How did an ancient meteor impact help America spread westward?

[@MrLordZordec]

Just drove through here yesterday. We stopped in Middlesboro, and I was excitedly explaining to my wife how we were in the middle of a meteor crater that formed millions of years ago, etc. She was less excited.

[@bobbarclay316]

Ive travelled thousands of miles with my wife, through mountain passes and deserts. Had the same excited talks with my wife. Never got more than an "Oh, interesting."

[@everetttauscher8377]

😂

[@michaelarrowood4315]

Had a similar conversation with my traveling partner on a visit to Middlesboro a few years back, and her response was, uh... similar.

[@Tee4A]

To those who know, they can appreciate the ignorance of those who don’t. My wife talks accounting and I do the same.

[@aad8sa88as9]

Hello from Poland! Very happy I was reccomended your channel! The Appalachians remind me alot of the Carpathians here in Europe. Mountains covered in a sea of endless forest.

[@TheGeoModels]

Glad you liked it! There is a huge amount of similarity to Carpathian structure. particularly the Carpathians in southern Poland. I like watching any television shows that show their landscapes. They are sort of like a less eroded Appalachia, where the limestone still makes big mountains! Thanks for the watch and comment.

[@PortsmouthCherokee]

Shhhhhhh!!! The lumber companies might here you

[@skipmagil]

I don’t get it

[@BlueRidgeBubble]

The area I'm in is actually considered a rainforest

[@dherman0001]

Yes brother. Full of wildlife. To fly over it an airplane makes you realize how small we are. Endless uninhabited wilderness.

[@jnicewarner]

As someone who was born and raised in Appalachia, I love every one of these videos

[@TheGeoModels]

Outstanding! I'm trying to put it out there. Colorado, Wyoming, and Idaho seem to get most of the geology vid traffic.

[@jnicewarner]

@@TheGeoModels I’ve always loved the cut through Sidling Hill on I68 in Maryland. Could be an interesting video idea! Thanks for the content

[@PlatinumIrishrose]

​@@TheGeoModels I'm from Washington State and I just found your videos while recovering from hand surgery. I love these videos, the hand drawn detailing, the lidar and colors you use in your drawings. So easy to see and understand. I'm in a Rock and Gem club and quite a few members are schooled like you, and can explain why our mountains exist. ❤❤

[@iugoeswest]

We learned about the Cumberland Gap in Elementary School, but never knew an impact helped create it. Fascinating

[@CarrieCarnes]

Thank you! I live in Middleboro and really wanted to know more about our geology. I'm still watching, but I wanted to say that off the start. 🙏

[@noone-ft9lw]

geologist here, 20+ years experience. Love your videos.

[@TheGeoModels]

Flattered, for sure! I really enjoy trying to illustrate the ideas.

[@religionoffreedom]

Haha if you only know what you’ve learned from other geologists, you know nothing. The west coast is a giant mermaid and the east coast is a dragon. 🐉 It’s all in the Aztec and Mezoamerican tribes’ legends.

[@nanettenyce4167]

I've heard that the Green Bank Radio Telescope site is possible due to some unique geography. It would be cool to hear how the geology of the area contributes to a place that is perfect for listening to radio signals from outer space :)

[@ricksanderson4640]

@@nanettenyce4167 near Woodbury GA is a place called The Cove. It is an almost perfect circle of quartzite that is the erosional remains of an impact structure. GA Tech uses it for SETI research as the surrounding rim of quartzite blocks radio wave interference. AT&T used the site with GA Tech taking it over. It was used in filming the Walking Dead too. I would bet the area you are asking about is used for the same reason, the surrounding crest acting as a block on interference.

[@holstonusa]

Your descriptions of how complicated the terrain is in this region gives me even more respect of Daniel Boone's decades of traveling through this area. I know there were animal tracks and Native American trails that he used, but it is amazing how he found his way through the jiggly lines you draw to return home time after time. It gives me even more appreciation of his answer to a question of whether he had ever been lost. He said no, he had never been lost, but he had been confused for a few months at a time.

[@bakerltd2844]

Greetings from germany, really appreciate your work here. your paint drawings combined with very thorough explanations bring these processes to life. hope to see more, and wish you all the best!

[@TheGeoModels]

Thank you so much! You will see more, for sure. Exciting to see this stuff reach Germany!

[@j.douglassizemore792]

The most important gap for migration of animals and human from the East to the West, I have always considered the Pineville Gap where the Cumberland River cut through the Pine Mountain faulk. Indeed the Northwest face of Pine Mountain is a sheer cliff. The Gap at Pennignton, VA leads into the Cumberland River drainage and if followed, leads to the Pineville Gap. There is another Gap at Pound, VA where it is possible to gain access to the Cumberland River drainage. Also one can find passage though the Breaks of the Mountains at the northeast terminus of the Pine Mountain fault. Or one can go the southwest terminus and find a reasonable track to the Cumberland River near Williamsburg, KY I have considered that the impart make have weaken the Pine Mountain fault allowing the Cumberland river to cut the Pineville Gap? If so there would have been a lake backed up by Pine Mountain. As a Civil Engineer by education I have often considered Pineville to a an excellent location for a Dam. By the way I was born raised at the foot of Black Mountain and travel through those gaps to many times to count, following the Cumberland River. Great video. Keep up the good work.

[@patrhea6482]

WOW! just ran across these videos....I can't get enough of this❤❤❤❤❤ I almost wish I had another lifetime to live, I think I would have been a geologist!!! I've always had interest, but fate took me in another amazing direction in communications. Maybe in my next life🤔👍😂

[@Times_Ticking]

Masterful MS Paint skills! Thanks for sharing the geologic features and history of the area.

[@TheGeoModels]

Enjoyed it! Glad you liked the Paint.

[@fiddlejohn9305]

I amazed at how proficient you are with MS Paint and how you paint and talk at the same time!

[@captainnerd6452]

I grew up in Middlesboro and I'm glad to see videos like this.

[@lvachon]

One of my favorite things to do in the evening is crack open a tasty beverage and relax on the couch with some GeoModels' ms paint diagrams. Thanks for the fascinating knowledge. If you have a chance, I'd love a New England video or two.

[@Leadlobotamist]

Driving down 41 or 73 in southern Ohio takes you into Serpent Mound outside of Peebles Ohio, which is supposedly an ancient impact crater. I drive through it whenever I go up north to see my family and it's a unique drive.

[@lucasdog1]

An impact damaging the rock that deep could certainly have cracked Cumberland and Pine mountains enough to cause the faster erosion making the passes possible.

[@IanZainea1990]

Never fails to amaze me how much detail you create with just a few hash lines

[@TheGeoModels]

I have made a few of them over the years!

[@rockymountainhomestead]

​@TheGeoModels its like Bob Ross in paint. Haha

[@bobfoster687]

Geologist. Did a masters thesis mapping in Hardy and Hampshire counties WVA. Worked the Appalachian’s when Amoco had 2,000,000 federal acres under lease. Driled the discovery well in Swan Creek Field, Hancock County, Tennessee. Enjoy your videos. Bring back many fond memories!

[@TheGeoModels]

Honored, to say the least! Hope to bring back a few more memories down the road here. You mess around at Bergton any?

[@TheGeoModels]

Try to get a Ray Sponaugle video going too.

[@PlatinumIrishrose]

Just from your short comment, I have to suggest, PLEASE WRITE YOUR AUTOBIOGRAPHY!! The world needs to read better books!🎉

[@solipsist3949]

I love the Appalachian content. Keep it coming!

[@TheGeoModels]

Will do. got a bit of apps vs Rockies coming up.

[@davidcantrell5098]

I live right in the middle of this area and in Geology class in College (CVC of UVA 86-91), this was known as the Cumberland Overthrust Block. Lots of cool geologic features within an hour of our location made this class one of my favorites back then. The Powell Valley Anticline was in our Geology Workbook as one lesson. My parents live on top a ridge (Wallens Ridge) that runs down the middle of it.

[@youregonnaattackthem]

APPALACHIA FTW

[@peanutgallery95]

LOL

[@bobbiejothomas681]

Can I ask you why you put the FTW in your comment? The reason why I ask is bc I live in east TN and I have seen it a lot just wondering if you mean it the same way it's meant here. I'm not judging or saying anything about it so don't think I'm just trying to be bitchy 😂. I'm only being nosey 😅

[@royalwins2030]

​@@bobbiejothomas681Appalachia "for the win"

[@TheHonestPeanut]

​@@bobbiejothomas681 search engines are super useful.

[@BobbieBalldo]

@@bobbiejothomas681 FTW is internet slang from like 2005. Meaning “for the win”

[@RedCatt423]

Wow so glad I found this channel. Love that you can demonstrate the logical geological results of time. You would have been an interesting AT hiking partner.

[@anneangstadt1882]

Would you consider a video on Fort Valley (within Shenandoah Valley)? It's fascinated me since a randomly looked out an airplane window and saw this amazing structure framed by two meandering rivers. Thanks! Love your videos.

[@TheGeoModels]

It might make a good one! The meanders are quite nice and have a good geologic story. Thanks for the watch and comment, and glad you like the videos!

[@kensmith8832]

The road cuts in Powell Valley are really neat in some areas! There are areas that show massive caves collapsed, making a landscape that doesn't match with the bending theory.

[@Travis25601]

I’m in Logan County, southwestern WVa. I would love to go on a geology field trip. Ive seen Myron Cook’s video about how this area was formed… and that’s rare, like this video… because all of the geology pourn on America is on the West. Typically there’s not much geology to watch about this part of Appalachia. Thanks !!!

[@TheGeoModels]

you ever go over to Breaks Park? It's a pretty dang good geology field trip! It basically takes my ancient river to nowhere video (Ohio River forming and making its tributaries carve up the landscape) and this Pine Mountain video and mixes them together. The Russell Fork Gorge is as deep as it is today because the river cut deeper after formation of the Ohio River. I think they have a hike where you can essentially see the Pine Mountain thrust fault. You definitely can see it down on the river in the gorge--it's exposed by the last big rapid on the whitewater run. I don't know how long it takes from Logan to get over threre (Plateau travel can be slow!) but it's as good as you'll get in the southeast. If it was closer to a big city it would be one of the most famous parks in America, easily.

[@Travis25601]

@@TheGeoModels that’s the first time I’ve ever heard of that park. I definitely need to check it out 😁

[@jamesmcclanahan2558]

I'm from Grundy V.A. and I love ur videos. u need to do one on the Breaks Interstate Park.

[@charlesyoung7436]

Excellent video! According to the Earth Impact Database, the Middlesboro meteor landed around 300 million years ago, leaving plenty of time for erosion to lead to today's topography. I find it interesting that Virginia's southern border has an impact structure at each end. About 32 million years ago a much larger meteor landed on what is now the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. It is mostly obscured by erosion and being mostly under water, but a bit of its circularity can be seen along the northern bay shorelines of Virginia Beach and Norfolk.

[@joanneweislocher8540]

This is so interesting! I never knew about this meteor. I once lived 20 miles east of Knoxville and traveled places all over around there! I’m from Missouri and I’m back here now. But this is very educational to me since I study meteorites! Thank you!

[@matthewmchale5920]

always fascinating, well made videos

[@antonleimbach648]

This is an awesome video. I live on the Cumberland Plateau and had no idea this was here.

[@rightisright100]

I thoroughly enjoyed this presentation. My mother was from Harlan, KY and I visit there often from Lexington, KY. I'm old enough to remember when all the roads were two lanes through the mountains. Pinnacle View is one of my favorite places on Earth. There are two other areas I am curious about. The section of I-75 between Jelico and Jacksboro, TN., and Sideling Hill on I-68 NE of Cumberland, MD. I almost ran off the road the first time I drove through that cut.

[@jonzie369]

Very, very grateful for ur videos. Agree on Honeycutt too❤❤❤

[@Bill3558]

I flew my little airplane there last year. There is an airport at the bottom of the bowl. Drove around with the courtesy car and looked the place over. Nice people, nice town. Tough to climb out of the bowl though. You can only depart one way. Lots of terrain.

[@peanutgallery95]

Very interesting stuff!

[@tootsiequilt]

JacksboroTennessee! My dad's from there. Going to visit family in Tennessee, seeing the road cuts and the beautiful mountains started my interest in geology. As a child, when all the kids were playing on the playground equipment, I was looking at the rocks.

[@jacksonknox6999]

I would like to know how the geography of the NC mountains has a lot of precious gems and the rest of the mountains none have been found. Maybe a video about the area and its gems?

[@douglashufziger8981]

There is another gap but a little smaller is in Lafollette, TN. US 25W goes through it.

[@coasteringkid]

I was expecting the crater to not actually be a crater based on the Carolina Bay Video Bay clickbait. But that's no ordinary crater! Love the theory

[@TheGeoModels]

It's just about all clickbait these days! I am proud to say I have not used the words "undocumented" and "wall" in a geology video yet, though it has brought great success elsewhere. This one is a real-deal impact structure. It has all the high pressure/shock features, etc. etc.

[@captainnerd6452]

⁠@@TheGeoModelsWhen I was growing up there in the 70's the USGS had an office in the Middlesboro Mall, and on the wall outside they had a huge map of Middlesboro and surroundings. It showed the kinds of rock and had an insert explaining the different theories about the valley and why they determined it was formed by an impact. They showed where the shocked rocks and shatter cones are and gave an approximate age. I think they mentioned there was a small lake for a time that eventually flowed out forming Yellow Creek. The valley definitely has a really thick layer of clay, under a thick layer of rich topsoil. I've had to dig into it when I was helping my Dad dig out the back yard.

[@danw.7935]

That some stellar dynamic compaction

[@BenLymanO_o]

Fascinating. Thank you for all the work you put into this!

[@TheGeoModels]

Enjoyed doing it. Thanks for watching.

[@jeffruebens8355]

Note that the European immigrants in 1774 were going down the Ohio River from Pennsylvania to start Harrodsburg, and also going through the Cumberland Gap to the south to start Boonesboro. It is interesting how close these first two towns in Kentucky are to each other, one from rivers and creeks to the north for canoes, and one from a Bison and Native trail to the south. Europeans did not build a road, they likely had native guides that showed them where it was, with a few days worth of trail widening in spots so their horse drawn wagons would fit on the trail.

[@Chiamex]

I love learning about the Appalachians, but wondered if you had any interest in exploring the geological history of the Great Lakes? I live on the southern shore of Lake Ontario, and I always love hearing about this area including the Finger Lakes of NY.

[@TheGeoModels]

some of the glacial landforms north of finger lakes are really great in lidar. MIght have to think on that one!

[@kkingquad]

I just drove to Pineville and back today from WV. I just right up the road from Middlesboro

[@drdoolittle5724]

Excellent video Sir, after 70 odd years the song makes sense now! Also, it is good to see the French and us Brits appeared to get on not too badly so named their settlements after their origins - like I used to live in Abingdon UK, once home to the famous MG ( if you are a car nerd )company!!

[@TheGeoModels]

Interesting! I pass through Abingdon, Virginia quite regularly. Had a fellow comment about Darlington, South Carolina on one of the Carolina Bays videos.

[@garylines5755]

Thanks for the video I have hiked the AT and have friends that live in the area now I know what I was walking across

[@benhoskins4719]

If anyone in here is ever looking for a tour of the area. Holler at me. My family has been here on the backside if rocky face since the 1700s.

[@basara5496]

A lot of the conventional geologists tend to overlook that there is faulting that originates from from the impact, so those effects of the impact probably goes right by them. Impact events create some radial faulting in multiple directions from the center, and it's likely that one of them went through the rocks over what is now the Gap, and toward Pine Mountain. Those cracks made the areas the easiest for erosion to affect. BUT... Most of rock disturbed in that manner would have been in the top one thousand meters of the SURFACE rock layers AS THEY existed at the time of impact. Over the following hundred+ million years, the damaged areas would have been preferentially eroded away, down to where the only rock exposed would be in the impact structure itself (and that there has been coal found and mined IN the structure that formed in the accumulated sedimentary rock, means it probably caught a lot of the drainage, burying its remnants). But because of that preferential erosion in the cracked areas, the solid rocks that were beneath those areas were probably exposed more quickly than the areas below that did not suffer the fracturing, leading to their faster weathering, and creating the gaps as the areas weathered at similar rates after the radial fault-damaged areas were gone. This paper agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2008JE003115 discusses the fracturing at Meteor Crater in AZ, and how even the crater sides, and even the bowl itself, have impact created faults in them (and you can see in the pictures in the paper that some of those faults are showing more weathering than the rest of the wall on either side, from providing a steeper path for groundwater (like after a rain).

[@anniealexander9911]

I have just found your channel! My fav channels are always the ones that start with me saying "I'll just get my glasses...." I'm a failed landscape artist (didn't get into art college), and became an academic in psychology (left academia after 2 decades). I have a lifelong love of maps, physical and human geography, history and archaeology, and astronomy. I love love love when there's a bit of history and geography (or geology) together, and MAPS. You have some mad Paint skills. I could never master any of the digital art programs (another reason I'm glad I got rejected from art college in mid-90s, don't think I would have faired well in the era of digital art), and you are the 1st person I've seen being able to use Paint properly. I ended up on Google maps having a look at the area partly promoted by my amusement at the name "Murfreesboro" as my dog is called Murph. 45 mins later I came back to finish your video. Man, I do live maps 😄😄

[@hillbilly1091]

It's great to watch this explanation. My ancestors likely came through Cumberland Gap on their way from Maryland by way of North Carolina to Indiana

[@TheGeoModels]

Thanks! It's a great area. Fun for a geologist to draw up the ramp anticline.

[@robertroy8803]

This is great! I grew up in that area and never realized.

[@compiledtech1188]

Is there a way to ask questions more direct? Do you have a direct site or website? Love the channel as a armature!

[@swejllaetah]

Cool video man. Good job!

[@TheGeoModels]

Thanks!

[@TarisSinclair]

As an amateur fan of geology (in fact got hooked on it thanks to Nick Zentner), I really enjoyed the analysis and explanation. It's not that far to drive from NoVA, I might have to go see the area for myself - knowing what I know now, I'll be able to look at it in a very different light. Thank you!

[@TheGeoModels]

It's pretty cool to check out. If you haven't driven around in the Appalachian Plateau before, it's worth doing. One-of-a-kind place. The structure and exposure around Cumberland Gap is also legendary.

[@hudy323]

Mr Prince, appreciate greatly your videos. Quickly skyrocketed to one of my favorite channels, always a pleasant watch. Can you clear up for me a puzzle...it seems like sandstone is talked about as resistant to erosion but up here you can erode it with your finger! What am i missing? On that note maybe you'd like to come check out saint Anthony falls on the Mississippi in Minneapolis. Weve got tunnels, caves, and drama. There's a cutoff wall beneath the river bed and no one knows its condition. Could be interesting fodder for you! Thanks again. You seem like a swell bloke 🫡

[@TheGeoModels]

Thanks! Sandstones can vary in their properties, particularly due to the material that cements the sand grains together, as well as the composition of the sand grains and how deeply it was all buried. Here in Appalachia, we have lots of sandstones that are nearly pure quartz sand, cemented with silica (more quartz), and were once buried literally miles deep, almost to the point of the grains fusing to produce quartzite. With that composition and burial history, it's almost like porcelain or tempered glass in layers 10 or 15 feet thick, comprising a few hundred feet of overall stratigraphy. It's physically and chemically the toughest stuff around, and it doesn't take much (relatively speaking) to support a mountain ridge. Now, if the quartz sand grains are cemented together by calcite (mineral which makes limestone), they weather easily and are very crumbly and won't hold up topography. Iron oxide-cemented sandstones also exist, and they are a little better at resisting weathering/erosion than calcite-cemented sandstones, but not by too much. If the sand grains in the sandtone aren't quartz, they are almost certain to be a more weatherable mineral, and the stuff won't be as tough. If it doesnt' get buried very far before being re-exposed by erosion, it also won't be as tough....so there are plenty of possibilities. In the Valley and Ridge, though, the sandstone is by far the toughest stuff around due to its composition, cement, and burial depth!

[@natewentzel588]

It was fun to see the geology of this region! I grew up in ridge and valley Pennsylvania, and as a kid I used to wonder why it was so hard to find a way across Cumberland Mountain. Fast forward a couple decades and I drove southwest through Lee County for the first time. That's when I finally understood. Cumberland Mountain has steep sandstone all along the ridge, literally miles and miles. It's not even walking terrain. I get it now.

[@TheGeoModels]

yep, it's not high, but it's just too rough to do much with.

[@mattjenbutzer7998]

Middlesboro Kentucky impact creator was one of my bucket lists. ✅ A fantastic place to visit...😎

[@boxsterman77]

Alas, I’ve only visited it through google street view, where I’ve taken many a trip.

[@AuriBarker]

I was fortunate enough to visit it but I didn't actually know it was there. I was looking at the landscape and told my husband it looked like a crater. I looked it up and turns out I was right.

[@torchandhammer]

Middlesboro, home of Lee Majors.

[@gbro8822]

Wow, great video. Thank you brother.

[@TheGeoModels]

Glad you liked it!

[@bobbarclay316]

I was an avid wilderness hunter for 30 years. (Way too old now). Most of my experience was in the Appalachians from NE Pa to southwest Virginia. I can attest from personal experience how rough this region really is. The chance that you could cross these mountains mounted, even today is unlikely. On foot, maybe, pulling a wagon, no chance, even today. The passes are all alike throughout the region. Geological oddities where erosion turned creeks to rivers, and carved away a couple thousand feet.

[@PhilAllen-d6c]

I enjoy watching you showing us the Eastern part of the US geology and Myron Cook showing the Western US development. Both are so interesting.

[@TheGeoModels]

Trying to boost up the Appalachian side of things. There's lots to see here!

[@jdst1042]

Great videos. I am in East TN. Do you do field trips?

[@ricksanderson4640]

@@jdst1042 great question! I would be there

[@Daddyjohn1971]

Burke's garden, between tazewell and bland Va. Is very similar to middlesbouro . While I was an evil wicked strip miner drilling a shot near alley (no longer a town) near McClure I noticed everything on the bench was all tree fossils laid down striped for all branches packed tightly like matches in a box oriented away from Burke's garden. It was on the splashdam coal seam. Having a keen interest in geology and paleontology I would be interested in knowing if this was a result of the impact.

[@rexfrew5392]

Sooooo totally COOL! I Live in Jeptha Knob ( east of Shelbyville, Ky.) Similar stuff... would love to talk more! REX FREW

[@TheGeoModels]

Thought about a Jeptha and Wells Creek video for the future.

[@rexfrew5392]

@@TheGeoModels We live right at the top of crater 1 ... whole set up appears to be a complex crater ... one and 2 to form the whole thing ... I have combed the whole place ... numerous pseudo shatter cones ... lots of iridium. Iridium conformation goes back to previous studies...This state officially labeled the formation volcanic on origin 🤗😁 The song remains the same

[@TheGeoModels]

@@rexfrew5392 Interesting. I heard you could get shatter cones from the golf course. When I cruised around out there you could definitely find damaged rock and some very odd, messed up materials, but I never found a convincing shatter cone. I thought it was "officially" recorded as an impact structure with central uplift, but maybe folks are a bit behind!

[@Brian-----]

Awesome video!

[@TheGeoModels]

Thanks!

[@ducthman4737]

And all that eroded mountain became the continental shelf and today's beaches and deltas I suppose.

[@IanZainea1990]

Love the animations this time!

[@TheGeoModels]

Used to do tons of them in Va Tech lectures. Spent hours drawing the various frames!

[@IanZainea1990]

@@TheGeoModels that's a lot of work!

[@anglachel1]

What are some of the websites you use for viewing maps?

[@Indyken]

Totally random comment. And it's a total compliment. You sound almost identical to the comedian Will Forte from Saturday Night Live with your voice and expressions.

[@ethanbeal3575]

You should make a video just about Jacksboro Tennessee! It’s a really interesting place to look at!

[@TheGeoModels]

It its. I'm going to see if I can work on it somehow

[@sylvester2294]

Discovered your site a few days ago..Left a note and described , from bad memory, the meteor impact as happening in Pineville...Saying that to try to explain the egg shaped rocks in the primordial shell out cropping on the formerly called, Daniel Boone Parkway...those gray, homogeneous rocks, show themselves from London to Hazard... Symmetrical ,sort of egg shaped rocks..I argue that they were molten and were dislodged from the impact in Middlesboro...How did they get there...? north of hazard on Ky 80 one has been removed to the side of the road...

[@martincotterill823]

Fascinating!

[@robinrussell3705]

1980 I took motorcycle vacation with my wife and another couple, we rode to the top where cannon had been dragged to the top overlooking the only pass through! My Harley was top heavy and overloaded and the switch backs up the same access road that the cannon used and I can’t imagine competing that task, tactically it was beyond value

[@TheGeoModels]

It's a rough as can be place!

[@baneverything5580]

I spent about a week in a very secluded cabin in NW Arkansas and unless you followed the ridge we drove in on you couldn`t hike very far before the hills became steeper and steeper until it looked too dangerous to continue. At least that`s how it was in the area I was in. I never saw a squirrel there but hickory trees were everywhere. Deer would stand in the road looking at you like they were playing a joke or just being jerks. But no squirrels. That was odd.

[@VistaViews]

Where/how do you get the LiDAR data?

[@robtaylor6638]

Ben Schwartz paper on Mississippian Hydrology of scarp slope cave development using Omega in the Greenbrier as a model is super interesting. I bet folks would dig your take on that.

[@TheGeoModels]

Yeah some folded Greenbrier needs to show up here eventually. I was in ole Ben's office area for a while back at Va Tech in 2006-2007 or so--5050/5051 Derring Hall. We wound up on a field trip up in Bath for Devonian karst with a seminar class around that time. Very good memory.

[@jasonschwab4308]

I'm no geologist, but common sense compels me to side with Phillip on the meteor hitting before the folds occurred. This channel is my number one source of entertainment - I hope he does one on when and how and why the Tennessee River gorge in Chattanooga was formed. I've read separate creeks drained east and west and when they eroded deep enough the Tennessee started flowing through, but I call bull shit on that. More likely a cave could have existed or opened up and allowed water to begin flowing through, IMO

[@kaptainkaos1202]

Has Burkes Garden been evaluated as part of an impact zone? I’ve always looked at it on a map and it just looks so out of place.

[@lessanderfer7195]

When I was in school, they made it sound like America would just be 13 States, if it weren't for the Cumberland Gap. Watching this, I realize it pretty much only mattered to Virginia Farmers and quickened the creation of Kentucky, because it was faster than going around the top or bottom of the Appalachians.

[@wildedibles819]

Wow that looks like waves in the ocean wow!! Like the most solid structure we have out there essentially because liquid to fold like that... Not really but soft enough but hard enough too It's hard to comprehend that but that one direction you can really notice it

[@richavic4520]

Imagine the forces involved across a heck of a large area and long time, accented by a relatively minor event.

[@czechvirusS]

i'm really interested in how/where the layers get build up. especially when in some spots we know that there is a build up of material (since we have to dig to find ancient buildings and such) but here its only talking about erosion. so what makes some places erode and some places to build up?

[@garyb6219]

Great video! Why does the area near Jacksboro look so suspiciously round?

[@toma_radboa]

Even though i love huge impressive mountains, it's just so interesting to see these ancient, eroded landscapes. There are some very interesting really eroded volcanoes here in croatia (psunj, moslavačka gora, gaveznica). I'd love to look at those places in lidar, but its pretty complicated to get you hands on it here

[@TheGeoModels]

I've heard that from other folks on the euro side. We're actually quite lucky with lidar availability here in the US. It's amazing to be able to view most of the country at 1 meter resolution just from a web browser!

[@danhenegar5954]

Your skepticism is valid. No prof would have brought up a different idea if they wanted to keep their job.....

[@TheGeoModels]

It's an interesting question. I'm curious if anyone has revisited it in recent years.

[@barefootmobley]

I grew up in the Powell valley down in Tennessee and I never knew any of this! Can you tell me, though, why it abruptly ends in a 90 degree angle down by Caryville? I'm understanding structural geology so much better thanks to your videos, and am I'm starting to see it, but I still don't quite get it. It seems like the mountains at Frozen Head and the Cumberland mountains here should be made of the same stuff, but the dividing sandstone ridges don't quite make sense to me. In addition, would you be up to explain some igneous stuff soon? I'm feeling so much more comfortable with sedimentary landscapes, but still feel totally at a loss with anything granitic. Maybe you could start with Looking Glass if you want to stick to Appalachia? Many thanks from a theoretical physicist. I can't shut up about geology since finding your videos.

[@AlanCanon2222]

Instantly recognizable to a Kentuckian! I live near Jephtha Knob in Shelby County, another astrobleme.

[@TheGeoModels]

Right on!

[@AlanCanon2222]

I have been part of the Mammoth Cave survey and my opinion is that Kentucky has fine geology, bow to stern.

[@robtaylor6638]

That should’ve been an Ale8. Any reason you didn’t use “fault” to describe the Rocky Face feature? That timeline has been interesting to me since sitting in Driese’s Strat/sed class in the 90s.

[@TheGeoModels]

Enuf was available in places i passed through recently! Didn't intentionally avoid fault; seems like I would have said it in there somewhere. I was mostly referring to the topography, though, which is associated with a big dip change along the fault. It's drawn as a tear fault, but it's sort of an oblique structure, I'd think. I wouldn't be surprised if it relates to stratigraphic changes in that area...you could see certain beds disappear to the southwest with lidar.

[@joe35]

Can you do a video on Fort Valley?

[@Nick_J_]

Seems to me that the impact led to a bigger gap at Cumberland than would have been otherwise. Because it isn’t quite a river gap like most of them. Also, studying topographic maps, it looks like the mountains are passable a bit west and northwest of Oak Ridge, TN. I bet that area would have worked as a passage

[@MACD69]

Hello, I have a video request on the formation of the devil's marbleyard. I love learning about the geology of a region I spent a lot of time around. Thankyou for the wonderous content

[@mshaffer-2629]

As always, thank you for your fun Appalachia video. (1) American expansion was likely a piggy-back off of the Ancients and their trails. Or game trails. If the area would have been impassable, game would not have traveled there nor the local citizenry before. Did not the Cherokee/Shawnee fight over this important location (bottle neck)? (2) If a mile of sediment melted away to form the modern landscape, where did all the sediment go? Was it blown away (wind)? Or down existing rivers to the Gulf of Mexico or Samtee or Savanah? Where did it go and how?

[@TheGeoModels]

Gulf of Mexico, or most of the way there and now in the Coastal Plain type of deposits, by rivers

[@benhoskins4719]

A lot of the limestone on cumberland mountain was blasted into Powell Valley, evident in their soil. The gap was a well worn Buffalo trail that eventually followed yellow creek out of the valley and to the Cumberland River. Thomas walkers journals describe the area as they found it. Mounds, native long houses, and bear attacks. I know where a few nice petroglyphs are located in the area.

[@TallulahB58]

My 4th great-grandfather kept a "memorandum book" of his family's journey from North Carolina to Indiana in 1830. He described how awful it was crossing the mountains in late fall/early winter.

[@TheGeoModels]

I bet it was very bad.

[@harlandeke]

Live in Harlan Co right at thr foot of Pine Mountain, and I work in Bell county...I'm in that crater everyday. Awesome vid...and thanks for posting this. This area is so beautiful and has such potential for a go-to spot for nature lovers.

[@TheGeoModels]

It does. Incredible place with incredible geology!

[@911risky]

I don't know where you are from but I keep hearing this place that you always talk about in your videos. Hope you and your family are alright

[@braveheartz263]

My family crossed the gap and pushed 14.5 miles to Flat Lick and settled there.

[@benhoskins4719]

I grew up on the "back side" of rocky face, right on the creek. Used to race each other to the top when we were kids.

[@TheGeoModels]

That would get a feller fit for duty!

[@edmartin875]

This answered a question I've had since I was a teen more than 60 years ago. Why did most explorers/settlers leave the East Coast and go to Kentucky ? Just about everything I read said they went to Kentucky, and years later scattered out from there. Granted, not everyone took that route, but a goodly percentage did.

[@TheGeoModels]

I presume it represented new opportunity, and the limestone country is nice. A lot of early forays out there were to get salt, interestingly enough. Brine springs are/were more numerous, and folks would go all the way from coastal virginia to boil salt. Journal of Daniel Trabue is an interesting read.

[@ricksanderson4640]

Excellent video and explanation. Really good story. I wonder if you would cover the formation of the right angle in the same area where I-75 follows the escarpment into Kentucky from Rocky Top TN. As far as I can find it’s about the only right angle in the entire Appalachian Plateau.

[@TheGeoModels]

I'll work on that. Others have asked. Try to see how to illustrate it. In short, the Pine Mountain Thrust Sheet broke loose on an existing fault on that side.

[@ricksanderson4640]

@@TheGeoModels thanks, I will be really interested in that one. BTW, thanks to you I now am completed engrossed in LIDAR greyshade imagery looking for landslides. Lot of fun!

[@alden1132]

Unrelated comment: I live Pineville. It's beautiful!

[@Julian_Wang-pai]

Fascinating geo story, well explained 👏👍 The gap is surely within the zone of impact damage..? Faulting induced/triggered by the impact along preexisting geo tension zones. These are the main ingredients in the mix, aren't they?

[@TheGeoModels]

Because the of the Rocky Face fault and the assocciated irregularities, there would be a gap in Cumberland and Pine Mountain based on structural geology and erodibility alone...the gaps are in classic Appalachian Gap positions, based on existing geology. I would agree that the impact probably enhanced damage and erodibility, but the rock itself in the vicinity of the gaps is not unusually displaced, etc., in ways that could be seen by lidar. The gaps themselves don't look any different from other Appalachian Gaps, and Cumberland Gap isn't even that "low" by comparison, in the sense that there isn't a large stream flowing through it. It's an interesting questions, and one would have to look very closely at the rocks themselves to really answer it I'd say.

[@sarahdawn7075]

Just curious, why the hesitation to refer to the Middlesboro site as a "crater"? Is it not confirmed that this structure is the result of an extraterrestrial impact? What is the difference between an impact "structure" and an impact "crater"?

[@TheGeoModels]

Think it's mentioned in the video. "Structure" refers to the area of damaged rock resulting from the impact that is at the land surface today. This damaged rock was thousands of feet underground at the time of impact. It has been exhumed (unburied) by erosion, and produces the round shape because the damage zone is itself round. In other words, the flat circular area is entirely due to erosion interacting with the zone of rock damaged by the impact. Calling it a "crater" would imply that the topography itself was produced by the impact, like the meteor crater in Arizona. I guess calling it a crater just gives the wrong idea about its age and the age/evolution of the landscape. It's definitely the result of an impact. The high pressure materials and associated structure confirm that. It's just that the actual crater gouged out by the impact was on a land surface eroded away long ago.