave him a copy of his book “The Principles of Geology”. Darwin was greatly influenced by Llyle’s book and developed an interest in Geology. Thomas Francis Jamieson was a Scottish scientist who studied Agriculture and lectured for 15 years in that subject. From childhood he had an interest in Geology and studied sea levels and the glaciations of rocks in Scotland. He was one of the early believers of glaciations and the ice age having witnessed marine fossils above sea level. Jamieson corresponded with both Darwin and Agassiz so it can be seen how the early theory was formulated. incestuously. 2. Louis Agassiz was a Swiss doctor who had developed an interest in tropical fish species and published his findings in several papers. Agassiz had studied moraines and glaciology in his native Switzerland and finally came to the United States where his scientific ideas gained a foothold. He was appointed head of the Harvard Scientific School of Zoology. Agassiz was the first to propose the existence of an ice age. He made his statement in support of what Darwin had found on his journey on the HMS Beadle. “Raised Beaches” The genesis of Isostacy as a science came from the collusion of the various concepts of these three intellectual Giants. Darwin has observed on the journey that sea fossils were high above sea level everywhere he went along the coast of Patagonia and on islands in the Pacific. He termed this observation “Raised Beaches” This idea gained ready acceptance among his colleagues Jamieson and Agassiz. Agassiz based his Ice age Theory on Darwin’s observation by stating “The reason that the land is rising from the sea is because it had been previously burdened by the last ice age and now that the Ice age has gone the land is slowly rebounding. Of course Darwin and Agassiz were towering intellects in a less enlightened age. Their theories were accepted without question. This did not mean, however, that they were right. When Darwin observed what he termed “Raised Beaches” he naturally assumed that the land was rising from the sea because sea level, to him, was never the issue. The sea was always accepted as being at the same level throughout history. Sea level was assumed to be at one level then as it is assumed to be at the same level today 180 years after Darwin made his observation. When scientists tell us today that sea levels are rising by two millimeters per annum they are really inferring that sea level is rising by two millimeters above what it has always been. It is truly believed that the sea level that John Cabot or Henry Hudson sailed on is the same sea level that exists today. That is certainly not so. John Cabot and Henry Hudson sailed on a different sea level one hundred years apart. Sea level has been receding over millions of years as the earth has expanded. The earth has expanded to about twice its size in the last 4500 million years. This simply means that sea level could not have remained a constant as we are apt to accept. Historical references easily prove this to be untrue. Sea level has been constantly ebbing lower and lower as the earth has expanded. The question therefore is this: What did Darwin actually witness. Did he witness what we know today as the process of Earth Expansion. If this is the case Isostacy is really the process of earth expansion and is the mirror image of Darwins interpretation. The Rand McNally table shown here indicates the growth of the earth over that period. RAND MCNALLY CHART. Earth’s Expansion over the last 4,500 million years Age 4500 3500 2800 6000 present Size Ratio 1.0 1.2 1.36 1.82 1.93 Radius in miles 2060 2500 2750 3750 3980 The Isostatic theory states quite definitively that it is the northern land masses that are supposedly affected by Isostatic Rebound. Darwin observed “Raised Beaches” everywhere he went around the world, His voyage traversed most of the tropical areas of the world and yet he made the same observation of raised beaches there, far away from the, so called, frozen northlands. These, so called, “Raised Beaches” can be seen everywhere on the face of the earth as sea levels continue to recede due to the growing girth of the planet. In order to prove that the sea has receded we have to go back into history to look at where sea levels were back in ancient times. I suppose that we can all agree that if we can revisit the “Cradle of Civilization” Mesopothamia and look at sea levels there it would furnish us with the proof that we are looking for which is the recession of the seas. Nineveh in Mesopothamia was the capital of the Ancient Assyrian Empire. The city was established by Noah’s grandson Nimrod. Noah is hailed as the Patriach of the Assyrian Empire. Nineveh was established on the estuary of the Euphrates River. At that time Nineveh was on the sea on the Persian Gulf. Today the ruins of that ancient city are 1000 feet above sea level and 700 miles from the sea. After Nineveh the great Babylonian Empire came into existance as the sea level retreated and Babylon was then on the Gulf. Today, however, Babylon is 450 Miles from the sea and 100 feet above sea level. After Babylon Ur of the Chaldea’s came into prominence as sea level dropped further. Abraham the Patriach of the Jewish people was born in Ur and at that time it was a busy seaport on the Persian Gulf, Today the ruins of Ur is 250 Miles from the sea and 95 feet above sea level. Baghdad the capital of Iraq had a harbour on the gulf coast in ancient times but today Baghdad is 350 miles from the sea and 125 feet above sea level. It is quite logical to assume that as the sea declined in the Cradle of civilisation the same phenomenon occurred around the world as water seeks it own level. We therefore can see from this example that the recession of the sea on all continents of the world would follow this norm. Interestingly enough it also shows us something that has not been yet realized by historians and that is that all ancient civilizations started, first of all, in high mountain regions around the world and came steadily downward as sea levels declined. The Assyrian civilization had it genesis in the Ararat Range of Mountains in Turkey. The Chinese Civilization developed downward from the Yellow River Plateau. Egyptian civilization evolved downward from the Nubian Plateau. The Indus civilization developed downward on the Indus River from Harappa down to Mahando Dari.. Tibetan civilization still exists at elevations above 18000 above sea level. Tibetans still mine salt from an ancient sea bed at 19000 feet above sea level. In the western hemisphere we have the Incas and Aztec civilizations living at elevations above 15000 feet above sea level. So when Darwin first saw that the beaches were raised he was not aware that it was the sea that was receding because the earth was expanding. He naturally assumed that the land was rising. So now that we have established the order of things we naturally have to take issue with the Ice age burden. Did it or did it not exist? And if so what was its extent? We have to assume in the light of the above findings that it was not heavy enough to depress the earth. It has always intrigued me that every where on earth archaeologists are discovering more and more ancient civilizations and the evidence is always foundations of houses in solid ground accompanied by rubbish middens alongside. How then did these ancients leave houses founded in soil if there was three miles of ice over the land. Just Recently a major archaeological stone age discovery in a mountain in the Yukon. The foundations of the houses all have to be excavated. Up on the coast of the Barents sea archaeological digs find foundations in soil placed there thousands of years ago. Some years ago an ancient civilization was found on top of the Zagroa Moutains in Turkey. Archaeologists were surprised to find this ancient civilization at such an elevation. The fact that all ancient civilizations evolved first of all on high mountains is still not known by archaeologist and historians. I certainly hope that the realization and acceptance of this reality will soon become common knowledge. How do we know that sea levels were once much higher than today. Again we have to go by the evidence. Salt is found everywhere on earth. This salt was deposited by ancient seas that no longer exist. From the top of the Hymalayas to the sea level at Louisiana to the San Lazaro mountains in Texas to the ancient sea bed at 19000 feet in Tibet salt is everywhere. Salt is below the Sahara desert and in the Dead Sea. Salt is in lake Titikaka in South America and all across Europe and Russia. So if salt is to be found everywhere we know that seas once covered the earth. For further proof of the global seas that once covered the earth we can look to pillow lava. Pillow Lava is deposited by volcanic action all over the surface of the earth. The greatest deposits are found under the sea because the sea covers 70 percent of the earths surface. These lava deposits are found on land as well as under the sea because as I have shown before the earth was once all covered with water and volcanic activity has been taking place for millions of years as the earth has expanded. The pillow lava evidence is therefore found today on the tops of mountains as well as at the bottom of the sea. Driving across the California and Arizona desert you can see pillow lava outcrops all across the landscape. These deposits were ejected there when the desert was still ocean floor. You can find pillow lava deposited on the peak of Mt Kilomanjaro in Africa at 19000 feet above todays sea level. Under the snow capped Mount Ararat in Turkey you will find evidence of pillow lava deposited there when the ocean covered mount Ararat. Mount Ararat is today 17000 feet above sea level Pillow lava outcrops can be found at elevations of 22000 feet on Mount Everest. Pillow lava is testimony to the fact that oceans once covered the highest mountains on earth. Another popular concept arising from the Isostatic Rebound Theory is that all mountains grow. The mountains are said to be growing because the land mass is rising in keeping with Theory. If we examine this anomaly closely we will see where the growth of mountains is just another false premise arising from the initial Darwinian misconception. The heights of all mountains are measured from sea level. All Governments around the world do topographical surveys from time to time to keep track of their topographical features. These surveys take place for several reasons. One aspect of these revised surveys is always a necessary constant: the survey always starts with the establishment of the existing sea level. The last survey of a particular mountain may have taken place fifty years before and during this time sea level has ebbed lower making the mountain height appear that much taller. Of course the surveyor is a student of Post Glacial Rebound so his survey finding is declared: “ the mountain has grown by two feet in fifty years”. Like Darwin he is being influenced by the wrong deduction. In similar manner these revised surveys are done to reset benchmarks which are to be found on all city streets. These benchmarks are placed at random locations on the streets of all cities to assist surveyors in their work. The idea of the benchmark is to transfer existing sea level from the sea to the city street. As I mentioned before all topographical elevations are taken from sea level. The benchmarks serve this purpose and is calibrated with the height above existing sea level. This means that a surveyor on any city street can use these marks as references to the existing sea level which could be miles away. Over several years these benchmarks have to be recalibrated because they all become useless as the existing sea level falls. The usual reason put forward for the change in elevation of the city benchmarks is that the land mass rises as a result of Post Glacial Rebound. Of course this is not so its an illusion. Richard Guy , Structural Engineer WEB PAGE: xbraille.wix.com/receding-seas Reply: Tel; 867-873-3266 or Cell: 867-445-8012 Other books by Richard Guy: “IS PLANET EARTH EXPANDING?” “THE MYSTERIOUS RECEDING SEAS” “THE ASCENT OF MAN: DOWNHILL ALL THE WAY” • hitchens67 says: Amazing read and incredibly detailed! I’m saving this to use in my evolution arguments because it is entirely relevant. Thank you for sending this!

[@thelong-hairedleapinggnome7939]

Love the Pleistocene!

[@zeruel31]

I would love to live in the kettle regions.

[@zytigon]

Excellent film thanks. I got onto this after reading, " Why evolution is true " by Jerry Coyne , where he mentions glacial striation

[@divisioneight]

I wish Al Gore and the hockey stick environmentalist doomsayers would look at this film. 10,000 years ago is but a second in geologic time. The doomsayers proclaiming Earth will heat up are ignoring the facts of history that proves we're simply in a warm period between ice ages.

[@MrDXRamirez]

You'll be eating those words when man made Fe2 depletes the ozone that keeps Sun's heat off the Earth and temps fall.

[@Crapjapper2]

Look at a timeline of Earth's temperature over the past 1 million years... we should be at the peak of the warming period, not undergoing an acceleration of warming.

[@eagillum]

We don't want to lose the glaciers while we humans are living on the earth, neither do we want to experience the next ice age. We need equilibrium between the two extremes to survive.

[@natecote1971]

How about the fact that majority of people are so damn neieve that they believe the news and governments every word and actually believe our cars are causing global warming!!! Meanwhile the elite 1% ONE PERCENT of the population and their private jets/air craft make up like 30% of carbon from personal transportation!!!!! The "environmentalists" and governments don't talk about the fact that a single cargo ship puts out as much as about 50 million cars! One fkn ship! And there is around 9500 active shipping/freight ships!! That's the equivalent of hundreds of millions of cars yet there is less than 2 billion cars and they try to say that shipping is only 4% of carbon emissions!?!?!? Wake tf up people! Another thing war! Ammunition and bombs are extream bad for the environment but nukes! Nukes change weather patters and they know this yet most people don't!! I study weather Before and after nukes were used/tested let's just say they drastically change weather patterns and jet streams! I am doing a video and my wife is writing a book about this for instance when 7 tested the largest nuke ever the tsar, the 1st polar Jetstream immediately and drastically changed and temps drastically changed around the entire planet due to the instant shock/change! Government agencies/ employees hide and cover up so much from the general public its scary it pathetic and should be illegal

[@paulbrower]

The hockey stick is real within an interglacial period. I'm writing this twelve years after your post... but the world is already heating Europe faces a nasty invader: Sahara-like conditions in Spain. We risk inundation of lowlands with billions of peasant farmers who feed the industrial workers of the Third World who make lots of cheap stuff for you. We also risk desertification of some prime cropland. There is no technological fix for hunger, but there are plenty of dangers of wars and revolutions when people get hungry.

[@SSSSNE]

Go back to school and educate yourself, believe in science, and do some research on the topic. Anyone doubting that man is heating up the planet is an idiot, learn a little about geologic time. Al Gore is a genius who should be running the country!

[@daviddegraff5137]

That didn't age well either

[@LardGreystoke]

@@daviddegraff5137 Neither did the Iraq war.

[@eagillum]

Well, people are more and more coming to terms with global warming.

[@WyattBerry]

fake!