How big is the Universe? | *THE* Great Debate in Physics

[@DrBecky]

Hi all - just to highlight that this is part of my "Great Debates in Physics" series focussed on historic debates. It doesn't cover the modern understanding of how big we think the Universe is. I thought about talking about that at the end of this video but honestly, it's a whole other 20 minute video in itself. So that will be coming soon! 👍

[@user-lf5tf5yi1l]

Adams AD AD D SF FS S S S S go fo pop pop pop pop ssssssssssssf gd. Fdd fed afffsf a f. F

[@antonyloizou]

Oh, totally understandable but that would be great as this video was brilliant! Thank you Doctor B - will look forward to it (but only when you get the chance, you're no doubt busy enough as it is! :) )

[@jurisbogdanovs1]

How big is the Universe??? Scientists have failed to measure correctly the sizes and distances to the sun and moon, let alone stars and galaxies... I carried out some experiments and can prove that the sun and moon are both only 50 of their own diameters away from earth instead of 108 as science tells. I carried out many experiments to make sure everything is correct. And no, science is wrong. And it is much more blunderous with respext to stars and size of the Universe. All my findings I wrote in my book - The True Distances to Stars and Size of the Universe. I really hope that Dr Becky isn't deleting my comments only because I mentioned my book here. The thing is - the story is too large to explain. For this reason I needed a book Maybe somebody still has a true scientist in him and will be curious enough to learn what proves that the sun and moon are more than two times closer or more than two times larger than science teaches. The reality is stranger than fiction. And the distances to stras as suggested by science are insanе. On the model of unjverse where the sun would be 1 mm large, the next closest star would be 30 km away and of the size of also 1 mm... And we are expected to believe that we would see it just perfectly... No way... All experimental results and proofs in that book of mine.

[@jameswiebe8956]

Quick question - As you said in your video, I remember being told the diameter of the Milky Way being about 100,000 light years, but when I do a quick look online, I am now seeing diameters of anywhere between 180,000 and 280,000 light years. I do seem to remember reading something a couple years ago about the galaxy being quite a bit larger than we previously thought, but I can't remember for sure, or where I had read it. Could you please point me in the right direction for the latest info on the actual size of the galaxy? And if it has changed, I would really like to read how they figure that, too. Thanks.

[@gilbertanderson3456]

Thanks for pinning this update; I was about to get IRATE about you not answering or addressing in any way the actual TITLE QUESTION. ahem... sorry. Yes, everything we see in the Observable Universe has evolved from a ball of quark gluon lepton plasma centered on the point in space where the earth is today that had a radius of ~42.3 MLY and a volume of ~3.17×10²³ LY³ (9,150 MPc³) at the time of first combination (#StopCallingItRecombination). Yes, that volume of space has expanded by a factor of 1100 over the 13.8 billion years since the 1st combination (#StopCallingItRecombination) and now has a comoving radius of ~46.5 billion LY and a volume of ~4.21×10³² LY³ (12.2 trillion MPc³). But WHAT FRACTION of the Actual Entire Universe was that ball of plasma that was 85 MLY across at the time of Combination (#StopCallingItRecombination) that evolved into Everything We Know and Love (aka our Observable Universe) ??? And if we call the 12.2 trillion MPc³ sphere of our O.U. a unit cosmic volume (CV) and the Actual Entire Universe is 10^manyhundreds of CVs across (in all 3 dimensions) then isn't it completely unjustified to assume that the Actual Entire Universe is isotropic just because our O.U. appears to be approximately isotropic? And that the matter/antimatter asymmetry may just be due to imperfect mixing in the early universe that led to there currently being matter occupied volumes and antimatter occupied volumes that are many many CVs apart and separated by matterless volumes? And how come Astronomers and Cosmologists never address or even acknowledge these question exists? Love your videos 💕.

[@gregf9160]

Becky has a skill in explaining large concepts in a totally relatable way. Thanks ... this was a really good one.

[@Act1oni]

@Flat Earth Data who did?

[@Sad_King_Billy]

I love PBS Spacetime but I sometimes have a hard time following along. Dr. Becky does a great job explaining things!

[@pawfootage]

@@Sad_King_Billy exactly. he explains things pretty well but some of the concepts or examples are difficult to understand. I need things in layman terms. I forget who said this (Einstein?), "If you can't explain it to a six year old, you don't understand it yourself".

[@jcf20010]

@Flat Earth Data Because that's the definition of the horizon.

[@jcf20010]

@Flat Earth Data The Earth is hollow so it can't be flat. Get over it.

[@boterlettersukkel]

“Space is big. You just won't believe how vastly, hugely, mind-bogglingly big it is. I mean, you may think it's a long way down the road to the chemist's, but that's just peanuts to space.” Douglas Adams,

[@EnglishMike]

Just a few seconds in the Total Perspective Vortex should do the trick!

[@boterlettersukkel]

@@EnglishMike Keep your towel on standy.

[@gaius_enceladus]

Good on you, FaBM! I was just about to post that quote..... :)

[@happypuppy-i4k]

Dude, like space is big works just fine. You dont need bogglingly or whatever. Space is so big it is space. I mean i have space in my living room but i don't call it Space. I have room. I have SOME space. Spacez? I don't have space. The final f frontier.

[@boterlettersukkel]

@eero lillemäe Is that all you can do?? spam and BS?

[@devinfaux6987]

You know, I always like to imagine how these historical scientists would react to learning how their fields had developed after their time. Like Curtis and Shapley to the modern understanding of the universe's large-scale structure, or heck, Galileo seeing pictures of Jupiter and the moons he saw through his telescope.

[@DavidOfWhitehills]

Galileo. I'd like to go back in time and show him how far we've come. And then sit at his feet for the next twenty years to see how far he goes.

[@NotoriousSRG]

I love this series so much! Really shows the process of science rather than the conception of it as a set of dry facts when it is in fact a dynamic and evolving subject.

[@wenexie9420]

so well said 💖

[@DrBecky]

Thanks!

[@debkalpapal2682]

Very Good,Keep it up

[@johnm.v709]

Watch: IJSR vol.7, issue3, pages273-275

[@johnm.v709]

@@DrBecky size of universe Watch : IJSR vol.7, issue3, pages273-275

[@Saidor570]

"More data is needed" A good summary of many Astrophysics papers :D

[@nadiaortega2951]

You're my inspiration! Thank you for uploading content I've always had trouble looking for on youtube. You're so lovely and we're lucky that you've decided to share your passion with us (:

[@DrBecky]

Thank you Nadia! Very kind of you to say

[@duaanekobe2773]

II give credit to Becky; I loved Carl Sagan(sp) as he could explain "the vastness of the universe" in ways that a child could understand.

[@juanstepbehind]

You can tell you really enjoy making these videos. Your energy is wonderful. Keep up the good work!

[@Juarqua]

[5:03] I always knew that Gimli had to come from somewhere. So dwarfs have their own respective galaxies. What about elves and orcs? Just kidding :D

[@dbred309kool]

I watch a lot of news here in the USA and I just want to say a big Thank You for a few minutes of sanity

[@williamswenson5315]

Current events can be a distressing thing indeed. Then, the notice arrives that Dr. Becky has posted a new video and sublime returns.

[@randalhaithcock]

Harlow Shapley's Of Stars and Men interested me in astrophysics 62 years ago.

[@stephenmccallion5886]

Another great video again Dr. Becky. Would love to see something in the future on the great attractor, Laniakea, and other superclusters if possible.

[@MCsCreations]

Remember, everybody: in a debate the winner isn't necessarily who's right, but who's capable of giving the best arguments without using fallacies and so on. It's pure rhetoric. At the same time, for science your arguments don't matter. Only evidences do. 😊

[@scifino1]

and this is how science and politics can be so far apart.

[@MCsCreations]

@@scifino1 Exactly!

[@patrickturner6878]

@@scifino1 Not so much anymore when politicians abuse science to spread an agenda.

[@bradleyp3655]

@@scifino1 That is why political science is a contradiction. Politics as always been about power and control, never about needs and necessity.

[@scifino1]

@@patrickturner6878 Sometimes though they just flatout ignore science, like they've been doing with the whole climate change science since about the 70s. EDIT: Donald Trump and the Corona-virus is another great example of this.

[@ehsnils]

I think that a Han Solo quote fits here: "I can imagine quite a bit" when it comes to the size of the universe. It's actually one of the issues we have - we don't know how large it is, and that will tell us how it will end.

[@Cythil]

Also depends on how the define the edge of the universe. There max the size of the observable universe. And we have a fair idea how big that is. Not exactly. See the video about crisis in cosmology since that relates to the size of the observable universe. Also, you can get a pretty good estimate of the size of the universe before it start to repeat it if is indeed endless. We need to make some assumptions on the complexity of the universe. And assume a sort of static state on grad scales where the complexity do not go up. Of course this might not be as satisfying for folks. Partly because from what we can tell that repetition would be beyond the observable universe, so we do not expect to see it. But also for some it may not seem to be so satisfying to say that where we can see a copy of our own little corner of the universe, is where it ends. But it would be sort of like globe. Like our very own little planet. Our planet ends where you end up where you started in a sense. ;) But it may very well be that the complexity is infinite. A lot of scientists do not like this idea. Thinking that there needs to be some sort of end to the complexity of the laws of physics. But we do not know. Maybe there is always an unturned stone out there to explore.

[@ximalas]

Becky, I got your book Space, today. Will start reading it as soon as I get home.

[@souravsuresh2766]

How interested are you in Theoretical physics? Are you into Cosmology and Particle Physics? Can you make a video on explaining various areas of Astrophysics or Physics in general?

[@earlystrings1]

Far form being in the middle, your map shows our solar system stuck out in the rundown outskirts of the unfashionable southern spiral arm of the Milky Way galaxy.

[@lenandov]

My Jr. High science teacher answered this question. When I asked him how big is the universe, he answered "only as far as we have been able to see into it."

[@edsmith4995]

Just found this channel. I wish my physics teacher had explained things so clearly and concisely, although to be fair most of our classes were mostly crowd control events.

[@guyh3403]

I feel I left my house today being much smarter than I was yesterday! Thank you Dr. Becky! ;)

[@dougg1075]

How do we all act normal like we’re not on a giant ball floating in an endless void:) Full of black holes and giant fireballs no less

[@Videot99]

For a fraction of a second I thought you were a flat earther, stepping in to try to create their brand of chaos. I'd love to see one of them try to debate Dr. Becky!

[@Maxcallaghanphysics]

Dr Becky is what humanity needs to get through a boring day and make it amazing xxxx

[@Okla_Soft]

Dr Becky, you’re well on your way to becoming one of today’s premier science communicators. I love watching your channel and listening to you break down cosmology and physics topics so clearly. I really enjoyed your chat with Joe Scott. 🤘

[@ananyaworkashe8758]

Dr.Becky is amazing, she explains great ideas through simple lens. Thanks! Keep it up!! and I love this series and if you can make video on "quantum Vs Classical physics" or "Orbit Vs Orbital."

[@michaelpatrick6950]

Anytime I can hear Dr. Jana Levin present it's great. Dr. Becky is in the same class. NDeGT needs to get her on Star Talk.

[@ablebaker8664]

🎶 "Just remember that you're standing on a planet that's evolving And revolving at 900 miles an hour. It's orbiting at 19 miles a second, so it's reckoned, The sun that is the source of all our power. Now the sun, and you and me, and all the stars that we can see, Are moving at a million miles a day, In the outer spiral arm, at 40, 000 miles an hour, Of a galaxy we call the Milky Way..."

[@vesawuoristo4162]

I love that song

[@fredtheted2259]

So basically god if he exists is a speed freak🚀

[@RaysDad]

Kant deduced that there is "no synthetic a priori," which is roughly as cool as his deducing the existence and structure of the Milky Way from casual observations.

[@PhysioDetective]

Thank you dr Becky. Really appreciate the thinking about debates on topics where it’s possible that different views have it partially right. Such an important ability to hold it all as possible and not put our identity into our positions but merely acknowledge we are placing our position on the evidence and beliefs we have at this moment. Really enjoy your videos. Thank you!

[@adityadeshmukh2897]

Your videos are too good!! Can you please make a video on Galaxy Distribution Function Or Immortality Project?

[@marcelvanheerden6736]

Hah. Just finished watching your interview with Joe! Timing is great.

[@peternolan814]

Hello Dr. Becky, From a battery of IQ tests I did during my last year in school 1970/1971 I learned I have below average IQ with respect to 3D thinking also called spatial awareness. As you know spatial awareness is required when parking a car or swinging a golf club. When I think about where the sun rises and sets relative to my house here in Dublin I cannot picture the process in 3D. I can just about imagine the path of the sun in the sky. Also while I had a telescope when I was 12 I didn't know about the analemma till quite recently and I will not even try to picture how the analemma is formed. In that very same way I probably just cannot cope with the 3D thinking required to understand that image you showed of the Milky Way taken from the earth at 2:42 in your video above. All the best, Peter Nolan. Ph.D.(physics). Dublin. Ireland. I'm 67.

[@sameer_dudeja]

Current debates maybe: -The dark matter existence - String theory or cyclic Model - The Anti Universe Theory

[@pulkitmohta8964]

What's the third one about?

[@sameer_dudeja]

@@pulkitmohta8964 its just the debate about whether string Model is real or the cyclic model is real!

[@pulkitmohta8964]

@@sameer_dudeja what's the string model about?

[@sameer_dudeja]

@@pulkitmohta8964 Dude, there is this thing called the Internet ....might be there! Check it out....

[@sameer_dudeja]

@I 've eaten a schwarzschild radius sorry but I cant comment on that as I have not studied about it and am not an expert on it!

[@potawatomi100]

Outstanding video and very well narrated. You present the information in a very clear and understandable manner.

[@tTtt-ho3tq]

To me, we're still asking the very fundamental questions when Copernicus has found out we're not at the center of the world. We assumed the fundamental commonsense notion of we're at the center and everything else revolve around us. Sun rises, crosses over the sky above us and sets in until next morning. It was obvious based on clear evidence. And it's us who are at the center at rest. Nobody questioned. But what if we're not? It sounds so simple and easy today but it's not. It's the veŕy fundamental question we're still asking today. When we found out we're not at the center at rest and we thought Sun may be at the center at rest but not so either. So where is It? Where is the true rest of space? Without knowing or can't tell where true rest is how can we tell how fast we're moving or which direction we're moving? Like we're lost at sea, very very big sea. We can't tell if we're drifting or not or in which direction. We only can tell relative to other bodies. Newton and Galileo knew but couldn't tell either. And not only that our own reality may be relative also according to Einstein. What we can measure (observe) is relative to us. What can be measured is relative to its observer and it may be measured differently to other observers, and they're both correct and they may be both ours and their reality, too. I think I think?

[@Scribe13013]

Terribly big...yet horrifically small...when one piece of it stares out gaping at it all...surrounded by crumbling crystalline walls...clearly merely dearly appalled..:-)

[@MARIMARI-sv8cq]

Oh i am so happy to have discovered a woman talking about astrophysics in such a clear way! Thank you.

[@adambrain8365]

I kind of dislike that we live in the suburbs of our galaxy. I’ll get over it if some city dwellers ask us to come see a concert with them. Or if some country folks ask us to come out camping with them.

[@kocmogirlj.m8290]

I am a student of class 10. From now I want to know about universeand your videos are help me very much to know about this whole universe and the stars moons and everything related with galaxy. Thank you very much Dr.Becy you are my inspiration.🙂

[@Tony-ym1gj]

Just found this channel. Binging on all the videos as Becky is really really amazing at explaining these concepts. Even though I am a scientist in an unrelated field myself, am learning a lot and getting motivated by her. Thanks for the quality content.

[@jcortese3300]

I cannot listen to her say "the Milky way is 100,000 light years -- " without feeling like I should hear Eric Idle sing, " -- side to side!" at the end.

[@Dragrath1]

@I 've eaten a schwarzschild radius If memory serves the Milky Way has more "dark matter" where as Andromeda has more stellar matter though given the recent extensions of the galaxy a result of identifying the distances to distant star formation regions and finding the main spiral arms actually wrap around the galaxy once and the Milky Way has a Warped Disk which suggests that both are roughly the same order of magnitude in stellar mass and similar in size though the Milky way is a bit bigger. I wouldn't call the Milky Way ultra massive though I reverse that term for galaxies at the central nodes of galaxy clusters like M87. The milky way is no where close to that mass. It is however very massive for a spiral galaxy since most galaxies more massive than the Milky Way are elliptical or lenticular galaxies. Also if you count the galactic halo technically both galaxies extend out to over a whopping million light years and the collision has already started though it will be millions of years before the disks begin to collide. Also based off GAIA observations of Parallax the LMC turns out to be far more massive than we used to think(i.e. the upper limit of the old highly uncertian mass measurements) with its own retinue of satellite galaxies and is roughly similar in size and mass to the Triangulum galaxy. It also isn't gravitationally bound to the Milky way instead orbiting the Barycenter of the local group which due to its far higher than previously assumed mass is actually slightly shifted from the Milky Way Andromeda Barycenter. So the Local group seem to have 4 significant players (2 major and 2 minor) rather than 3 kind of mind blowing how much our view of the local group has changed due to better and better precision! Oh and have you seen the images which separated out the young star formation and gas and dust to reveal the LMC's structure? Seems it was (and technically kind of still is?) a Barred Spiral galaxy with two primary arms before encountering the Milky Way though much of that warping was initially due to it consuming the SMC. Both are on their first pass of the Milky Way and will for now escape at the cost of much of the systems gas and dust and a number of satellites but it will not escape Milkomeda. In like 10 billion years it will be kind of sad the Local group will be one single galaxy having lost all that complexity and structure while the universe beyond will recede beyond the horizon. Astronomers then will probably be led to view the universe as a single galaxy again...

[@IanGrams]

The gestures for Harlow Shapely had me in stitches 😂 I learned a lot from this, thank you for making it Dr. Becky!

[@theultimatereductionist7592]

4:54 I like how computer was a person's job title in 1912. That'd be like me working as a Hard Drive in 2020. I just sit and collect a lot of data.

[@mariahunter9882]

Wonderful video and I got a kick out of hearing about the debate at the Smithsonian and the accompanying photo. I believe I recognized the Baird Auditorium lecture hall. I love that museum and have been there many times.

[@DrBecky]

Nice! I hope to visit one day too

[@bimblinghill]

I love the thumbnails to this series: "How big is the universe? There's only one way to fin out.... FIIIGHT!"

[@TeethedGlory]

I read it in Mortal Kombat commentators voice

[@bimblinghill]

@@TeethedGlory I was thinking in a more British context kzbin.info/www/bejne/jIivdoekpch-p9U

[@philshorten3221]

Great video, really enjoyed it. I'd love to see one on the curvature / flatness of spacetime 😊 Whether it's Open / Closed or Flat, or if there is a any other option?

[@imperatorrm]

Interesting point of etymology, galaxy comes from “gala”, the greek word for milk. Milky Way, our galaxy.

[@vill824]

Ey Becky! Thank you for supplying a steady stream of fascinating astro-thingies! Love it.

[@SRT-8]

Hi Dr. Becky, if you could add a Q&A part in your videos it would be a great idea, something similar to StarTalk and Dr. Lincoln

[@hunterchristian8372]

Dear God whenever I just want an answer to an astrophysics question I always have to sit through several minutes worth of a history lesson just to get to the answer. I need to find a channel that just answers questions directly.

[@The_Viscount]

There was a time I considered a career in theoretical physics. I ended up on a different path heading down a study of history instead, but I never lost the live I had for the universe as a child. Thank you for helping armature science enthusiasts like me learn more about these concepts.

[@KasiusKlej]

For mister Curtis, it was always easy to make conclusions. Once he saw there were other galaxies, it became more obvious that the universe could be infinitely big. And so it is, says one team of scientists. The photography of deep space proves it. And there is an ongoing debate among scientists, which is most modern, which is the debate among three teams. First team debates about how big is the universe, second team is figuring out how old is the universe and third team claims the Earth is flat. They are the jokers.

[@yomogami4561]

finally got my copy of 'space at the speed of light'! happy dance.

[@petermainwaringsx]

Without sounding like a broken record, when it comes to doing entertaining science Dr Becky rules. I've just realised, that was a history lesson and enjoyed it. That doesn't happen very often. :-)

[@uberfu]

The Brightness of an object on Earth is NOT the only factor to allow us to determine distance. As there can very well be a brighter object farther away from the observer than a comparable object closer to us. EXAMPLE -- Car dashboard with low level back-lighting showing the instrucment cluster is dim but closer to the observer while a bright street light 20 feet away and 20 feet up in the air. But by going with ONLY judging brightness that would mean the street light is closer than the dashboard instrument cluster. IDK any specific examples but listening to enough 'space' podcasts from many other astrophysicists - this holds tru when looking out into space as well. There are stars/galaxies that are farther away and brighter than other stars/galaxies that are closer to us as well.

[@cowboyfrankspersonalvideos8869]

If you've never seen James Burke's "The Day The Universe Changed" you should really check it out. Originally aired in the 1980's, it goes into what "the truth of the universe" is... is a direct result of what we know at the time.

[@waynetokarz174]

Classic Dr. Becky, amazing explanation of a very difficult concept. Thank you!

[@dantee3944]

Couldn't see the sky for storms tonight, but did you see the lightning, it was amazing, above my house the sky was flickering like a failing lightbulb between 10.30pm and 11.30pm

[@cannonfruit4030]

You are always encouraging people in the field of Astrophysics. Keep it up Dr Becky!

[@WeissM89]

You threw me into binge-watching videos made by you, PBS Space Time and Sixty Symbols, about the Hubble constant, the age and expansion of the universe, and the CMB, for 4 hours because I didn't understand how you can guess the size and age of the universe with the CMB. Thanks?

[@DrBecky]

Yeah it’s not really something you can condense into a video or a comment response unfortunately. It involves creating a model of the entire universe with various parameters to describe e.g. fraction of matter in the universe, properties of dark energy, and then tuning those parameters to give the best fit to the CMB

[@-_James_-]

A heliocentric view of the universe was first proposed in the 3rd century BC by Aristarchus of Samos. While his original work hasn't survived, there is a surviving reference to it in "The Sand Reckoner" (Psammites) by Archimedes: "His [Aristarchus'] hypotheses are that the fixed stars and the Sun remain unmoved, that the Earth revolves about the Sun on the circumference of a circle, the Sun lying in the middle of the orbit, and that the sphere of fixed stars, situated about the same center as the Sun, is so great that the circle in which he supposes the Earth to revolve bears such a proportion to the distance of the fixed stars as the center of the sphere bears to its surface." Without the ability to measure stellar parallax, Archimedes went on to estimate the size of the universe to be about two light years across. Copernicus provided the first mathematical model of a heliocentric solar system, but the idea was around long before.

[@zamazenta1728]

Plz... make a second part of the video... this part only consists of 'How large the milky way' is or perhaps reaching till the core of Andromeda... Thank You

[@eckligt]

I really love this new style of videos! I'm often thinking about what level of understanding people had at different periods in the past. I think in addition to the great debates, it would also interesting to delve into the degree to which new scientific ideas were spread among non-scientists of the time. For instance, we know when Galileo, Kepler and Copernicus were active, but when did normal people start to understand the Earth as round and it and the other planets orbiting the Sun?

[@pdutube]

OK so 7:09 Shapley reminds me so much of the meme "Side Eyeing Chloe" that I can't get it out of my head.

[@DrBecky]

😂 I can’t unsee that

[@VegaAstroVideos]

Another fantastically explained video Dr Becky - really enjoying this series - thanks for posting!

[@sergiort5208]

You should make a debate about the physics of Time. From the absolute universal Time of Newton to Time Relativity. Also philosophical implication of eternal loop, Time Arrow, Time perception. So we could have Newton,Einstein, Hawking, Nietzsche, Kant, Carroll, Rovelli.

[@radzewicz]

Best scientific debate of the last 100 years (or maybe ever)? Bob Bakker and that other guy John Ostrom and their 20 year+ debate over the dinosaur origin of birds. One of the most respectful and thoughtful scientific exchanges of all time. Both men respected each other, both men understood each others viewpoint and both men kept up the exhaustive discussion until they finally resolved the issue. I remember their debates from the 1970's. The winner? Both men and the science of paleontology, since both men had arbitrarily chosen a side. i know its not physics but these two men set an example for all science debate to ever come. Hawkins and Penrose kept up their debate for a good ten or so years, another example of a great respectful science debate.

[@scifino1]

Great Video. Your videos are really interesting and I'm always looking forward to new ones. You mentioned in other videos that as an astronomer you do a lot of programming to run simulations and analyze data. Being a computer science student myself a video about which kinds of algorithms you would employ for that would certainly capture my interest as well. Keep up the great work! You're really good!

[@timsmith6675]

@Dr. Becky, Thanks for being you!

[@danielleriley2796]

Just rewatching some of your videos.

[@greennights2388]

I had to know, and yes its a bit "clever." Can't work in 3D space without it, and nobody seems to know off hand and would have to look it up :: /* Sine Cosine Laws */ 3 parts of a triangle solves other 3 - only got 2? one angle can be PI/2. function ssa_acute(s,ss,a) { return Math.asin(ss*Math.sin(a)/s); } // angle opposite side2 function sas_cos(s,a,ss) { return Math.sqrt((Math.pow(s,2)+Math.pow(ss,2))-(2*s*ss*Math.cos(a))); } // Side Angle Side - solve length of missing side function aas_sin(a,b,s) { return Math.sin(b) * (s / Math.sin(a)); } // AAS solve opposing side of angle2 (b) function asa_sin(a,s,b) { return Math.sin(b) * (s / Math.sin(PI-(a+b))); } // ASA solve opposing side of angle2 (b) function sss_cos(a,b,c) { with (Math) { return acos((pow(a,2)+pow(c,2)-pow(b,2))/(2*a*c)); } } // SSS solve angle opposite side2 (b)

[@michaelsommers2356]

I think it's "Heber" instead of "Herber". Weird name either way. Also, may I suggest that you create a playlist with all your appearances elsewhere?

[@johnm.v709]

Sir, You may watch : IJSR vol.7, issue3, pages273-275 To get an idea of basic state of universe.

[@stuartbrownlee3108]

I see that this video has been sponsored and that is fair enough & c, but...what about the possibility of Patreon support? Thank you for your wonderful work in any case - you and those similarly employed make the world a whole lot less dull than it currently is. Today two amazing things happened - 1) The Thunderer finally managed to do a reasonable job here in Northampton of causing a thunderstorm. Myself, I think it mainly due to my recent re-reading of "American Gods". 2) The ATM outside of Tesco Mereway finally started working after god knows how long. Did the thunder make it live? Who can know. Thank you.

[@mahnooshm4655]

I love your channel Dr. Becky! Thank you for sharing your knowledge with us in an understandable way. Please keep up the good work!

[@Pim3211]

I was waiting for this! 😃

[@happypuppy-i4k]

😄

[@slowburntm3584]

Blows my mind how all these scientists just happen to find phenomena with their same names!!!

[@Videot99]

Coincidences.

[@BytebroUK]

Oh and your "Shapely" comment at the end reminded me. I was in Alabama visiting a friend and we were talking about the _Sherlock Holmes_ movies. He said "Remember that first one with 'Bay-zill Ray-the-bone'?" I had no idea for a minute who he was talking about.

[@dlevi67]

The Skilly Isles and the Seeh-vern estuary were two favourites of my boss from Chicago.

[@seijirou302]

Dr. Becky has the dramatic... ...pause on lock. Love the series this month!

[@zuzana930]

[@doggedout]

I read Kant's Pure Logic and Reason ..in 74? when I was 13?. It made my head hurt. Never learned he wrote anything speculating on cosmology until 10? years ago. ..but it is amazing to think that when my dad was the same age, we thought the Milky Way..was the universe. What will we know in 2120?

[@antonyhalls5322]

Really enjoyed that. Have just subscribed. The Universe is truly massive, but the world is so small. I live in Herefordshire UK. My house is a quarter of a mile from Brinsop Court, a country Manor House. This is a holiday let establishment and Stephen Hawking used to retreat there for 2 months of the year.

[@milanberk4394]

love this topic with the history part of it! Also the video with joe was really good. I'm a massive fan of your work I even bought a telescoop because of you and I ordered your book witch I get tomorrow. keep up the good work becky !

[@danilorochacampanha5159]

Hi Becky! I think it would be nice if you talked about the debate on the nature of radioactivity. I once read that it hasn't always been a consensus the fact that radioactivity is a nuclear phenomenon, for a long time there was a great debate on it.

[@DrBecky]

Good idea 🤗 I’ll add it to the list

[@erictaylor5462]

Unrelated question, I am currently reading The Big Splat. In that book they talk about the resistance to the idea that asteroid/comet impacts were possible on the moon and Earth. My questions is, why did scientists think that it was impossible for this to happen? They knew that at least comets crossed planetary orbits so it seems perfectly logical to thing that planets and comets might sometimes find themselves at the same place at the same time. Yet many scientists still insisted that impacts never happened.

[@EnglishMike]

Probably a combination of not knowing how old Earth is and not knowing just how many objects are zooming about just above our heads. Even in the mid 1800s, scientists were still getting their heads around the idea that Earth was more than a few million years old, by 1900 only one near earth asteroid (Eros) had been discovered, and there was little reason to believe comets were a big threat until the hypothesis of the existence of the Oort Cloud was made in 1907. I think we forget just how far we've come in the last 100-150 years. All these ideas are still relatively new, and the scientists of 100 years ago had grown up in a world where scientific progress was still getting out of first gear, so it's not really that surprising if things which seem intuitive today were very hard to accept only 100 years ago.

[@anjachan]

I love how we learn more and more about the universe.

[@RichardLightburn]

Harlow Shapley was the father of the Nobel memorial prize winning economist and game theoretician Lloyd Shapley. (I'd heard of the Shapley value in cooperative games, and had to dig around for what connection was between the two.)

[@robertdiggins7578]

Namesake of the Peratt Instability, Anthony Peratt (Los Alamos), was shown pictures of classified plasma electric discharge formations... IN PETROGLYPHS! Thoughts, Dr. Becky? 😊

[@primoroy]

I cried all day Wednesday til I remembered that you told us you were moving to Thursday! The world is back to "normal!" 🥰

[@jcf20010]

That is a very nice history lesson. I really enjoyed it. On my book shelf I have a book written by Shapley titled "Galaxies" Revised Edition that I bought when I was a teenager.

[@dvdschaub]

Funny thing is that I always thought his name was pronounced Shape-ly. The more you know.

[@duderoony]

Excellent Becks. Particularly loved this one. Thank you.

[@gerrymjrb]

Thanks for doing these, Dr. Becky!

[@arunrao5628]

A great informative video Becky! I found your channel today and as an aspiring astrophysicist I find it very informative and entertaining 👍🙂 This question is in reference to a video you did 3 months back, your top ten unanswered questions : is it possible that a sufficiently advanced civilization would be able to cloak their entire planet to prevent other civilizations on other planets from finding them? ( No visible bio-signatures, no method of communication that we know of yet)

[@greennights2388]

exactly, "... since the dawn of time." Implies a beginning. Only created things have a beginning. Things created are only illusion and temporary.

[@blakecarlson1057]

This is a great debate where both participants are wrong and right at the same time. They each had a part or the puzzle but didn't realize they actually fit together.

[@TommentSection]

Thanks for the videos, Dr. Becky. Always fun to watch and thought provoking.

[@holgerwikingsen713]

Ptolemy was wrong, Copernicus was wrong, everyone is wrong. YOU, Dr. Becky, are in the center of our universe. Wanted to say something sweet today so...hi...heart me 🥰

[@JosephMurphyRevised]

Love the Hamilton reference at the end

[@PuzzleQodec]

I feel happy that even though Shapley may have 'lost' that war, the colossal supercluster that carries his name now makes up for it by sheer gravity.

[@BillySugger1965]

Hi Dr B, in a future video please could you explain what is known (or thought) to cause the relationship between cepheid variable brightness and period? This relationship is often referred to, but never explained. Thanks x