History of the Greek Language

History of the Greek Language, Proto-Greek, Eastern, Central and Western Greek, Ionic, Aeolic, Doric. Arcadocypriot, Western Doric, Macedonian, Pamphylian, Koine, Medieval Greek, Italiot Greek, Tsakonian, Pontic Greek, Cappadocian Greek, Modern Greek
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Το τραγούδι Despair and Triumph του καλλιτέχνη Kevin MacLeod έχει άδεια με βάση το εξής: Creative Commons Attribution (creativecommons.org/licenses/...)
Πηγή: incompetech.com/music/royalty-...
Καλλιτέχνης: incompetech.com/
Το τραγούδι Decline του καλλιτέχνη Kevin MacLeod έχει άδεια με βάση το εξής: Creative Commons Attribution (creativecommons.org/licenses/...)
Πηγή: incompetech.com/music/royalty-...
Καλλιτέχνης: incompetech.com/
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Βιβλιογραφία/Sources
Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, τόμ. Α'-ΙΣΤ', εκδοτική Αθηνών, Αθήνα 2000 (Συλλογικό)
Ιστορία του Νέου Ελληνισμού 1770-2000, τόμ. 1-10, εκδόσεις Ελληνικά Γράμματα, Αθήνα 2003 (Συλλογικό)
Τζέφρυ Χόρροκς, Ελληνικά, Ιστορία της Γλώσσας και των ομιλητών της, Βιβλιοπωλείον της Εστίας, Αθήνα 2006
Francisco R Adrados, Η Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Γλώσσας από τις απαρχές ως τις μέρες μας, Εκδόσεις Παπαδήμα, Αθήνα 2003
Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Γλώσσας, Μορφωτικό Ίδρυμα Εθνική Τραπέζης, Αθήνα 2010 (Συλλογικό)
Γεώργιος Μπαπινιώτης, Συνοπτική Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Γλώσσας, Κέντρο Λεξικολογίας, Αθήνα 2007
Νικόλαος Πολίτης, Μελέται περί του βίου και της γλώσσης του ελληνικού λαού: Παραδόσεις, Ι-ΙV, Βιβλιόραμα, Αθήνα 1998
R. J. Hopper, Οι Πρώτοι Έλληνες, Θεσσαλονίκη, Βάνιας, Θεσσαλονίκη 1993
John Chadwick, μετάφραση Κ.Ν Πετρόπουλος, Ο Μυκηναϊκός κόσμος, Gutenberg, Αθήνα 1997
Bostford & Robinson (μετάφραση Σωτηρίου Τσιτσώνη), Αρχαία Ελληνική Ιστορία, Μορφωτικό Ίδρυμα Εθνικής Τραπέζης, Αθήνα 1995
N.G.L. Hammond, Ιστορία της Μακεδονίας, τόμος Α, Μαλλιάρης Παιδεία, Θεσσαλονίκη 1995
N.G.L. Hammond-G.T Griffith, Ιστορία της Μακεδονίας, τόμος Β, Θεσσαλονίκη, Μαλλιάρης Παιδεία, Θεσσαλονίκη 1995
N.G.L. Hammond, F.W. Walbank, Ιστορία της Μακεδονίας, τόμος Γ΄, Θεσσαλονίκη, Μαλλιάρης Παιδεία, Θεσσαλονίκη 1995
Ο Βυζαντινός κόσμος, Η Ανατολική Ρωμαϊκή Αυτοκρατορία (330-641), Cecile Morisson et al., Πόλις, Αθήνα 2007
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Ηλεκτρονικές εγκυκλοπαίδειες/web sources
Βικιπαίδεια el.wikipedia.org & en.wikipedia.org
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού www.ehw.gr
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Ανοικτά πανεπιστημιακά μαθήματα στο www.opencourses.gr
Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Γλώσσας. Πανεπιστήμιο Αιγαίου, Τμήμα Μεσογειακών Σπουδών. Διδάσκων: Δρ. Ελένη Καραντζόλα
Άλλα ελεύθερα προσβάσιμα πανεπιστημιακά μαθήματα:
Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Γλώσσας ΙΙ. Πανεπιστήμιο Ιωαννίνων, Τμήμα Φιλολογίας, Διδάσκων: Δρ. Παναγιώτης Φίλος. ecourse.uoi.gr
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Έχει χρησιμοποιηθεί επίσης ένας μεγάλος αριθμός άρθρων από περιοδικά, εφημερίδες και ηλεκτρονικά μέσα, που είναι δύσκολο να παρατεθούν αναλυτικά.

[@galgar5660]

In Italy greek is still spoken by 500 speakers in 15 calabrian towns, by 10.000 speakers in 9 apulian towns and in the area of Messina (Sicily),but unfortunately the majority of the speakers are old. I read in my book of medieval history that greek was still used as a lithurgic language in Naples around V/VII century AD. And in local dialects of southern Italy there are still some greek words.

[@CostasMelas]

Thank you for the information. The Griko dialect declined after the beginning of 19th century, but the mainly decline happened during the interwar period due to the hostile Mussolini's policy for the non-Italian dialects of Italy.

[@galgar5660]

@@CostasMelas yeah, during that period it wasn't allowed to use foreign words . They even italianised names of towns in non italian speaking areas and of non italian surnames.

[@orionnebula2605]

Ethnicity matters friend. South italy is 90% descented of greeks.

[@galgar5660]

@@orionnebula2605 well I don't think is that high, after all greeks weren't the only population in the south and they only lived along the coast. I read that 20% of southern italians have greek genes but I don't know if it is a correct data. But for sure you gave to us a lot of history, art and culture :)

[@orionnebula2605]

@@galgar5660 I think you have a Greek surname. I know you are Italian from your name which is Giulio D'Arrigo. I know a lot about names and I can even translate their descent. Giulio is your name coming from Greek Ioulios, your surname D'Arrigo can be split to De Arrigo. De is translated to The and Arrigo comes from the Greek word of Slow. So your name might be of Greek descent. In english it is Julius the Slow.

[@orionnebula2605]

The decline of the greek language between the 15th and 18th centuries was really depressing.

[@lightbringer2794]

That is one of the gifts of the Ottoman Empire to the world. Happy that exists no more, they don't deserve to be remembered.

[@alc243]

@@lightbringer2794 Greek language is alive!

[@gweithirgweithir415]

King Serafeim The 3rd Why tho? What bad things did ottomans do that other empires didnt do? 🤨

[@gweithirgweithir415]

King Serafeim The 3rd well, if you mean as in the ottomans werent great inventors, true, but they did preserve many arts and respected cultures and historical sights (there is still much left from pre-ottoman era in anatolia). and influenced history by a lot, i mean, colombus wouldnt been sent to find a new way to india if the ottomans didnt blockade the westerners from trading with asia. True, they didnt invent much as the westerners did, but they had their better parts as well.

[@Stoss_]

@@gweithirgweithir415 yeah. They didn't damage any culture or something except fair battles. They didn't force people to be muslim/assimilate them.

[@wsm2545]

Είμαι απο την Βένετο, ειμαι βενετικος, εγώ ξέρο λίγο Ελληνικά (sorry for mistakes, if i made some)

[@bbc8212]

Γειά σου αδερφέ 👍

[@Trapligo]

Το ξερο δεν είναι έτσι ξέρω έτσι είναι αλλά καλη προσπαθεια

[@christostragas8643]

Είσαι από την Βένετο, είσαι Βενετσιάνος (Βενετός). Εσύ ξέρεις ελληνικά και τα λάθη σου είναι ασήμαντα μπροστά στον πολιτισμό που επιδεικνύεις! Να είσαι πάντα καλά!

[@clevermvp_bg7151]

ΟΡΘΟΓΡΑΦΊΑ!!!

[@hermespsychopompos8267]

Είμαι από τη Βενετία, είμαι Βενετός, εγώ ξέρω λίγα Ελληνικά. 😊Anyway, extremely rich history between Greeks and Venetians.

[@Nikolas-Lysgaris]

"If it is true that the violin is the best instrument, then Greek is the violin of the mind" Elens Addams Keller

[@Nikolas-Lysgaris]

@lagjes cuni2 A lettuce has more historical knowledge than you. "Manipulation" really ??? Greece isn't America nor Israel . Maybe you are an American and you don't know much about European history but if you are European .....study more speak less.....

[@Govnar658]

@Mr. Bison Lol triggered

[@Nikolas-Lysgaris]

@Mr. Bison You must be so clever .....really the fact that you wrote an essay just to respond to a comment says it all(i want attention...). If you're the clever one and i'm the stupid then im really glad for my stupidity. Have a nice day ....Greetings to your mom ;)

[@Nikolas-Lysgaris]

The things i wrote aren't mine . Since the Roman Empire philosophers and writers preffered to write in Greek because of the big vocabulary .( Markus Aurelius a Roman philosopher said "If the gods exist they surely speak Greek") No ,idiot there are languages better than others and im not a parrot this is common sence . Do you think that a language with thousands of years history (Greek ,Egyptian ,Latin) can be compared with a language of 300 years old? This is why Newton wrote in Greek . In English , German French a big amount of words comes from the Greek Vocabulary .Why ? And btw i saw the big vocabulary that you have when you called me "nigga" i mean... and I am the parrot .

[@Nikolas-Lysgaris]

BARBARIAN IS A GREEK WORD BTW .

[@karakondzula1388]

Serbs still often use Greek in church singing, there are also a lot of Greek root names and words in Serbia.

[@karakondzula1388]

@lagjes cuni2 Thats bullshit, there are Turkish words in use but nowhere near 9000. Not even Bosnian version has that many in use. Don't use tabloids for information. First/Second Serbian vocabulary had about 3700 turkish loan words. Its absolutely impossible that the number increased.

[@Anonymous-qx1vd]

Yeah world is Greek

[@Anonymous-qx1vd]

Russians are Greek English are Greek

[@dinaridwolf9894]

@lagjes cuni2 They also took words from us, high percentage of turkish words in serbian laungage is a lie just as it is a lie that ottomans ruled serbs for 500, 600 years when in reality it was 350 .

[@TheWillystyla]

@Thracian Goth modern bulgarian language was cleaned

[@zekiyekalma260]

I ' m fromTrebizond and i can speak pontic (Ponteika) language

[@pantelispantelis1820]

Hey

[@denizmetint.462]

How many of you still speak Romeika?

[@pantelispantelis1820]

@@denizmetint.462 discord.gg/Yj2yusGHqU

[@user-hm9vx2sx1c]

@@denizmetint.462 Many people speak Roumeika. I speak a little, but my grandparents speak Pontic (Roumeika) fluently

[@joagalo]

Are there still many speakers in Trabzon or only in Of Valley?

[@xXShmendanXx]

Cappadocian Greek is still spoken, but it was thought to be extinct for a few decades. It is only spoken by 2500 people, sadly...

[@xXShmendanXx]

@@GorgeousGeorge97 true

[@furkanyavuzince3959]

Im from turkey Cappadocia. My great grandfathers and grandmothers lived in harmony with the greeks. But after the rebellion they had to leave their lands. It was a very tragic farewell. And the turks living in greek had to come back here. I have some relatives who can speak greek. But aa you’ve said it is very very few. I hope that cappadocian greek is still living. And also hope that, we live in harmony with each other, where nationalism doesn’t exist in a bad way.

[@Siomn779nil]

WILL NOT EXIAT SOON​@@furkanyavuzince3959

[@Nodir79]

Hello from the far Eastern part of the Empire of Alexander the Great (Central Asia, Uzbekistan, city of Qarshi (city of Xenippa in ancient Greek))! 👋😃

[@YamamuraMaria0]

Çok komik

[@kirilll7806]

Привет узбекистану!

[@goktug3717]

Aren't you Turkic?

[@Nodir79]

@@goktug3717 yes, I am.

[@theodorospadelidis6537]

@@Nodir79 heyyyy brother i own a grecoturkish friendship server if you want to join send your discord account

[@historyrhymes1701]

Greek was the written language of the Bulgarian empire before the development of the Cyrillic alphabet in the 9th century. After that it was used a secondary language.

[@CostasMelas]

That's right. There also was a tendency for the use of the Greek language during the Ottoman rule, for which Paisius of Hilendar reacted.

[@WatchmanofMKDN]

Bulgarian empire mapping The Bulgars (also Bulghars, Bulgari, Bolgars, Bolghars, Bolgari,[1] Proto-Bulgarians[2]) were Turkic semi-nomadic warrior tribes that flourished in the Pontic-Caspian steppe and the Volga region during the 7th century. Emerging as nomadic equestrians in the Volga-Ural region, according to some researchers their roots can be traced to Central Asia.[3] During their westward migration across the Eurasian steppe the Bulgars absorbed other ethnic groups and cultural influences, including Hunnic and Indo-European peoples.[4][5][6][7][8][9] Modern genetic research on Central Asian Turkic people and ethnic groups related to the Bulgars points to an affiliation with Western Eurasian populations.[9][10][11] The Bulgars spoke a Turkic language, i.e. Bulgar language of Oghuric branch.[12] They preserved the military titles, organization and customs of Eurasian steppes,[13] as well as pagan shamanism and belief in the sky deity Tangra.[14] The Bulgars became semi-sedentary during the 7th century in the Pontic-Caspian steppe, establishing the polity of Old Great Bulgaria c. 635, which was absorbed by the Khazar Empire in 668 AD. In c. 679, Khan Asparukh conquered Scythia Minor, opening access to Moesia, and established the First Bulgarian Empire, where the Bulgars became a political and military elite. They merged subsequently with established Byzantine populations,[15][16] as well as with previously settled Slavic tribes, and were eventually Slavicized, thus forming the ancestors of modern Bulgarians.[17] The remaining Pontic Bulgars migrated in the 7th century to the Volga River, where they founded the Volga Bulgaria; they preserved their identity well into the 13th century.[12] The Volga Tatars and Chuvash people claim to be originated from the Volga Bulgars.[

[@WatchmanofMKDN]

The Bulgars with khan krum khan telerig khan kardam khan asperuch spoke a Turkic Oghuric language in the Eurasian steppes before they settled in the Balkans. Then they learned a MACEDONIAN language when they were slavicised and became “SLAVS”. They adopted the “Macedonian” alphabet like most other “pravo slaven” SLAVS including Russia and they started to call their rulers Tsars instead of khans.

[@WatchmanofMKDN]

Costas Melas the blue “Original Balkan” group at the beginning is EXACTLY like the i2 Y DNA inhabitants of Europe. Go google “Y DNA haplogroups of Europe” and see the DNA map. Ancient Macedonians, Thracians Illyrians Dardanians moesians Dalmatians are all in that original Balkan group that have been living their for thousands of years. DNA research shows that the i2 haplogroup has been in the Balkans for thousands of years. Macedonia and other countries are in the i2 original Balkan DNA on the haplogroup map. Greeks don’t have the i2 Balkan DNA, they have mainly E1b1b because the Greeks are the mycenaeans who came from around the Mediterranean and settled on Greek land.

[@historyrhymes1701]

@@sciencepower5552 "The *Slavic* Thracians" Oh God 99% of my brain cells just died.

[@historyinbrief1169]

Such an interesting video... The Greek language has faced many changes through the ages from many occupants, but was still there even in the 400 years- occupation by the Ottomans... That is amazing and explains a lot...

[@sigma7109]

Oh, you were too generous to create a state for us poor ! Where did you get your divorce from history, truth and logic? Probably, your history explanations about the new Greek state are similar to your state of mind! Let me introfuce myself. I' m Greek, I'm mediteranean blonde and I can read the original texts of Aristotle, which you can not, as your language is completely different. I went once to Albania, which is full of Disneyland colorfull mosques, since you are muslims, no? Oh, and I have an Albanian woman to clean my toilet, if you don't mind. Her name is Mira

[@aiasheracleides3784]

@lagjes cuni2 too much gap in your syllogism dear.There was any reason in the years of '21 the Albanians to create the New greek state.They had the chance and power according to your syllogism to Establish the Bigger Albania....You have to be more honest ,yes Konstantine the great was Illyrian(not Albanian)from his father side but Greek by his mother side.Something you had forget it,HE Promoted to Saint as well as his mother by the Church of Greeks NOT of Albanians...i believe you are an Orthodox,say thanks to greeks if you like to be more honest with your self fellow.

[@aiasheracleides3784]

@lagjes cuni2 SAINt HELEN was a mother of Kostantine the Great,she found the Holy cross.Saint Paul visited only Greek city.ONLY GREEK.Efesus-Phillipoi-Thessaloniki-Veroia-Athens-Corinth-Rome.Albania even today is Muslim country-Except the Northern Greeks.Don't talk for Orhodoxia if you don't understand it or feel it.You been under Hotza Dogma,this damaged a bit your minds.Are you still believe that you're the biggest country of the world.Orthodoxy is all over.

[@aiasheracleides3784]

@lagjes cuni2 kzbin.info/www/bejne/q6i2eWl-Zt-CeZI

[@aiasheracleides3784]

@lagjes cuni2 kzbin.info/www/bejne/o5yxoIetdsahmck

[@thirdtrysacharm6177]

I think the part about Iran is inaccurate. Even after the Seleucid Empire fell, the Parthian Empire kept Greek as an official language and they adopted many Greek customs. Indeed, even after the Parthian Empire fell, the Sassanids Empire kept Greek as an administrative language until the late 3rd century. Everything else looks great though, I don't want to sound overly critical.

[@CostasMelas]

Thank you. It is an interesting comment. The iranian places, Media, Persis, Parthia, Carmania etc had much less Greek colonies comparatively with Mesopotamia/Babylonia, so the Greek language declines in Iran more rapidly than Mesopotamia (current Iraq). The latter area had flourising Greek colonies such as Seleucia on the Tigris and it had also the main Parthian administratives centre, Ctesiphon. So during the Parthian period the Greek language was kept mainly in the western Parthian provinces (in Mesopotamia) and declines in the eastern provinces (Media, Parthia etc)

[@volimNestea]

@lagjes cuni2 Nobody said it was the only language spoken there. Calm your tits.

[@temptemp4174]

Surely they spoke it in Iran if people in Pakistan spoke it and held on to it. I think it’s accurate

[@theodoruspantelidis8738]

@lagjes cuni2 we dont have that much argeological evidence

[@ramtin89]

greek customs were influent in parthian empire, but the language spoken among the people were the several iranian languages, greek was more a sort of a lingua franca and administration language, but if you see during achaemenid empire persians used akkadian as the official empire language and adopted many babylonian customs and arts, but this doesn't mean persian spoke akkadian in daily life

[@Dourios_96]

A very detailed video good job

[@VBeguey]

Αγαπώ την ελληνική γλώσσα!!! This is truly a sad history. But time's changing; who knows what future may bring...

[@Michael_the_Drunkard]

"But time's changing". Hopefully for the better regarding Greece. Meaning, the Greek language should spread again, where it was.

[@mp6471]

@@Michael_the_Drunkard No one can resist the most strong language of the world. It is a language that doesn't need a religion to spread, it is just so powerful in itself, for his great culture, that I'm totally sure it will spread once again, without violence.

[@horusisdead6831]

Who knows? 🐺🐺🐺

[@furlan1743]

Good bullshit

[@user-xr2jt7ss4o]

😂😂

[@naser766]

Love Greece from Saudi Arabia 🇸🇦❤️🇬🇷

[@islammehmeov2334]

🤮🤮🤮🤮🤮

[@user-hy5tc4wn5s]

مسوي خوي يا ناصر

[@naser766]

@@user-hy5tc4wn5s وش دخل؟😂😂

[@Aksakal1917]

I started learning greek, my father was studying for some time and i decided to follow him. i can't see myself in the map. Απo τη Σμuρνη με αγaπη

[@georgios_5342]

Απ'τη Σμύρνη είναι και ολόκληρη η οικογένεια της γιαγιάς μου. Συγκεκριμένα από την επαρχία Αϊδινίου. Άλλους τους σκότωναν, άλλους τους απήγαγαν. Λίγοι κατάφεραν να ξεφύγουν τις τουρκικές θηριωδίες, και από αυτούς πολλοί πνίγηκαν στη θάλασσα. Ευτυχώς τον πατέρα της τον είχε ειδοποιήσει μία φιλική οικογένεια Τούρκων και πρόλαβαν να ξεφύγουν μόλις 3 ημέρες πριν όλα γίνουν στάχτη και μπούρμπερη. Η θεία της απήχθη από Τούρκο αξιωματικό στο λιμάνι και ο αδελφός της πέθανε στη φυγή.

[@kapoioskapoiou8631]

Και οι παππούδες της γυναίκας μου από Σμύρνη ειναι

[@redokstepkimesi6187]

@@georgios_5342 Tens of Turks were locked up in a mosque by the Greek army. They burned the mosque and the people with it alive. They hunted down and shot those who managed to escape.

[@georgios_5342]

@@redokstepkimesi6187 ok. I'm sorry for them.

[@redokstepkimesi6187]

@@georgios_5342 I'm sorry for your losses too

[@stevenkarabelas9033]

I never knew there was a significant amount of Greek speakers in Iberia and France.

[@toddlithgow]

Steven Karabelas Some cities that still exist today were founded by Greeks. Marseille is the oldest continually inhabited urban area in France, and was founded by Greeks. What’s interesting is that Marseille is not that different from the city that the Greeks founded 2600 years ago, being a complete melting pot of different peoples.

[@jmiquelmb]

Yep, I live close to the oldest Greek colony in the Iberian peninsula. They brought olive oil and wine, and to this day my local area is still known for their wine. I’ll always be grateful to Greek culture for that

[@Didagg]

@@jmiquelmb Emporion?

[@jmiquelmb]

@@Didagg Yep

[@vassiliss8506]

The greatest damage was done during the Greek genocide, where all eastern attic dialects completely died... My mother’s side were people who cheated death while the city of Smyrni was set on fire.

[@serkan6697]

@@efthymiosanagnostos7427 when the city burn, turkish soldiers were came to city. why someone set on fire the city if it is taken?

[@serkan6697]

@@efthymiosanagnostos7427 it doesn't sound rational. Everybody told us that greeks set on fire the city because of they lost the war and they have to escape. İt is very rational. Whole city has burned and we build it again. Old people say that to us.

[@serkan6697]

@@efthymiosanagnostos7427 i don't know maybe it was just an accident. the fire was a disaster for everyone. i'm from giresun in blacksea region. greeks call it pontiac i suppose. my grandfather and grandmother tells greeks were good neighbors. wars and fights damage everything. younger people tells we should hate each others but i believe that if we hate each other than we will not deserve peace.

[@serkan6697]

@@efthymiosanagnostos7427 we call it a kind of civil war. bc it wasn't controlled by government and actualy that times there wasn't a govenment existance. İstanbul was under occupation. gangs take the controll and implemented fascist actions in blacksea. "topal Osman" is a guilty and its approved by parliament after war

[@ub3rfr3nzy94]

@@serkan6697 The truth is nobody knows who set the fire. It could've been the Turks who werr attacking, or the Greeks who were fleeing (scorched earth) or an accident during the skirmish

[@jgc4818]

Man, what a sad decline. Greek is cool. There is a town here in Florida called Tarpon Springs where many of the inhabitants came from the Aegean Islands in 1900-1920 and even today the street signs are in Greek and many people still speak it. Rather interesting to me.

[@Radiationville]

True and they fly the greek flag..

[@Billswiftgti]

You will find Greeks in the most peculiar places in the world. Interestingly, we are welcomed everywhere except our home country.

[@theodoruspantelides8661]

i own a greco turkish friendship discord server if you want to join send me your account

[@GL-iv4rw]

Greece is the cradle of the Western world, China is the cradle of the Eastern world Greece and China two pillars of the world

[@adrianmunteanu8135]

Love Greece 🇬🇷 from Romania 🇷🇴 Ortodox brother's ....Ellada ...20 years ..I hope Greece 🇬🇷 will be top 20 in the world

[@user-ri3bf3kh7x]

Thank you Andrian..greetings from Greece..☺

[@kendallnicol3338]

Mulţumesc Adrian. Btw, it is more correct when written as "Hellada". There is a linguistic reason for that. 👍

[@adrianmunteanu8135]

@@kendallnicol3338 Hallo, I am from Romania 🇷🇴 Ortodox brother's, in my land romanian saying Elada, Grecia, ...

[@adrianmunteanu8135]

Love Greece 🇬🇷 Ortodox brother's

[@vitorpereira9515]

Unfortunately Greece does not have the resources to boost the Greek economy.But I have an idea for Greeks who want wealth and prosperity. Come to Brazil, enrich our culture! 😁😁😁

[@dimitris1383]

There are Greek speakers in Lebanon and in "Of district" of Trabzon where they form the majority in some places.

[@somatia350]

Greek FUT20 highlights I thought the Pontic Greeks are dying out

[@user-ls3tl2vm7s]

@@somatia350 no there are like 30 villages in turkey that speak pontic greek

[@selimhansenokur8449]

True. I am a Turk from Trabzon, but the old people in our village know pontus Greek.

[@georgios_5342]

Sweet home Trapezounda...

[@napabilirim]

In Trabzon? I'm Turkish but I never heard of that. I thought there were Greeks in Istanbul only. How interesting! 🇹🇷❤️🇬🇷

[@ozyman_dias]

I love Greek history Respect from Turkey ♥️

[@panoskatrin4910]

respect to you brother as well as long you recognize the large amounts of human rights violations your goverment has done to discriminate against its greek minority

[@seyfoday2713]

@@panoskatrin4910 even most of turks hating our politics And They will gone

[@Mike-ll5is]

How cynical... I'm pretty sure they don't need your "respect"

[@napabilirim]

@@Mike-ll5is How rude, this isn't Twitter

[@3nkorku542]

@@panoskatrin4910 What about the discrimination and the racism towards the Turkish minority in Greece? Do you critise your own country for that?

[@anastsi6767]

One notice i want to make about the video is that Greek in sicily was largely spoken until 12th century. How did Greek come to be the vernacular in parts of Southern Italy? From the book Polyglot Italy by Dr. Geoffrey Hull In ancient times Sicily and the Italian Peninsula south of Naples were known collectively as Magna Graecia - 'Great Greece' because of the number and importance of the Greek settlements there. The coasts of Apulia, Lucania, Campania, Calabria and eastern Sicily were first colonized by mainland Greeks in the eighth century before Christ. Such celebrated figures as Empedocles, Theocritus and Archimedes were natives of 'Great Greece'. Sicily had already been settled by Phoenician colonists from Carthage in North Africa, and the western districts remained in their hands.Despite several attempts by the Sicilian Greeks (Siceliots) to gain control of the whole island. The expanding Roman Empire had annexed the whole of Magna Graecia and Sicily by 241 B.C., and while the Romans planted Latin colonies here and there, on the whole they treated the Italian Greeks as confederates, respecting their language and culture. In Rome itself Greek was employed as a second language and in the first Christian centuries the city had a large Greek-speaking minority. Latin spread through the Greek cities of the South as an administrative language but Greek held its own as a literary medium and the speech of the common people in many areas. At the height of the Empire Vulgar Latin had inplanted itself as the vernacular only as far south as the Apulian towns of Tarentum and Brundisium, and the river Crati in Bruttium (present-day Calabria), the Salentine peninsula, lower Calabria and eastern Sicily remained for the time being strongholds of the Greek language. In the last centuries of the Empire Latin began to encroach upon literary Greek in Magna Graecia.Once Constantinople had replaced Rome as the centre of government, Greek was restored as the official language of southern Italy and Sicily and cultural ties with the Hellenic mainland were reaffirmed. The seventh century saw an influx of Greek-speaking refugees from Syria and Egypt, recently occupied by the Moslems. These immigrants strengthened the reviving Hellenity of the Byzantine Themes (territories) of the South.Before the coming of the Byzantines, Italian and Sicilian Greek (Italiot), known to the local Italian tribes as Gricus, had been a variant of the Doric (western) dialect of the mainland. The Byzantines now introduced the Neo-Hellenic koine based on the speech of Athens (Attic). The influence transformed the structure of Italiot, though some of the original Doric features survived, and constitute living proof of the unbroken continuity of the Greek language in Italy from ancient times. Linguistic conditions in Sicily were to be drastically altered by the Saracen invasion of 832. By the tenth century Greek had receded into the south-eastern corner of the island. Then came the Norman conquest of the eleventh century, which struck a serious blow at the roots of Hellenity both in Sicily and on the mainland.Soon in full decline, the Byzantine rite lingered on in some parishes of the traditional Greek areas of Apulia, Calabria and Sicily until the seventeenth century, when it fell victim of the centralizing policies of the Counter Reformation. From the fourteenth century South Italian began to spread at the expense of Greek in the Messina-Taormina, Milazzo triangle (definitively Italianized by the 1500's) and in southern Calabria and Salento. However there is evidence that Greek continued to be widely spoken in Calabria (at least by the lower classes) until the Renaissance period. The anonymous author of a French chronicle of the late thirteenth century noted that "through the whole of Calabria the peasants speak nothing but Greek". In 1368 Petrarca recommended a stay in the region to a student who needed to improve his knowledge of Greek. In the early sixteenth century Calabrian Greek was still vigorous in the inland districts south of Palmi and Cittanova but by the close of the seventeenth century it had receded into the Aspromonte mountains of the southern tip of the peninsula, an area comprising hte towns of Cardeto, Bagaladi, Motta San Giovanni, San Lorenzo, Melito, Condofuri, Roghudi, Bova, Palizzi, Africo and Sant'Agata. For the next century and a half the Calabrian Grecia (Greek-speaking zone) remained fairly stable, until the Risorgimento and Unification unleased a new tide of Italian linguisitic influence which accelerated the process of erosion. By the 1920's the ancestral language of South Calabrians could be heard only in the small rural communites of Bova, Amendola, Condofuri, Galliciano, Roccaforte, Roghudi and Ghorio.Salentine Greek at first declined more rapidly than its Calabrian counterpart. Around 1400 it was already confined to a territorial strip bounded by Gallipoli and the Gulf of Taranto in the west, and Lake Limini near Otranto in the east, with Struda and Alliste as its respective northern and southern limits. By the twentieth century this Grecia had shrunk to a compact district south of Lecce/Luppiu made up of the villages of Calimera, Martignano, Sternatia, Soleto, Zollino, Martano, Castrignano dei Greci, Corigliano and Melpignano. By the time they became citizens of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861, the Italo-Greeks, mostly poor peasants, had long been severed from the Byzantine religious traditions and from the mainstream of Neo-Hellenic civilization, The modern Italiot renaissance began in the Salentine Grecia through the efforts of Vito Domenico Palumbo (1857 - 1918), a native of Calimera, who endeavoured to re-establish cultural contacts with mainland Greece

[@CostasMelas]

Thank you for the information.

[@anastsi6767]

Historical Informations about Hellenic presence in South Italy in Medieval Ages The German emperor, King of two Sicily’s, Frederick II, wrote (in 1231) his famous laws in two languages.In Greek, to be understood by the people and in Latin* (Public at., Thea von der Lieck, Buyken, Koln-Wien 1978).The famous lows of Frederic II of Swabia, were wrote in Greek (to be understandable from the population of Two Sicily’s) and in scholar, for lows, Latin. (Edit, Thea Von Liebeck, Leipzig Germany 1976).And the lows has very strong measures against everything Hellenic and Orthodox in two Sicilys.In the II and IV chapter of his Lows, provides measures against the Greeks and heretic Orthodox Church in The Kingdom of two Sicilys, with many measures against them, like forbid property, forbid heritage property, forbid studies in Constantinopolis, but only in the Napolis University, who Founded in the year 1224/ 5/June… and many other hard measures). The famous English Humanist Roger Bacon, in a famous letter, which he sent to Pope Nicola 3rd Orsini in 1280, when browsing in Sicily, describes the Compact Greek-speaking regions of the island.In the second half of the thirteenth century Roger Bacon (English Humanist) wrote to the Pope From Sicily, concerning Italy, "in which, the most places, the clergy and people were purely Greek". An old French chronicler stated of the same time that the peasants of Calabria spoke nothing but Greek. Thus, the Italians of the fourteenth century did not need to appeal to Byzantium for elementary technical acquaintance with the Greek language and the be¬ginnings of Greek literature; they had a nearer source, in southern Italy, the source which gave them Barlaam and Leontius Pilatus. Fredrick Nitze, the German Philosopher wrote that the First attack against Hellenism, from the west, began from The Normans in southern Italy and Sicily, in 11 th century. When Greek was declining The GREEK language disappeared from the South Italy from 1.500 to 1.600 a.C, when two ecclesiastical sessions (1585 in Otranto (gr. Hydrunta) and 1588 in Messina) required by the Orthodox Greeks in Sicily and southern Italy, to follow the Roman Catholic Church, or leave the country. So the south Italian population (1.500 churches and monasteries, almost) forced to except the Roman Catholic dogma and Latin language in the ceremonies and missed Greek language. In the year 1579, the Vatican force also the “Basilican” Monks, to except his jurisdiction, and organize them in orders, who transform them in Franciscan and Jesuit Monks many years later. The last hit was given by the Bourbons. King Francisco 1st ended with a decree, the latest 19 Greek churches and Monasteries (13 of them in Calabria) in the year 1821-1830 and force the last Greeks to accept the Roman Catholicism. ---Whenever the Greeks of Sicily and southern Italy, have lost their language, faith and conscience, definitively after 1580. They became something else. They continue to exist in southern Italy, Calabria, Apulia,Basilicata, Sicily etc, not as Greeks, but of Greek origin and ancestry, creating a new, different culture, based in to the Roman Catholic faith, in a version of a modern Latin language (similar to northern Italian) and customs similar to many Catholic conquerors (Spanish, German, French ...), who ruled the area.

[@furlan1743]

Yes, those territories were stolen to this oscan, lapidigian and sican tribe. Good thing the italic got it back.

[@SornGeorge]

@@furlan1743 if anything, it was the Italics/Latins that stole the lands from the Phoenicians and the Greeks

[@malarobo]

@@SornGeorge No, the italic people of Siculi lived in Sicily before the coming of the Greeks and the Phoenicians. Indeed Greeks lived in the eastern and southern coasts, Phoenicians and Chartaginians in the western coast, instead Siculi, driven out by the coasts, lived in the centre of the island. However, they too occupied an island previously inhabited by Sicanians, a non indoeuropean people.

[@user-um2nx6bn9v]

Ι m tsakonian and I steel speak our anccient language

[@RamonGonzalez-if6ei]

ΑΡΗΣ 1914 keep on!!! Great dude! Συγχαρητήρια!

[@cyrclack5616]

Φίλε, σε ζηλεύω, και τι δεν θα δινα να μάθω λίγα Τσακόνικα. Τελευταία Δωρική Γλώσσα στον Κόσμο. Χαιρετίσματα απ' την Ήπειρο

[@user-um2nx6bn9v]

@@cyrclack5616 Δυστυχώς χάνεται σιγά σιγά, οί παππουδες κ η γιαγιάδες μού μιλούσαν μόνο τσακωνικα, για αυτό κ έμαθα....

[@loadedmusic3192]

Keep it alive file! 👍

[@theodoruspantelidis8738]

@@RamonGonzalez-if6ei εγώ ο πόντιος ο προ παππούς σφηριζε μια γλώσσα πουλιων the language is still used in giresun and also my father knows whistle language

[@Neversa]

98% of Russian names are actually Greek names. Greeks say when they come to Russia it's like seeing Greeks that are not Greeks.

[@nadirjofas3140]

nah

[@thetreatment498]

What's your name coming from?

[@pmparda]

It's because of christianism.

[@qaz1001]

@@thetreatment498 he is Kazakh

[@enjoymfs9715]

@@qaz1001 not a kazakh but mongol whose ancestors got f by his russian masters

[@bastianodimebag]

Nearly 15% of the Sicilian vocabulary is Greek. Moreover, if we count the words crystallized in surnames and toponyms, the percentage rises

[@YSC2000]

what about latin and therefore Italian ? what percentage do you presume?

[@bastianodimebag]

@@YSC2000 the Italian loanwords are few while the vocabulary inherited directly from Vulgar Latin is about 50%

[@theodoruspantelides8661]

@@bastianodimebag i own a greco turkish italian friendship discord server if you want to join send me your account

[@bastianodimebag]

@@theodoruspantelides8661 I've got no discord account :/

[@that4711]

Amazing video! The Greek language has greatly influenced the Western World and Christianity and we can see this everywhere today. Very proud!

[@aksmex2576]

Not just the western world. The east too. Like many other great civilizations.

[@GL-iv4rw]

Greece is the cradle of the Western world, China is the cradle of the Eastern world Greece and China two pillars of the world

[@Amen-Magi]

@@aksmex2576 greek self learn writing from east

[@lilahdog568]

The Mediterranean coast: *exists* Central Asia: *also exists* The greeks: it's free real estate

[@Umut_9182]

Asia Minor*

[@thetreatment498]

Turks: Hipity hopity your lands are now my property!

[@Ralampos]

​@@Umut_9182 Nah, we colonized all the way from Crimea to Grenada.

[@noffill_zangezurian_edits]

Respect and love to Greeks from Armenia 🇦🇲 🤝🇬🇷

[@trium1554]

Respect and love to greeks and armenians from turkey! Lets put our differences aside and enjoy living with each other komşu :)

[@kendallnicol3338]

@@trium1554 we could put our differences aside, yes I agree. It would be perfect. But you see, there have been genocides, people lost their homes, their lands. Can those be returned ?

[@trium1554]

@@kendallnicol3338 you think turkish people also haven't lost their lands and didnt get massacred?

[@GL-iv4rw]

Greece is the cradle of the Western world, China is the cradle of the Eastern world Greece and China two pillars of the world

[@paulochon7692]

@@trium1554 lol.

[@teargas7763]

Great civilization

[@historyhistory1901]

Fake state , and the old lenguae in balcan is albanian lenguae whu homer screev the book, this languae whu speak greac now is techniqual lenguae in year 1821 lol , the truth is coming , and the truth for arvanitas 5 milions todey live in greace whu her motherlengue is albanian, greace is fake state and fake techniqual lengue

[@s16dim93]

kristi kristi but the Albanians call themselves shqiptar.. what is the common of a shqiptar with the arvanitas? Nothing.. the names are just similar in the Latin alphabet in your alphabet are totally different.. and the arvanites come from the Greek village arvanon instead of the Albanians that they have nothing to do with the pelasgian or yllirians.. you just moved from Caucasus years ago and you are a mix of Caucasus Slavs and turks

[@efthymiosanagnostos7427]

kristi kristi learn English then talk

[@Jesse-kj4hm]

@@historyhistory1901 can you into english

[@thebj2701]

@@anastsi6767 Almost every time I had to argue with an Albanian his come back would be a misspelled cursing word and telling me how great Albania is. There is a point of national pride which when you cross you just look stupid...

[@megistanas]

But in Turkish Pontus there are still people speaking Pontic Greek.

[@CostasMelas]

From the late known official datas (around 1965), there were very few speakers, at about 4000 Pontic Greeks, a very few number comparatively with the non-Greek speakers population in the area. In Ukraine for example, where i note the Pontic population with stripes, there are today around 98.000 Greek speakers, mainly around Mariupol.

[@megistanas]

@@CostasMelas I don't know how many they are but I know for sure that they are being noted from Cambridge university that they still exist, are being visited for documentaries and for Greek Pontics to meet them. Also in the last years these people are coming to Pontic events in Greece and abroad speaking about how the Turkish state does not support them speaking their mother language.

[@anastsi6767]

They are afraid to say in Turkey that they speak Greek.Its not a democratic country.Before 100 years their compatriots were genocided by Kemal

[@megistanas]

@@anastsi6767 All know that they speak Greek, even the Turkish government. They are not afraid, they are treated differently only if they publicly tell they are not Turkish because of the language.

[@CostasMelas]

This number is according to Turkish data. In fact, we do not know how many are.

[@dorianphilotheates3769]

As long as the legacy of Ancient Greece endures, the Greeks endure. Study, learn, teach, spread the Ancient Greek language: the limits of our language are the limits of our world.

[@GL-iv4rw]

Did you know, Dorians are the toughest people on the planet, they were the USA of Ancient Greece. Right now what you see as present day Greece are the Atticans.

[@dorianphilotheates3769]

@@GL-iv4rw - We’re still around: ΔΩΡΙΕΙΣ ΕΣΜΕΝ ΕΣΑΙΕΙ.

[@Pascal-1]

I'm italian and the ancient period is becoming my favorite, im trying to study ancient greek, it's really cool

[@AgionOros]

Μπράβο Κώστα πολύ καλή έρευνα, πολλές οι διακυμάνσεις και οι παραλλαγές της Ελληνικής γλώσσας ανά τους αιώνες.

[@eliascarreiro2214]

🇬🇷♥️🇧🇷🤜🤛

[@georgios_5342]

@Jordan & Jordan yes Macedonians were Greeks and all of the Greeks were in Europe since antiquity. Macedonia speaks Doric Greek language and they have Greek gods and the Panhellenic Idea. Argead Kings (from Argos, Greek city) capital Aigai which means oxen in Greek, Macedonia means long land in Greek, Christ means the chosen one in Greek and Orthodoxy means "correct doctrine" in Greek. Communism taught Albanians and Bulgarians that it's ok to steal Greek history. Have your own or join Greece. You can't be both Greek and not Greek at the same time. The words you used are 3/4 from Greek and only make sense in Greek. Either learn it and join Hellas or leave is and our fatherland alone

[@artanbisku298]

Kjo eshte gjuha shqipe e modifikur nuk egziston gjuha greke zgjohuni se ju ka zene gjumi

[@Antheland]

@@artanbisku298 😂идиотам история не нужна, им нечего не нужно))

[@artanbisku298]

@@Antheland ik ore serbo krat i pa histori

[@jing-xingxu2462]

If you ask me to pick a language to represent Europe, I would pick Greek without second thought.

[@hectork-l9670]

It would be hard to pick one to represent all of Europe, but I guess Greek would be a good choice, not only because of the many greek words it passed to the other languages, but the alphabet as well, since both the latin and the cyrilic were based in greek letters.

[@mediterranean8702]

Latin

[@kaneis915]

@@mediterranean8702 latin is a dead language.

[@mediterranean8702]

@@kaneis915 it's the reason why I would pick it. There wouldn't be ethnicities with a strong cultural influence on other

[@sethfrisbie3957]

@@mediterranean8702 Latin is my second language.Funny being that I am an American.

[@giannakisXAXAXA]

amazing and well researched video

[@AngelosLoukatos]

Once more, great work. Μπράβο!

[@qaz1001]

Emprabo!

[@justsaying7565]

Greek people have one of the oldest history on earth 🇬🇷❤️

[@tyrex3559]

@jorgan Kharn The history of Greece begins around -1500 BC, it is from this period that the first Mycenaean tablets date, which are the first texts written in Greek. Mycenaean civilization then collapsed around -1100 BC, but the Greeks did not disappear. they will founded a new civilization around -800 before Jesus Christ and have a new writing by adapting the Phoenician alphabet to their language, it is the Greek alphabet. there are thousands of vestiges of the Greek civilization in all Greece and in all the Mediterranean with Greek inscriptions each time (Athens, Olympia, Syracuse, Naples, Marseilles .....). the Greek colonies in southern Italy were culturally influenced by the Italic and Etruscan peoples who adopted the Greek way of life (organization in city states, same gods, same architecture, same art, invention of our alphabet by the Romans who is a modified greek alphabet, same weapons and armor at the beginning of rome ....). Macedonia was a Greek kingdom. the Macedonian writings that have come down to us show that they spoke a Greek dialect. the Macedonians took part in the Pan-Hellenic games, including the Olympic games, only the Greeks had the right to participate. Alexander is a Greek first name which means "He who rejects men" and Philip means in Greek "He who loves horses". in the hundreds of Greek archaeological sites in the Middle East (apamee, Doura europos, Kandahar, Palmyra, Alexandria etc ....) we find inscriptions in Greek, coins of Hellenistic rulers written in Greek. the rosette stone which made it possible to translate the hieroglyphs is written in 2 languages ​​and 3 different writing systems, in demotic egyptian, in hieroglyphic egyptian and in ancient egyptians. Greece and the Hellenistic kingdoms of the Middle East were conquered by the Romans. Greek became there the second official language of the empire next to Latin. after the fall of Rome, the part of the Roman Empire that survived became a Greek Empire, it is the Byzantine Empire. from now on the Greeks who became Christians were called Romans until the independence of Greece in 1830 because "Greek" and "Hellenes" became synonymous with pagan. It was not until the independence of Greece that the Greek-speaking populations were called Greek again. the current Macedonians are not the descendants of the ancient Macedonians, they are Slavs who invaded the region in the 8th century. the territory of the former kingdom of Macedonia is entirely in Greece. the current Macedonians are called Macedonian because during the Middle Ages, after they were conquered by the Byzantines, their territory was included in the Byzantine province of Macedonia which also includes the territory of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia. there are thousands of documents written in Greek at all times (classical, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Ottoman, contemporary era ..) which attest to the continued existence of the Greek language from -800 BC to our days. I can cite 20 Greek authors for each period (Homer, Esiode, Plato, Strabo, Eschylus, Herodotus, Anne Comnena for the Byzantine period, etc.). During the Middle Ages, Western Europeans called the Byzantine Empire "Greek Empire" because Greek was the official language there. medieval Arab writers studied Greek civilization and spoke about it in their writings. Western Europeans have studied Greece since the Renaissance. there are thousands of works of art, paintings and sculptures from the 15th to the end of the 18th century which are inspired by ancient Greece.

[@tyrex3559]

@jorgan Kharn it is the medieval Greeks (the Byzantines) who are at the origin of the Orthodox Church. it is two Greek monks, Cyril and Methods who created your Cyrillic alphabet. you should thank the Greeks for having civilized you.

[@jimsagubigula7337]

@@tyrex3559 It is older than that. I went to the history museum a year or so ago and I was shocked to see things about populations in Greece that were almost 10000 years old.

[@tyrex3559]

@@jimsagubigula7337 before the Mycenaeans, there was the Minoan civilization which emerged around -3000 BC. on the other hand, there was no other civilization before in Greece and even less Greek presence before. I would like to have the proof of what you say. just because you're fed up with albanians and "macedonian" slavs doesn't mean you have to do the same thing as them.

[@tyrex3559]

@@jimsagubigula7337 the Greeks are the oldest European people that still exist today and the Minoan civilization is already one of the first civilizations to appear on earth around the same time as the ancient Egyptians and the Sumerians. this is already very good, no need to exaggerate.

[@lefc7527]

Well done. Μπράβο για το αξιόλογο εγχείρημα

[@WTFCDFoxy]

This is very very very very good video! Please make more!!! (Subscribed )

[@CostasMelas]

Thank you

[@deniztark6242]

Fantastic video! A recommendation would be persisting on including Cappadocian Greek on the legend,since it had been recently rediscovered in Modern Greece. There are still also tiny Greek-speaking communities on Imbros,Tenedos and Istanbul,you could include them with sprinkles of blue. I would also like to note that Cyprus wasn't a linguistically homogenous area since %20 of the population there spoke non-Greek languages,so you could show that by not fully-painting the island in blue. Aside from these little suggestions,I admired your work. Thanks (and apologies) from a Turk.

[@user-mx7uy8uh1c]

very good your comment sir

[@thesoundinyourhead1782]

Well, if he put a tiny bullet on istanbul of 15 million for a Greek community of 2000, propably some of your fellow compatriots would start a war here on comments. However on cyprus he could also put some blue fades on the northern part since still today there are greek speakers.

[@universalspaceexpeditioner8259]

They were 18% and actually spoke Greek too.

[@leon.exe_yt7889]

the turkish cypriots were 18% like every greek island had a small Turkish group made during the ottoman empire, some of them were greek Muslims and some of them Turks who moved there during the ottoman empire....

[@hamzehshashaa2659]

Wow! Great mapping for a great civilisation, sadly much lost😕 but proudly still alive with its unique script and culture❤️💪🏻

[@GL-iv4rw]

Greece is the cradle of the Western world, China is the cradle of the Eastern world Greece and China two pillars of the world

[@jout738]

Thanks for the turks that they didnt wipe out the greek langauge by letting them speak greek, that many other western nations have not done to other languages. You can just look for example how english people forced irish people to speak english for many centuries and now irish language is vanishing or how the belarussian president is promoting belarussians to speak russian, so the belarussian language is also in decline.

[@hamzehshashaa2659]

@@jout738 you are absolutely right👍🏻👍🏻

[@alamar1205]

Tzakonian Greek is the only descendant of the Proto Greek and later Doric Greek and the shame is that there is only a few hundred mostly elderly people speaking it today. It should be preserved and saved from dying!

[@mareksagrak9527]

Moreover, it is a separate hellenic language, and not just a dialect of modern Greek (as some erronously say), which only shows us how old this language is. The archaisms of Cakonian (and Cakonians themselves) were already mentioned in 14 century CE.

[@gregorisgregoriou3936]

No. Arkadocyprian comes from Achaious and is even older dialect than the Doric Greek. The Dorian descended from Dorian that came from the North ...

[@antonkwanton5620]

great job, im impressed

[@chapeaubas9711]

ye ye dokladnie

[@anastsi6767]

Εξαιρετικο βιντεο αδερφε συγχαρητήρια!

[@FenerIstanbul]

Chris Tsi fake genocide

[@jonseilim4321]

This is what happens when unchecked migration is not stopped

[@mp6471]

That was not unchecked migration, that was direct military invasion by a strong neighbor empire, the Seljuk empire.

[@napabilirim]

@@mp6471 Seems like the comment was a joke but alright lol

[@TheSpacy91]

I can not express in words how bad I feel for the downfall of greek civilization. Greeting from Italy, to our brothers!

[@alexanderthegreat9708]

Greek civilization will always stay with people

[@juanitorodriguez6082]

Epic history from the beginning till the end

[@user-de1mk9dl4p]

because i know this is actually very searched video, much work, god job my friend.

[@CostasMelas]

Thank you

[@Legoman2ish]

Greetings from your brothers in Armenia!

[@icestorm84]

Greetings from a Half Hayk and Ellinas best of both worlds but we are genetically close.

[@0nur0zturk]

You are not a brother of Greeks

[@Legoman2ish]

@@0nur0zturk I am a brother of the Greeks :)

[@0nur0zturk]

@Areg SARKISYAN I believe, you mean there is a higher genetic chance of me being Anatolian rather than greek or armenian because of non of these ethnicities are native to Anatolia. Correct me if I'm wrong.

[@0nur0zturk]

@Areg SARKISYAN No they are not, greeks are native to greek penisula and armenians are native to west asian orArmenian highlands and caucasus region. Later both nations migrated to anatolia. Historical borders of Anatolia lies between west of Euphrates river and Aegaean & Marmara sea. You check it from this link. Evet it states the same thing. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia

[@raffaelloapaga7987]

It was quite interesting Hi from 🇦🇲❤😍

[@ValorVisionaries]

Love you brothers 🇬🇷❤🇦🇲

[@kirimhani1877]

Hahahahaha 🇹🇷🇹🇷🇹🇷

[@obliterator3426]

@@kirimhani1877 espanjaaaa

[@justsaying7565]

We love Armenia 🇦🇲

[@YamamuraMaria0]

@@kirimhani1877 💗💗💗🇹🇷🇦🇿💗🇹🇷🇦🇿💗🇹🇷🇦🇿💗🇰🇿💗🇹🇲💗🇺🇿💗🇰🇬💗 and North Cyprus, Türkler r💗

[@SylvainsRamblings]

Beautiful 👌

[@user-rr7dg9sm4g]

Lovely video brother, hope you make more stuff like this!

[@CostasMelas]

Thank you

[@chrisofmelbourne87]

Very nice video, thanks!

[@CostasMelas]

You're welcome :)

[@xXShmendanXx]

Cappadocian Greek still exists but in small areas

[@mikaelortiz1739]

I love your languages videos, very eduacational! So sad about greeks in Asia Minor it has a long history being part of the hellenistic world.

[@canalaprendergriego]

Eξαίρετο βίντεο! Συγχαρητήρια!

[@CostasMelas]

Ευχαριστώ πολύ

[@a.y.624]

Why the depressing music? Greetings to the Brotherly and proud Greek nation from Armenia 🇦🇲 🙌

[@iSyriux]

I woudln't cdonsider that depressinh

[@Billswiftgti]

because if you are Greek and watch this you get depressed. Or glad that we are still here. In a ny case, I don't wish for superiority, only for justice.

[@cowboyfritz2813]

Armenians looks similar to turkish, not european.

[@a.y.624]

@@cowboyfritz2813 turkey is in part europe and partly its people have European genes

[@cowboyfritz2813]

@@a.y.624 Turks ary 90 %, asiatic dna and Arab, Armenian Persian mixtures, 5 % can be european or slavic or albanian.

[@Epicurus941]

Πολύ καλή δουλειά φίλε και σε σωστή χρονολόγηση!! Σε compositing πρόγραμμα το έκανες;

[@CostasMelas]

Σ' αυτό συνδύασα paintnet, mspaint και blender, ενώ τους αρχικούς χάρτες τους επεξεργάστηκα στο qgis. Με τα γραφικά εξακολουθώ λίγο να πειραματίζομαι από βίντεο σε βίντεο

[@Epicurus941]

Μια χαρά...👏🏻👍🏻Από αυτά βέβαια το blender γνωρίζω διότι σπουδάζω 3D Studio Max και After Effects 😉👍🏻

[@tadeh1]

This timeline made me go through feelings of astonishment to sadness as Greek rises and falls. It's almost poetic that the language goes back to the homeland it came from. But Greek is alive today and it influenced the vocabulary of just about every language on Earth. Can't say that about Ancient Egyptian or Babylonian. :)

[@ahah1163]

Unfortunately, Ancient Egyptian was eclipsed by greek after Alexander conquered Egypt. The local inhabitants swiched to a greek derived alphabet and incorporated lots of greek loanwords. Then, the Byzantine Greeks lost control to the invading muslim armies and arabic took over, coptic vanished and died out. The Copts today have completely forgotten about their past. Instead, they are foreigners in an arabic land which has increasingly grown hostile towards them. They lost their homeland and are dwidling in numbers, many forced to accept Islam, likely their ancestors already did so, or must immigrate to the West. They are still influencial however and are fighting to keep their church alive. The Greeks faced the same fate under the Ottomans, but the West was more sympathetic to their cause, since the Greeks left a long lasting impression. Although, the greek language dissapeared in many places, there is a Greece today unlike a Coptic Egypt.

[@Wandrative]

You use a writing system that derives from Egyptian, either it be Latin or Greek script.

[@jorham1]

i like greek language very much...oldest written european lang

[@efthymiosanagnostos7427]

Dardane Idrizitij no they arent😂 they still teach it in Greek schools

[@efthymiosanagnostos7427]

Dardane Idrizitij no not koine they teach Ancient Greek in schools still, and in Peloponnese areas speak tsakonian which is Doric and ancient

[@Alexs.2599]

@Dardane Idrizitij Fuck off!!!!!!!!!

[@user-op8gi2rp6u]

@Dardane Idrizitij yeah right

[@giannisladeros4030]

Excellent job! Well done!

[@CostasMelas]

Thank you

[@solgerWhyIsThereAnAtItLooksBad]

Greek disappearing from Anatolia in an instant following WWI, the failed treaty of Severes, and following population exchange is really depressing

[@ssentar]

Δυστυχώς τα τσακώνικα θα χαθουν και αυτα. Μονο κατι γιαγιάδες τα μιλάνε σε κάτι χωρια με 5 κατοίκους τον χειμώνα

[@CostasMelas]

Δυστυχώς δεν στηρίχθηκαν έγκαιρα από το ελληνικό κράτος.

[@spemo1]

@@CostasMelas όπως καμία διάλεκτος

[@MrPanos2000]

@DrIScream οι διάλεκτοι όμως φίλε πολεμήθηκαν πολύ στην Ελλάδα για να καταλήξουμε να μιλάμε την τρισκατάρατη Δημοτική. Δυστυχώς πλέον εξαπλώνεται και στην Κύπρο, όπου πιθανώς θα εξαφανιστεί και εκείνη η διάλεκτος σε βάθος 1-2 γενιών

[@hellenicbass1344]

MrPanos2000 Οι ιδιοι οι γονεις δεν μαθαίνουν τις διαλέκτους στα παιδια, δεν φταιει κανενα Ελληνικο κρατος. Η Ελλαδα ολη ειχε εκατοντάδες εως χιλιαδες διαλέκτους, Ελληνικές δημοτικές, αρχαίες Ελληνικές ακομα και μίξεις Ελληνικών με αλλων γλωσσών, που ποτε δεν διδάχτηκαν οι νεότερες γενιές λόγω των γονέων τους των ιδιων.

[@olbiomoiros]

DrIScream όντως, συμφωνώ. Πρέπει να γραφτούν βιβλία για τις ελληνικές διαλέκτους πριν πεθάνουν.

[@user-th3ld4vn6d]

very nice

[@user-yu4tg7ng7q]

Τα τελευταία 15 δευτερόλεπτα σου ραγίζουν την καρδιά

[@cyrclack5616]

Εξίσου λυπητερό κατά την άποψή μου είναι να βλέπεις αυτό το μικρό κομματάκι στα Βάθη της Ασίας να αρχίζουν σταδιακά να παύουν να μιλάνε ελληνικά

[@patapug]

@@cyrclack5616 Δεν έπαψαν να μιλάνε....Τους σκωτοσαν οι Τούρκοι αδερφέ μου.....Γεννοκτονια

[@cyrclack5616]

@@patapug στα βάθη βάθη, τους Ινδοέλληνες εννοώ Οι Τούρκοι τότε ήταν κάπου στην Μαντσουρία

[@patapug]

@@cyrclack5616 σα νόμιζα ότι λες πόντο κλπ

[@PanosM21]

Πραγματικα σπαρακτικο. Η Ελλαδα πρεπει να κανει οτι μπορει για να προστατεψει τον ελληνισμο της βορειου ηπειρου και κυπρου

[@gryf92]

Greeks were the only imperial people that got assimilated by Nomads rather than assimilate them. The Manchu in China, the Mughals in India, the Turks in Iran all got digested. But the Turks digested the Eastern Greeks.

[@gabrielzak.7942]

That's true, but why?

[@serhataslan2528]

@@gabrielzak.7942 The Turks only survived in the early ages because they had a great military. But since they conquered India and Persia they found a greater and more advanced culture and adapted it. After the adaption came the assimilation into these cultures. The Turks in Anatolia though .. they adapted Greek, Armenian, Iranian and Arabic culture but they soon treated the culture as "Turkish" instead of Greek or others. Look at the "Turkish" culture and cuisine now .. its Greek, Persian and Arabic. They call it Turkish so they dont assimilate into the other cultures like Turks in Persia did for example.

[@odysseas1711]

The turkish integrated th asia minor territory because they were a religious empire. If people werent muslims they had many disadvantages. So many people in asia minor became muslims and in others Greeks view they were Turks. That is the reason. In a ethnic based state you cant be integrated easily, you have to change language and customs and generally nationality while it is easier to change religion.

[@user-op8gi2rp6u]

This is very funny 😂😂😂

[@nomineterrameareligionis4021]

@@serhataslan2528 ´thats not even a bit true. I would rather compare the culture of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Turkey because only Turkmenistan and Azerbajcan are Oguz turks too like the turkey turks then you will see that the Culture stayed the same in so many ways from the clothes to the instruments plus the living of Islam and the cuisines. The turks mostly copied from the Arabs ok but only mostly because of the religion but too say that they copied much of Greece and Armenia is literelly the dumpest thing to say and i really mean most idiotic thing ever. Cause you have to think to that the Oguz turks lived in North east Anatolia and over persia for over 2000 years and the Kazahr turks too(google it). How i said you really should first learn history other then half knowledge man.

[@vormyedtis4933]

Αγαπήστε την Ελλάδα από το Ισραήλ ❤️🇮🇱🇬🇷

[@tasosalexiadis7748]

Stay strong our Hebrew friends.

[@hectork-l9670]

No love for the occupation of Palestine

[@theodorospadelidis6537]

@@tasosalexiadis7748 discord.gg/5ghb3rnDH2

[@Xarmutinha]

Many greeks love the israeli people back but not their government or the ethnic cleansing of Palestinians. We cant and wont forget the people that got their name from our language "Παλαιστίνη"

[@fieldmarshalerwinrommel1022]

Long live Palestine are wariors Support from Germany 🇩🇪❤️🇵🇸

[@Misel982001]

φοβερη προσπαθεια! φοβερη βελτιωση? υγ: αυτα που σου ειπα βγαινουν?

[@CostasMelas]

Πραγματικά, υπάρχει πολύ κινητικότητα στην ανατολική Μεσόγειο.

[@Misel982001]

@@CostasMelas μπράβο για την υπέροχη δουλειά

[@yoovictorymin4247]

Greek is still spoken in Armenia, although the majority of speakers are very old. There are some free classes at schools too(depends on the school) and the relationship between our countries didn't die but still wish we knew the Language fully

[@mattwhite4388]

Respect Greece from Croatia

[@iraqimapper8625]

Your language decline is a sad story

[@nixter888]

Greek language never declined...it's alive and well spoken by 20,000000 in Greece and around the world...also throughout the scientific and not only world!

[@stayrospaparunas3062]

@@nixter888 story...he is learning

[@laikagiouri816]

Look how's talking.

[@europeanunion7480]

@@nixter888 εγώ νομίζω ότι ομιλείται από 40

[@dimitriskaintasis2527]

@lagjes cuni2 first of all I totally agree that you don't have to be Orthodox to be a greek. I am a greek atheist after all. But you said that greek ethnicity is a constructed thing from the Europeans, which is totally wrong. Greeks lived in the balkans since antiquity and the modern greek language is the direct continuation of the ancient one. You can find this continuation based on written text found from the ancient times since modern day as the Byzantines (greeks that called themselves Romans) kept their language and ethnicity alive never interrupted. When the Greeks rebeled from the Ottomans the Europeans just helped because they had economic interests in the region. Saying that the Europeans created modern greek ethnicity and language must be a misunderstanding of the fact that the Europeans, especially the Bavarians tried to purefy the already existing greek language from Turkish influence.

[@emadazez9138]

The Greek language very best hearing language l love it What is title of music of video playing

[@peristerasperisteropoulos1263]

The survival of the Dorian (later Tsakonian) dialect through time is truly amazing....But sadly our era will be the end of it....By now it is only spoken on two or three villages at a mountainous area at the east part of Peloponnese, although only some old folks know how to speak the language, that is nowhere written in books, so it will probably die with them :/

[@GL-iv4rw]

Did you know, Dorians are the toughest people on the planet, they were the USA of Ancient Greece. Right now what you see as present day Greece are the Atticans.

[@skylinelover9276]

@@GL-iv4rw Dorian DNA is still big in Greece. J2 23% Ionians E 21% Aeolians R 16% Dorians

[@skylinelover9276]

@@GL-iv4rw Dorian DNA is still big in maccedonia region of Greece, this Dorian where proto Greeks the real Hellenic

[@kostasvintinis1841]

Πολύ καλό το βίντεο, μια σημαντική παρέμβαση να κάνω μόνο. Παρελειψες την μινωική περίοδο στην Κρήτη και τον αιγιακό πολιτισμό της γραμμικής Α που έδωσε τόσα πολλά και σημαντικά στοιχεία στις αρχαίες διαλέκτους της ελληνικής. Τα στοιχεία υπάρχουν από σύγχρονες έρευνες. Ευχαριστώ.

[@CostasMelas]

Οπωσδήποτε η συμβολή του Μινωικού και Αιγαιακού πολιτισμού, ήταν καθοριστική για τη διαμόρφωση του ελληνικού έθνους, όμως σύμφωνα με την σημερινή επικρατούσα άποψη γλωσσικά διέφεραν. Το μεσογειακό υπόστρωμα δάνεισε πολλά στοιχεία στην ελληνική γλώσσα, όμως γενικά η ελληνική δεν θεωρείται κλάδος των Μεσογειακών γλωσσών. Είναι γεγονός πάντως, πως έπαιξε σημαντικό ρόλο στη διαμόρφωση των ανατολικών κυρίως διαλέκτων, όπως φαίνεται και στο βίντεο.

[@fernando-ek6dr]

Minoan and Aegean languages are not indoeuropean languages

[@javier2408]

Seeing so much greek disappearing in Anatolia and then in cyprus in a so small time broke my hearth

[@bbenjoe]

Yeah, they were expelled.

[@javier2408]

​@@bbenjoe also killed

[@funnytrialman3112]

Πολυ οραιο συνχαρητηρια

[@tsstarantellasoundsystem]

Hi from Southern Italy!I want a referendum for the union🔵⚪️🔵⚪️🔵⚪️🔵🇬🇷

[@hectork-l9670]

What union? Sicily to Greece? :O

[@tsstarantellasoundsystem]

The majority of Southern Italy

[@hectork-l9670]

@@tsstarantellasoundsystem That's a bit extreme. I mean yeah, Greeks used to live there looong ago, but now they are a minority.

[@tsstarantellasoundsystem]

Hector K - L yes but actually no:all southern Italians have at least 25% Greek heritage,it’s very difficult for me realise this dream....But I will try!

[@hectork-l9670]

@@tsstarantellasoundsystem Even so, that's not enough good reason for Sicily to become part of Greece. Mongols could claim Turkey and Bulgaria, British could claim Canada, USA, Australia and more, Germans could claim Britain, Scandinavia and more. People have mixed. French people come from a mixture of Franks (german tribe), Celts, Gallics, Romans and even Greeks (that lived in the south coasts). Everyone would claim everyone if we went that way, don't you think? :P

[@dddl4600]

I ❣ Greek history and their language

[@olivierbellavance1962]

The genocine of the greatest nation of all human history 😢 HELLAS🇬🇷

[@thesecretlibrary890]

They didn't have enough genocide. They need another complete razing to get the lesson and the their nonexistence, dogs of armenia.

[@atruv2089]

@@thesecretlibrary890 it's only people that support such barbaric action like you that needs to stop existing!

[@panosbadenwurtemberg7325]

@perakole greece did not do something bad to turkey

[@wewuzirlyriliansandshiiit6123]

Greece: exists Turkalbanians: Inferiority complex Slavotatars: Sadness

[@kullancad643]

gayreek

[@wewuzirlyriliansandshiiit6123]

@@kullancad643 that's it?

[@kullancad643]

Ancient Alienbanians byzantine empire is albanian. Ottoman empire is albanian.

[@wewuzirlyriliansandshiiit6123]

@@kullancad643 only your drugs are albanian

[@kullancad643]

Ancient Alienbanians We are illyrians . Greek language is created by Albanian. Turkish Anthem created by Albanian Mehmet Akif. Mussolini is Albanian. . We are everywhere.

[@wedding.shomal8304]

It was very upsetting Greek-speaking areas became very small ❤ From iran

[@massimolisoni4990]

Wow the Greeks went so far! I didn't know honestly. Thank you.

[@mahmoudbenchehida9315]

Very nice animation 👍

[@CostasMelas]

Thank you

[@skend3489]

Love Greek, from your Neighbors up north the Epirus ;)

[@TrueMakedonia]

🤮

[@manuelashoto9891]

💪💪💪💪

[@HVLLOWS1999]

Can you do one Latin? Have you done one on Latin?

[@williamsantos9471]

He already did one about Romance languages kzbin.info/www/bejne/oWrcY3dvZZxsoZo

[@androtchitchinadze3450]

4:42 I am shocked by the fact on how far the Greek language spread through. Greek language speakers dominated in the Middle east! Baghdad, Damascus and so many other cities. I am also interested on how the Greek speakers in Central Asia came to be. Can somebody answer?

[@CostasMelas]

From the successor states of the Empire of Alexander the Great, Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kingdoms

[@ValorVisionaries]

The last few seconds make me kinda sad, at first our language was covering a lot of parts of Europe and even Asia, now most of it is exclusively in Greece because of Turkey, the fathers of genocides

[@napabilirim]

Stop being racist, I killed nobody, my ancestors from the 1800s did

[@ten_tego_teges]

It's crazy to me that there are people in modern Ukraine speaking Greek 2000 years after their ancestors set out to the sea to establish colonies on the empty coastline of Crimea and Azov Sea. They lived through Roman, Genoan Tatar, Russian, Soviet and Ukrainian rule yet there they are after all that time. Remarkable!

[@John_Jim]

What makes you think they colonized empty land?

[@ten_tego_teges]

@@John_Jim Yeah, I though sb would point this out. AFAIK the only people living there at the time were Scythian tribes. I'd be suprised if there where more than 0.5 mln people in whole Ukraine at that time, which is fairly empty in my book :P

[@emill232]

@@ten_tego_teges I thought the Greeks who live in Ukraine are primarily those who fled from Turkey after the Greco-Turkish War and settled in Ukraine. I know there is a large diaspora of Pontic Greeks there.

[@ten_tego_teges]

@@John_Jim Dunno mate, we need a Crimean Greek to sort that one out. It's hardly sth we can Google in 30s.

[@efthymiosanagnostos7427]

Olaf Sikorski isn't Crimea Russian now

[@div92]

Η εξάπλωση και εν συνέχεια συρρίκνωση της γλώσσας δείχνει δυστυχώς και την πορεία που πήρε ο ελληνισμός. Ειδικά στην Τουρκία με την εθνοκάθαρση του Κεμάλ...

[@Dan-xt7sv]

8:13 RIP Greek diaspora

[@FreePalestine711]

no its not rip its a new life!!!

[@orpheasnestos7444]

That was not a diaspora, those were Greek home lands.

[@simonbernard4216]

Diaspora lmao, they were in Anatolia way before the turks

[@user-sz9dj1pl9o]

Simon Bernard 4:06 they’re there

[@goodstuff8156]

3:50 there was definitely much more Greek influence in the eastern coast of Spain than this video gives credit for, probably as much Greek influence and settlement as there was in southern Italy and Sicily. Sardinia and the Baleacric islands also definitely had more Greek speakers. The lower (northern) nile delta in Egypt also had many Greek speakers, not as many as in Cyrene (Libya) but still enough to take note of, and more than the rest of the North African coast.

[@kemalalpaslan6256]

Currently, Greek (Romeika) is still spoken in the villages of Trabzon.

[@GTakos89]

Rumca ?

[@kemalalpaslan6256]

@@GTakos89 yes Rumca next name romeika

[@theodoruspantelides8661]

@@kemalalpaslan6256 i own a greco turkish friendship discord server if you want to join send me your account

[@theodoruspantelides8661]

​@@GTakos89 i own a greco turkish friendship discord server if you want to join send me your account

[@Threezi04]

What is your source for Crete becoming majority Greek speaking so early? I know Cyprus started speaking Greek around that time but I'm pretty sure Crete was majority Minoan/Eteocretan speaking for some time longer. Also I think at times you have Greek showing way too strongly on a map, like in Ptolemic Egypt where Greek was only spoken in court and by the ruling class yet this map would have you believe that half of their population was Grecophone.

[@CostasMelas]

In Egypt there were Greek cities except Alexandria, with Greek population and institutions (Ptolemais Hermiou, Naukratis etc.) Crete is colonized by Mycenanean during the 15th century BC and massively by Dorian Greeks after 11th century BC. The Eteocretans remained until the Hellenistic period mainly in the city-states Dreros and Praesos in the east part of the island

[@Threezi04]

@@CostasMelas Yeah but that's just Alexandria, the map makes seem as though half of Egypt were Greek settlers at that time.

[@optional8389]

Αυτό είναι πολύ ωραιο και καταπληκτικο βίντεο. Αναρωτιέμαι αν μπορείς να ξανακάνεις το ίδιο βίντεο όμως στα ελληνικά

[@CostasMelas]

Ευχαριστώ πολύ. Το κείμενο που περιλαμβάνεται στο βίντεο είναι λίγες ετικέτες, που είναι σχετικά εύκολα κατανοητές και από μη αγγλόφωνους.

[@GeoBBB123]

Although argue (quibble?) on a number of points (largely relating to some of your chronology and the extent of the Greek zone depicted), this is truly momentous work Costa.

[@CostasMelas]

Thank you. It was a quite difficult work. It is truth that some points are still open to research.

[@greekgodzvlogs3580]

Τhank you.

[@tomasalbrecht7680]

I like your visualizations. But in many maps, when the official administrative language is different from the one spoken by the majority of the population, the area is shaded (not solid) - for example, African languages for nations under colonial rule in the 19th and 20th centuries, etc., but in southeastern Europe, where Greek was spoken but the language of administration was Latin until the 6th century, you have a filled area (not shaded). Likewise in the period under Turkish rule... Why? It would be good to standardize it on all maps.

[@CraftsmanOfAwsomenes]

Greek is spoken in parts of Georgia.

[@xanthosparashis8819]

Πώς προέκυψε ξεχωριστή διάλεκτος στην Παμφυλία και τί διαφορές είχε με άλλες διαλέκτους?

[@CostasMelas]

Ήταν συγγενική της Αρκαδοκυπριακής, αλλά με επιρροές από τους τοπικούς Ασιατικούς λαούς. Ο αποικισμός της Παμφυλίας πραγματοποιήθηκε κατά τα τέλη της εποχής του χαλκού και ήταν σύγχρονος με τον αποικισμό της Κύπρου.

[@sethfrisbie3957]

What was the song in the first few minutes?

[@5starmelody]

It seems like a very well studied piece of work. Nevertheless in many parts of the video it looked more like a political map in the sense that once you conquer a region in those ancient times it didn't mean you definitely made them speak greek, the unification of the language is a late era fact through TV and education, in Germany, Italy, Greece, everywhere before TV and obligatory state school it was a problem to understand people even 50 or 100 km away from your city or village. The biggest achievement of the greek language is to be a very important part of the vocabulary of the western civilization and not only, so every kid that goes to school in the western civilization starts his day with greek words, for example "I am going to school and I need to take math, history and geography books with me" "after school I am going to cinema" "at school we played theater and took photos" so the greek language has become a global heritage. Now at the same time we must not be afraid of evolution and different contribution of other languages, fears that are based on political reasons. We have many examples of countries speaking exactly the same language and trying to find 1000 reasons to prove the contrary.