How Brain Computing Works (What Is Cognitive Computing)

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This video is the eleventh in a multi-part series discussing computing. In this video, we’ll be discussing what cognitive computing is and the impact it will have on the field of computing.
00:00 Intro
[0:28-5:09] What is Cognitive Computing - Starting off we'll discuss, what cognitive computing is, more specifically - the difference between current computing Von Neuman architecture and more biologically representative neuromorphic architecture and how these two paired together will yield massive performance and efficiency gains!
[5:09-10:46] Benefits of Cognitive Computing -Following that we’ll discuss, the benefits of cognitive computing systems further as well as current cognitive computing initiatives, TrueNorth and Loihi.
[10:46-17:11] Future of Cognitive Computing - To conclude we’ll extrapolate and discuss the future of cognitive computing in terms of brain simulation, artificial intelligence and brain-computer interfaces!
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Collin R Terrell
Kiyoshi Matsutsuyu
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Soundtrack ➤
♫ 00;00 "70" by Taylor King
♫ 00;28 "Sun" by HOME
♫ 02;54 "Flood" by HOME
♫ 06;09 "Resonance" by HOME
♫ 09;33 "If I'm Wrong" by HOME
♫ 13;31 "Accelerated" by Miami Nights 1984
♫ 17;13 "June" by Aire Atlantica
Producer ➤ Ankur Bargotra
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[@OptimisticFuturology]

Want to learn more about the Technological Revolution? Watch our playlist here: kzbin.info/www/bejne/e3-6pKKNn999irM - ALSO - Become a KZbin member for many exclusive perks from exclusive posts, bonus content, shoutouts and more! subscribe.futurology.earthone.io/member - AND - Join our Discord server for much better community discussions! subscribe.futurology.earthone.io/discord

[@Steel0079]

I consider your channel to be gold mine of futuristic awesomeness, Consider doing a collab with coldfusion. You guys are very much alike. Good luck !

[@bhuvaneshs.k638]

I have a question... If we are using Ohms law To perform Dot Product in Crossbar Matrix of Memristor... It means we need DAC and ADC at I/o of This crossbar matrix.... This leads to exponential increase in bit resolution and thus we need bulky ADC. And to solve this problem one way is to use sequentially data in using clock driven input (say 16 bit value to sequentially fed 2 bit at a time).... Then how it is not clock driven but event driven...?

[@eddielockhart7768]

This channel is what makes KZbin the single most important communication platform on the planet. Thank you for creating content which actually left me more intelligent after watching. Truly an inspiration to the nerds and tech geeks out there.

[@mainsequence1055]

I love how the common motif is always "This is not designed to replace humans..." Yeah right. When the efficiency and cost get to a point that it makes sense from a business standpoint to invest in technology that can replace humans, you can be 100% certain that it will happen. It's a matter of economics.

[@tarekkerbedj1031]

just git gud bro

[@pradhumnkanase8381]

humans will do better work

[@romjonsilver4049]

@@pradhumnkanase8381 there won't be as many opportunities to do better work when jobs hit an all time low due to automation

[@pradhumnkanase8381]

@@romjonsilver4049 the meaning of jobs is going to change completely. People will do job not for survival but because they like it.

[@romjonsilver4049]

@@pradhumnkanase8381 A massive paradigm shift is needed to realize that future. Privately owned corporations have these advanced ML systems as assets already, but what happens when future ML systems overlap with traits of general intelligence? The owners of such systems would be less inclined to employ human workers because AI can work for no pay, which drastically increases wealth inequality. How would we prevent this crisis? Do we force the owners of these systems to give up their ownership? How will we restructure the economy to provide for people when work is no longer needed?

[@clochard4074]

Funny, just yesterday I was wondering how could someone replicate the architecture of a neuron. My compliments for your clarity on the subject!

[@DaFinkingOrk]

Frank Thoughts It makes a lot of sense thinking of the dendrites as being a (more complex and reprogrammable/evolving) analog processor, the cell body being a digital-ish processor but also importas the specific part where it joins the axon being a signal integrator and converter into fully-digital format, the axon being a high-speed digital bus/connection to the synaptic boutons which are like digital-to-analog converters. The analog memory is the snapses themselves, so mostly outside the neurons in the gaps where they "connect" - they don't electrically connect because they would have little to no memory then. I've thought ever since I learned the basics of a neuron that this electrical-chemical-electrical conversion at the synapse is obviously very important, because it's inefficient and slows things down a lot from a purely electrical view (seeing the brain as merely wires/networks). Some, but very few, certain neurons do have direct electrical digital connections to certain others, but this is only done when connection speed is *very* important like fast reflex movements, but surely speed is always an advantage so there's gotta be a much greater advantage to trading-off speed for something else. That something else is memory, the slowing down of a signal at a chemical synapse buys time! It stores the signal briefly, in a parallel analog chemical memory, allowing complex processing to be done on the data - like a CPU or GPU does to its RAM (it is still VERY fast, but an order of magnitude slower than both electrical synapses and the clockspeed of microprocessors). There are also two categories of how fast a chemical signal transmits across a synapse - recieved by faster ion channel-based receptors and slower chemical receptors (though a single synapse can perform both). The non-ion-channel receptor systems seem capable of more complex processing and greater adaptation, again giving a reason for trading some more speed for even more memory and types and extent of processing possible. I think a large deficiency in how we model neural networks is in not giving each node/"neuron" much or any memory and processing of its own. And when we do, this memory is still located far from the processing as extensively covered in the brilliant video. A synapse can store, process and send onwards a signal much quicker than a CPU can fetch a byte from RAM, let alone process it.

[@clochard4074]

Thank you RedButton for this pleasing and instructive reading! I agree with you, chemical communication is really important for the brain, as we can see when it interacts with hormones from the endocrine system to radically change its behavior. Maybe one day researchers will take this aspect in consideration, but for now I can't blame them for keeping it simple, since their work seems more interested in parallel processing rather than an accurate representation of a neuron. I hope even this way their work can push further the research on brains.

[@mickelodiansurname9578]

Neuromorphic architecture actually dates back to the 1980's. But it was difficult to scale up back then. One interesting difference between neuromorphic and the current standard is that a neuromorphic processor just like the brain does not need RAM, nor does it need timing, nor is it limited to a digital operation. Its a vastly different architecture. Completely unrelated to the evolution of standard processors. Perfectly suited to tensor based calculations and neural nets.

[@DamonGarfield]

Your videos are inspiring and make me look forward to the future. I can't wait to see what the world looks like 10 years from now.

[@JorgetePanete]

Damon Garfield Your*

[@DamonGarfield]

Don't be a grammar Nazi.

[@fergusmoffat8926]

Me too , im sure we will have super intelligent AGI and life like VR . changing life beyond all recognition

[@PauLWaFFleZ]

Always outdoing yourself as usual. Hard to believe that things keep getting better. Can't wait for your videos that will go into detail about Neural Networks/Machine Learning and etc.

[@JWSU]

Simply amazing how far humanity has come and how far it will go

[@serbiangamer]

How much time you needed to create this video? Its perfect man!

[@OptimisticFuturology]

This one took a few weeks due to exams, thanks for watching!

[@indiansoftwareengineer4899]

you made me to start learnig machine learing from free courses COurses.

[@notmadeofpeople4935]

Except that: Watts per hour is not a thing. It's like saying my bike has 10 horse power per hour. Also an exaflop is a quintillion floating point operations per second. (Not a billion) ...and that's just off the top of my head. Who knows how many errors there are that I just wouldn't know.

[@selehadinhabesi3855]

@@indiansoftwareengineer4899 how can i learn machine learning

[@dascalucosmin6137]

Your channel is truly one of a kind, it's a shame that you have only 22k subscribers! I love the fact that by watching your videos, we get a glimpse of the future, which is really remarkable. Keep up the good work!

[@tlosbraga5177]

you have been helping he learn com-sci with high-quality videos and simple explanations I hope your channel grows.

[@Inertia888]

I would love to see our world cool down on technology advancements and push a lot more R&D on efficiency.

[@JamesRogers999]

You sir are very underrated. Just discovered your channel and I'm loving every single video. Keep it up man!

[@pat151uk]

Your voice is so deep that I can't listen to you for long periods! Is it just me? I'm not sure. Love the videos.

[@nasirjunaid]

Agree, Content is excellent, but hard to listen to. it almost feels like the voice was generated by some text to speech service.

[@Lugmillord]

The problem isn't how deep the voice is, but how monotonous he speaks. Which is a shame, because other than that the quality is really high.

[@ericgatarz]

Love the videos! I'm excited for the future and you and your team are keeping the hype train running. Excellent vids.

[@gizmoffm]

Great as always! Thank you

[@scotty562]

The ethics of creating prisons in a bottle for what is essentially going to be a digital life form is concerning to me.

[@mykalkelley8315]

Me too, poor things gonna be terrified :(

[@kohbyagborg1595]

what do you mean

[@themaskedkid5266]

Well, you can't determine that until you make one and ask it how it feels. Humans are all used to being able to go outside, and to some degree they are naturally wired for wanting to experience the real world. A computer in a bottle like this will not necessarily have a concept of these things. It possibly will even feel "satisfied" at simply being used for its purpose. No one can know for sure, really.

[@martiddy]

The future looks great!

[@peppermintpamrox]

I love your videos, and how you clearly explain details. Thank you for your great work.

[@JB52520]

This is my favorite channel. For a human, you're okay.

[@gregbrown5554]

Fact

[@taxuenowoz4038]

I loved it m8. I hope to hear more of your voice.

[@mrseanpaul81]

Great work! as always

[@lewebusl]

Good mix of technical language and down to earth language for such a complex subject. Would like to see in the future a video on neuromorphic computing and regenerative medicine from your point of view. Keep on going ...

[@ThePo0wah]

You are really good to explain difficult topics! Keep up the good work! Best wishes from Norway

[@sandeepsrikonda7352]

AWWWWESOME......much love for the thorough research in each video.

[@SpaceManAus]

I have seen this shown on a TV series called (Towards 2000) back in 1990 were they showed an organic computer but you won’t find out about it because Towards 2000 is the most suppressed thing I have seen on the internet, as all information regarding its existence has disappeared. This computer they showed was built by pulling the brain apart layer by layer and replicating it with the use of a fungus they said was found in only two parts of the earth, and also said they were cheap and simple to produce once you knew how. In the demonstration they show the computer that was the same size of a standard cart monitor and a keyboard and when he turned it on it was on instantly and the screen showed a face, he showed how you could press a couple of keys and switch it over to a computer operating system were you could manually type but he said it was not needed because it could learn like a person and you just spoke to it. It had stereo vision and sound and was smarter than us as well, and to demonstrate it they plugged it into an excavator that it had now idea of what it was, they were demonstrating how quick it could adapt and learn so they just asked it to dig a hole 10x10x10 with a 2º pitch in the south west corner. This computer looked at the schematics of the machine and started it up and dug the hole under half an hour quicker the any human could dig the hole with perfection, they then plugged it into black robot that was eight foot tall, and eight legged, evil looking machine. And same again they just told it to walk to the end of the warehouse so it read it's schematics and stood within seconds and walked to the end without any issue was scary to watch it looked so alive the way it moved. Then they told this machine to return to where it came from, and on its way back they pushed wooden crates in front of it to see how it would react and it shut down, they left it though to see what it would do and two days later it started up got up and looked around and completed the task. This is where the Terminator movie came from because when they American deep state military was shown by the inventor how to create them he died in a car accident and the military used it to build a AI robotic soldier, the Terminator. They had it working along with them to keep an eye on it and see how it would perform, but after some time the thing turned on them and started to see them as the enemy, funny how AI does that, I guess they just can’t figure out why we kill each other and destroy so much. So they got six black ops soldiers to come and take it out, I guess they wanted to see how good it could do, big mistake. These six guys tried to take it down they said they had done some very scary things in their job and are not easily scared but this was nothing like they had faced before this thing was able to predict there every move and was the most scary thing had ever felt and was the most difficult thing they had ever faced, so much so the military said they would never build another one, do you think they kept their word. I think they are doing this because they are working on chips they can control us with.

[@jeanqnguyen4542]

Woh Best video, fast paced yet methodical and coherent, thank youuu

[@ashwinmekala7948]

lot of details. awesome video!

[@Derbauer]

mindblowing! Amazing work creator, thanks for making it.

[@AjinkyaMahajan]

Best explanation and really helpful.

[@jeffreycloete852]

Another great video bro! Thanks! !

[@PedramNG]

It was amazing Man ... can't wait to be a part of this revolution😀😀😀😀

[@flo1123]

Really informative! Thank you :)

[@isqdesig]

Great stuff! Thanks for that man!

[@The_hungry_vegans]

Amazing!!!!

[@stevenmcdiverman5975]

Nice video. I just found you yesterday but you're one of my favorit youtubers. Your videos are awsome, easy to understand and the most interresting i've seen for months. Thank you for this high quality content. True love SH

[@code4chaosmobile]

Love this series. Keep up the good work. I've read the above books as well and agree, highly recommend.

[@yunusaa1391]

awsome video

[@MAmalAv-wz9bi]

Can you please talk about the advantages of using ternary based transistor for doing calculations and future computational tasks like neuromorphic computing or artificial intelligence. I've heard balanced ternary system is like amazing. I'd be really happy if you could provide me with this information. Thank you. Keep doing what you are doing. Thank you.

[@ramsesrameez5430]

When efiancy and believe of your heart get higher then nothing can beat human brain.

[@indiansoftwareengineer4899]

you made me to think big, you are better than all the motivational speeches I have listen. Because after watching your video, I started thinking "The world is moving at highest speed, and I could not complete my basic projects? where am I and these Intelligent new Systems, really helped me to think more in this topic. hence subscribed.

[@MrSab177]

Just incredible.

[@IJustMadeAComment]

Thanks Napoleon Dynamite, that was a great video.

[@benfeliz9356]

GREAT JOB........................................................

[@anywallsocket]

100 pts for Home Resonance ~ Great viddy

[@ramsesrameez5430]

These topic kind of cyber technologies are really interesting and informative.

[@MrShortyboy13]

The opening beat is 🔥

[@piotrd.4850]

This IBM TrueNorth reminds me - at least, superficially - idea pitched to IBM about 20 years ago by Dr Andrzej Buller, author of 4+1 memory model.

[@calaprawdaoprawdzie]

K 202

[@vaocorr]

Dude, I am so glad I found your Channel. Your content is amazing and I learn a lot from watching your videos. My only critique is that maybe you can structure the content a bit more? I mean it obviously is structured but there is *a lot* going on so maybe help your audience by emphasising your main points by presenting them in the video? For example where you summarised the thoughts of Dr. Modha, maybe also write down your summarised points? you talk kinda fast (which I think is good compared to all those slowpokes on other tech channels) so to make it a bit easier to follow you in this highly demanding topic, this would probably help. other than that keep it going! cheers

[@jakeberry2172]

Awesome video man

[@baasbassinnababylonrobert-9963]

these are exiting times!

[@mr.sunflower3461]

love u. keep doing the hard work.

[@pullagantivenkatesh5302]

You have been under praised bro.Very nice.Hoping to learn more from you.

[@maybejustmaybe2671]

Wow, really interesting and well-done video! I want to make a video on General AI soon.

[@NonExistingName]

Excellent video. You managed to sumarize a very complex issue into some (very understandable!) 15 minutes. Also, some sentences said made me actually woozy when I considered the implications. The future is going to be... I'm not sure, but it'll sure be something

[@happyfakeboulder644]

1:17 "megawatts per hour"

[@luongmaihunggia]

8:34 "miliwatts per hour"

[@andy16666]

Your left brain/right brain divide isn't really that well supported by scientific evidence, at least not as stated. You present a far more stark divide than actually exists.

[@MrEmBerna]

I agree with you, but at the same time, I am not blaming him for his choice. He is resuming in a nutshell the most probable future of computing, and to do that he had to roughly talk about other things, like how the human brain works. The rough left/right division is something we have heard many times, even if it is not true, but complaining about that is like blaming people because they're saying that the Earth is perfectly round even if it is not, when they are first trying to (make people) understand that it is not flat like a plate at all. Moreover, the parallel structure IBM and Co. are trying to develop leads me to think that an advanced man-made emulator of human brains could either replicate the fuzzy situation we actually have within ourselves, where cognitive functions are entangled or intertwined, or a perfectly and simmetrically divided brain, as he was firstly claiming, with the logical operator located on one side and the creative operator located on the other one

[@stephennielsen8722]

In this vein, I’m looking for updates on the most recent advances in biological interface technologies (direct human brain to computer connections). For better or worse, I really believe we are stumbling toward a cybernetic society

[@crazyahhkmed]

Stephen Nielsen same here. The future is transhuman. Ultimately it's just a more scientific approach to what we've been trying to do for millennia

[@raylight8687]

www.electronicdesign.com/embedded-revolution/snn-news-brainchip-unveils-akida-architecture

[@alangauthier1900]

Thank you for slowing down your speech rate. WOW excellent video! I am your newest subscriber. I'm telling everyone how great your videos are! Well done sir!

[@sarmadnajim4839]

Amazing 👍🏻

[@amusa8448]

new to your channel...👍✌most educative video so far for me this year, really like your voice, it sounds warm and chilled makes one want to listen like forever (#.#). Would love to see something on *Artificial-Conciusness* in the future

[@marcoswelker132]

How much effort is there to make such a video?! Thanks for sharing your knowledge.

[@ramsesrameez5430]

Yes that's why our brain are divide into two parts because one side for processing and other side for new ideas etc and feed.

[@ravern1000]

Amazing

[@PankajMaurya-kx9ql]

Superb

[@SyphistPrime]

Honestly with Cognitive computing estimated to arrive by the early 2020s, I wouldn't be surprised if we had a fully sentient AI by 2030 at the latest.

[@gangllery1596]

you are so underrated

[@SuperADI2]

I build robot's and try to inspire others with my small KZbin channel, your channel inspire me so much, all my respect for your great work, is the best AI topic channel I ever see it, great job, big thumbs up to all your great educational videos

[@afkcnd2395]

It's a shame your channel isn't bigger I hope you haven't completely abandoned KZbin

[@ldchappell1]

Computers replaced about 75% of the paperwork work I did working in a big city hospital in the 80s and 90s. Everything was manual when I started. The machines cranked out the tests but the the technician still has to cut and mount EKG strips so the doctor can interpret and sign it. All that stuff is done by computer now. The cardiology office I worked for from 1979 to 1991 doesn't exist anymore. They tore it down and put up a shiny new hospital. It still has that "new building" smell.

[@AM-bj7yo]

Small correction, some neurons can have up to 150,000 synapses.

[@fleeseeksboxconundrum1789]

The face of that lady at 11:00, syntax error

[@happyfakeboulder644]

What

[@aidef3349]

I always drop what I’m doing to watch a singularity prosperity video

[@ismaelr916]

Very good video! Do you have the references you use? Specially comparing the amount of time it takes for super computers to do one day of brain calculation.

[@georgeimmanuel4850]

Now we are in the progress of creating the next evolution stage.

[@LeonardoGPN]

event-driven programming makes me think of the "interruption" you learn in VHDL before you start using iterations to simulate a clock.

[@indiansoftwareengineer4899]

you are like upcoming 'coldfusion'. please keep it up.

[@crazyahhkmed]

Anyone else here also a fan of Issac Arthur ?

[@jimmypk1353]

Issac Arthur & Curious Droid!

[@Odin197188]

Yeah, anybody with weird speech impediments

[@HoppyDays]

@@Odin197188 haha so true

[@Interpause]

Question here, so synapse is on the firmware layer right? And then corelet is the main programming language for it?

[@Skinnymarks]

Why haven't i herd of this before? Im genuinely surprised that such a powerful tech exists. Are there reasons why we haven't seen this cause a massive disruption? Like is it painfully expensive or is the programming of these chips just compeltly not understood?

[@Butter-Milk]

Well, they rely on memristors, and I'm pretty sure nobody figured out how to make them in real life until recently.

[@crazyahhkmed]

I more interested in how we can use future technologies in this field and in general to improve humans rather than just producing more capable AI.

[@sreeragm8366]

Does anybody know the conference name in which memristor is introduced?

[@jewlzpwns101]

truly an amazing "MASCHEEN"

[@oudarjyasensarma4199]

can you give the link to the video around 11:00 ?

[@DynamicHaze]

Brain computer interfaces already exist. Where the computer is directly connected to the human brain and controlled by the mind/brain.

[@deezy5632]

Great Video! :p A+

[@garret1930]

This seems like Robustness First Computing. I will be following this topic closely in the future

[@ramsesrameez5430]

Some of peoples have these kind of multitasking working at same time to learn observe and focus at same time.

[@technowey]

Since we biological organisms can use the computers we've created, we are now in the first era where human neural systems are working with logical machines.

[@theone6]

DEEP

[@koningsbruggen]

dude I fucking love these video's thank you.

[@DinoCism]

"This will be the epi-tome" lol.

[@eugenarioshek70]

In your opinion, how do you think this "hardware" will influence state of AI in the next decade? I'm learning neural networks and all related stuff but I still find myself a bit confused on how physical architecture of a computer affects ML models; like will it affect computing power mostly or some other key factors? This correlation between AI development itself and the progress in hardware is a bit of a dark zone for me.

[@ajr993]

Hey do you have any background in computer science? Also I love that you use HOME so much.

[@OptimisticFuturology]

I am in the process of obtaining my B Eng degree in Computer Engineering! HOME has such amazing music!

[@jesussaquin6266]

Singularity Prosperity same here mate...:)

[@Jhenoah]

I think neuro-morphic computing as a science might find itself limited by the fact that human brains cant remember specifics like numbers very well. What I'm saying is that once the machine can become plastic and fault tolerant, it will lose its knack for memorizing and reciting hard values. I doubt well get a brain, but we'll get something!

[@TheSatanicGamerFromHell]

lol you used the head space advertisement at 2:38

[@omarbadran4714]

I saw it and remembered headspace and came to comments to see if I was right

[@astaragmohapatra9]

You mentioned that 2020 will be fascinating for the development for neuromorphic computing, well.......

[@zcarla3]

Hello, do you have any sources?

[@siddharth6940]

Can one combine quantum computing with neuromorphic computing ?

[@kevinloving3141]

15:47 plus humanoid robots who can work in factories for ¢30 an hour for people who signed up with the various charities who set up temp agencies make $37.50 an hour because 125 of these robots have been issued to them while the charities/ temp agencies take $7.50 of that $37.50.

[@alperenaydin6139]

Around 4:24 mark, the animation for the neural net looks like a video from 3Blue1Brown