How do solar cells work?

[@christianldove]

For those confused regarding why the electrons go to the top (Negative Plate) rather than bottom (Positive Plate), it is because of the valence forces at work for Phosphorus and Boron. Phosphorus is inclined to gain up to 3 additional electrons to reach valence stability (fill the valence shell), whereas Boron is inclined to lose two electrons to reach valence stability (empty the valence shell). These forces are what direct the electron toward the net negative plate, because the valence forces are stronger than the electromagnetic forces in this particular system. The electromagnetic forces go to work once the electron enters the electrical circuit.

[@abalakrishnan4152]

Thank you so much! You have zero idea how long I have been trying to find an answer for this.

[@mr.electro4674]

Oh! makes sense now TYSM

[@VcXXX666]

Hm.. Photoelectric effect happens in the depletion region between Phosphorus and Boron where the electric field is directed towards N (Phosphorus). Both N and P regions are electrically neutral by default because P has extra proton to neutralize its extra electron in the outer shell, and Boron has one proton less to neutralize a lack of one electron. The electric field happen in the depletion region due to free electrons from N filling free spaces in P region, and now the N side of depletion region has Phosphorus ions (without extra electron) and P side of the depletion region has Boron ions (with extra electron). This result in an electric field pointing to N region (depletion region is positive on N side and negative on P side) which pushes electrons to N and holes to P. The photoelectric effect happens when photon hits depletion region and creates a hole and electron which are channeled to the corresponding sides making N side more negative and P side more positive, if you close the circuit the electrons would flow through the wire from N to P making it stable again and this creates electricity as long as the sun is hitting the depletion region. That's why the N layer is thinner than P layer, so that the photon travels less to the depletion region. This video doesn't go into detail about depletion region as some other videos about NP junction.

[@門徒解說聖經]

Thanks. I used to think N-type more electrons so flowing should go from N to P

[@francescolossiorebaza2054]

So instead of the electric field you're saying that electrons goes to the N Layer and Holes goes to P Layer when the light hits the depletion region because the valence forces of Ph and Boron. it's a little bit confusing bc i saw a lot of videos that explain that phenomenon is due to electric field

[@melindaleon5907]

This panel can put out close to 100 watts kzbin.infoUgkxOqI2yqX0XVrhR2BMJciTWrHJpG8FhJyg when positioned in the appropriate southernly direction, tilted to the optimal angle for your latitude/date, and connected to a higher capacity device than a 500. The built in kickstand angle is a fixed at 50 degrees. Up to 20% more power can be output by selecting the actual date and latitude optimal angle.The 500 will only input 3.5A maximum at 18 volts for 63 watts. Some of the excess power from the panel can be fed into a USB battery bank, charged directly from the panel while also charging a 500. This will allow you to harvest as much as 63 + 15 = 78 watts.If this panel is used to charge a larger device, such as the power station, then its full output potential can be realized.

[@napalm5]

This is absolutely the best explanation. Made me audibly have that "aha!" moment. Kudos to the creator.

[@geoffroytsimamotsy7608]

Kudos for the Video clip! Forgive me for the intrusion, I would appreciate your thoughts. Have you ever tried - Schallingora Computer Reconstruction Scheme (probably on Google)? It is an awesome exclusive product for saving money on your electric bill using this simple technology without the headache. Ive heard some incredible things about it and my cooworker at last got excellent success with it.

[@annetterobson9789]

@@geoffroytsimamotsy7608 a

[@rowankylen8353]

I know I'm quite off topic but does anybody know a good website to stream newly released series online?

[@myleszayd4712]

@Rowan Kylen try Flixzone. You can find it by googling :)

[@ikerjimmy2696]

@Rowan Kylen Lately I have been using flixzone. Just google for it :)

[@TheHeraldu]

Very illustrative and rigorous explanation, helping me study for a Photovoltaic Systems test. Thanks!

[@clubanimations1151]

3:36 why would P accept the positive hole, since positives are supposed to incline towards negatives right???

[@nirvash1765]

In the gray zone the there's postive charges that are attracted toward the red zone, and negative charges that are attracted toward the green zone, this creates an electric field pointing down (in the image from the video), so when light hits on the solar cell, some electrons get free and consequently some postive holes, this free elctrons are driven up by the electric field and the positve holes are driven down. Sorry for bad english.

[@amirdahan5660]

Best animation explaining how something works so far

[@ozuluonyeizuchukwubasil9108]

Very explanatory, totally recommend this to starters and professionals alike

[@hansakpls]

after watching so many videos, now i get it how how this works...

[@hellese1449]

You just made my day!!!! You just made school a whole lot easier!!! THANKS!!!!

[@ranmouri1569]

This is what we call an explanation , this is the best vd i watched explaining the photovoltaic cells working process, big up

[@-AdarshVulli]

Good comparison with leaf and nice explanation

[@RadwanAlJbour]

I have not seen any better explanation than this video on this topic. Many thanks.

[@crazyzombie99]

Could anyone explain why the electrons move upward, towards the negative side? You'd expect them to move to the positive holes downward as they are attracted? Also, how can a hole move? I assume it are ''holes'' on the shell of the atoms, but how does that move around? Thanks

[@bobsmithson3031]

The "holes" are areas where there are fewer electrons. In reality, the electrons around the hole shift around to displace the hole. As for the electron direction, that's because the electrons want to meet the positive charges/holes through the path of least resistance. Although the distance going straight down is smaller, the resistance/conductivity makes that impossible.

[@crazyzombie99]

thanks!

[@srinivaskari]

so there is an additional layer of material that acts as resistance?

[@tennis5126]

Bob - I don't understand why the electrons move towards the N-type and not the P-type. I thought the least resistance would be going towards opposite charges (negative to positive) and not like charges (negative to negative).

[@mrsemifixit]

ABC The path of least resistance is actually through the wires into the component being powered which makes its way back to the holes on the bottom

[@richardzahora]

Wow! This video is so well put together. Really helped me with my project!

[@Cofii17]

Really good explanation and easy to understand. Thanks!!

[@roquilflame4603]

Its freking 2 AM what am I doing here

[@gevorkbabayan]

why does the lose Electorn move towards negative type? 3:26 i got confused

[@olivierdevlieger7233]

Because it has previously adopted a positive charge when joined to the p-layer. Explanation in the video is missing a part: the union between the layers is called the PN junction, or Depletion Region, and no free electrons or "holes" can be found there (until photons do their job), since free electrons in n-layer have found a "hole" to get into thanks to the potential difference between them. This electron migration from n type layer to "D Region" made it become slightly positive. Thus, the electron/hole pair created in the PN junction when photons reach in, are attracted to their opposite charged layers. Hope I made myself clear enough!

[@gevorkbabayan]

@@olivierdevlieger7233 perfectly clear. I mixed it with the binding energy and that negatives repeal eachother.but this is the same effekt as photoelectric effekt where missing electron is replaces but the upper layers. Wonder if this process creates small amount of radioactivity

[@olivierdevlieger7233]

@@gevorkbabayan as far as I know, this covalent unions (between silicon, phosphorus and borom) and the process they are submitted to, do generate very small amounts of emf but in insignificant proportions and since systems are often away from our bodies, they are not dangerous

[@gevorkbabayan]

@@olivierdevlieger7233 i do agree with you. thank you so much for your answer

[@johanburger6109]

Why do the electrons go up into the strip when hit by photons, wouldn't the electron hop over the junction into the p type material. Opposite charges attract, does the electron choose the strip on top instead because it is the path of least resistance?

[@nandhinees.r3383]

Fabulous teaching but teach elaborately🧐

[@vishnubishnoi848]

Nice explanation sir

[@NicoWill-h4w]

this helped me so much with my school wrok😊🤩🤩🤩

[@NicoWill-h4w]

i totaly agry

[@jmg9509]

3:57 Okay, now when all the electrons move to the positive side, how does the solar cell get back its protons and electrons in the center to repeat the process? Or is that it for the cell and it cannot be used any longer? I'm pretty sure the latter is not the case, but I don't know where it gets its other pros and electrons.

[@jmg9509]

I learnt that the protons don't move at all, it's just the electrons are liberated, as in they are no longer bonded to the atom. When the electrons do work in the wire, it releases its energy therefore goes back to a lower state of energy, there-in the positive ions can now "capture" the free electrons once more to form the bond to make the atom again. This processes is repeated indefinitely as long as photons provide the energy needed for the electrons to be liberated in a process called photonic emission, where electrons absorb the energy from photons of a specific wavelength.

[@bommeranger]

Though it is said that electrons move, it is not the case. Only the charge moves. Charge from one electron is transferred to next and so on. Electrons are present every where, even in electrical cables i.e., copper/any metal. So energy from electrons in solar cells gets transferred to electrons in copper thus it propagates to load where it is used to convert electricity to any other energy. Meanwhile in solar cell when ever an electron is deprived of its energy it goes back to its normal state and gets ready to accept photon energy again from sunlight. Hope this will clear your doubt. I too had this doubt initially but after going back to quantum physics principles I got this understanding. I don't know if I am correct but my theory fits the answer.

[@vishnubishnoi848]

By sunlight it gey more positive charge and electrons

[@p.palmer1191]

bit.ly/2C0qCeE?-home-solar-panel-system

[@faisalshaikh389]

How many cold the solar I bike it

[@Stormbatting]

Thank you so much for this video! im having a project and you really saved me. Ty for the great illustration.

[@arezqader2153]

Best video on solar energy

[@toktrobbedgoty]

is the grey part like the npjunction?

[@watchmeeatfatbellydancer5864]

how do l get the energy from the panel to my phone or toaster can you please explain application. TY

[@eaglegaming8084]

Tomorrow is my exam of science,This will help me a lot. Thank you

[@nickbeats9883]

Such a great video, which software did you use to animate this? these animations are so smooth

[@captainvlog]

ok but what are the thick line and wires on teh top? Are those on the top and bottom?

[@physicshub4637]

A very easy way of making people understand

[@AditaKhare]

Now this is what "a perfect explanation" means!🙌

[@boeperenise6581]

Nice

[@cindyo.3110]

Best explanation ever!!!!! thanks a lot :)

[@rohitchakraborty4619]

Quite helpful keep providing knowledge to us

[@stinger9740]

one of the best indepth explanation.....Now i can say what is the depression layer... Nc content .........

[@ikaschannel1823]

You're video is so amazing, can i use your video for my thesis?

[@saradhasekar9670]

thank you for the wonderful explanantion

[@TheMCVillage]

Pretty good video. Did see an error though...Infrared light is actually important and does not just pass through, it contributes to production as well.

[@garrettlees]

Hey, _you_ can't be Garrett L -- _I'm_ Garrett L!

[@atharvashankar]

it helped me with my project!

[@shahurajkallure3938]

Best explosion Sir

[@mr.chatter]

Great Explanation Buddy

[@MrAashuverma]

Why an electron(being negative in nature) moves to n type(where there is already majority of electrons)? It should move to p........

[@Thezaneable]

by convention, current is taken to be the movement of positive charges. not the movement of electrons. take notice that when describing the layers for example, narrator says phosphorus makes the layer more negative. for example, phosphorus has 6 valence electrons and it wants to have a complete octet in its outer shell, meaning it wants to receive electrons to fill the -holes-. However, if you follow the convention, these holes are what's being "donated". so when an electron is knocked off the middle layer it goes to the top layer to fill these holes. in summary: the top layer is actually positive due to missing electrons in the valence shell of phosphorus and the bottom layer is actually negative due to an excess electrons. But, conventionally, the top layer is negative (due having 6 valence electrons ) and the bottom one is positive for the same reason. TL;DR: it actually moves to the correct side given the convention. sorry if the explanation is not well structured, English is not my first language.

[@shubhamsinghrathore2893]

Software you use for annimation? I am interested in learning annimation so....

[@dakshinasenevirathne2361]

Super, best explaination, thank u very much

[@AmitKumar-jy8cg]

thankyou you explain it very nicely

[@AryanSingh2512.]

The most simplistic explaination. Thanks

[@omarzouk]

Excellent. Thanks

[@simonrandall5471]

What is the middle layer made of??

[@yosefalsheikhqasem8370]

Thanks verry much man! For long time ago i have read pdf books and search about videos to understand how the hole principles works and i have understand it in this video realy thanks

[@VitalTechnology_]

Going to show this to my kid in the future when it comes to the birds and the bees talk

[@basu.31]

Helpful. Thanks

[@srinivaskari]

what purpose does the silver and aluminium serve?

[@thatyougoon1785]

to conduct the gathered electricity.

[@smartboy9845]

Very nyc video to show how solar cells work 😍

[@codyobenson]

What software do you use to animate this?

[@Amir-cq6nv]

hi may i use your video for my university project??

[@EngnrIdris]

You are wonderful! thank you so much.

[@opomkar2296]

Oi

[@yersundanny]

Wow this video is a gold.

[@karenwm1805]

Why is it important for the bottom layer to be less conductive and positively charged?

[@dmo4657]

It's just supposed to be p-type. Holes are the majority carriers in p-type material and electrons in n-type. The mobility of electrons is greater than the mobility of holes which makes p-type semiconductor less conductive.

[@beelzebub33]

Why do the electrons go to the n type instead of the p type area? Shouldn’t opposites attract each other

[@HiteshKumar-wx9or]

Best video Thank you Sir

[@fury6518]

amazing video

[@filk3654]

Hi! Do you have a source for the 350-1140nm window? I'm trying to do more research into the topic. Thank you!

[@vrindapj1748]

Very useful Thankyou....

[@kavitarana4245]

Why does the n type layer doesn't repel the incoming electron

[@ANJA-mj1to]

N type - Depletion Region - P type must be very well known as well as sun position and azimuth to give this conclusion with SO GOOD ABSTRACT for begging. But also we must consider that day = 24 hours & and bring more development Methods for night period GOOD ABSTRACT 👍

[@swarupchakraborty6291]

umm can we use gallium???

[@naveenr4153]

Wow, this is fantastic! Speechless

[@jc8153]

So in a nutshell, we get energy from the light’s velocity when the wave hits the material?

[@srinivasgampa7171]

Well explained thanks

[@ravikanth5936]

Its a real informative clip. Thanks

[@garrettlees]

Very good. You nailed it 🌞

[@queenskennedy2720]

3:29 how come??

[@angusmac2037]

Very good video. Thank you. Begs the question of what the utility companies will do if/when houses are net zero? Still need a grid. Who’s gnna pay for the maintenance?

[@joshuatheboss9287]

Thank you very much helped me alot in class keep up the good work

[@nitumonibarman2541]

What components used in middle layer

[@ushamagesh7975]

Very nice explain

[@JarifGG]

thank you sir

[@jagmeetsingh1563]

Is the middle layer vaccum or silicon?

[@notEdge]

yes

[@sani627]

Amazing lecture 🙂 👍👍👍

[@ajmala6400]

Good presentation

[@zullymora7634]

Hola como puedo conseguir esasplaquetas

[@jitul146]

This help me a lot❤️😀

[@ravi03065]

Why p-type and n-type doped silicon materials are used in solar panel? Why not use a directly a phosphorous and boron junction? Isn't it more electricity production if used like that?

[@ryuumaru]

Thank you so much for this awesome simply explaination .

[@aliyahbhatbhat8458]

Very very very good vedio.Thanks sir

[@williamgiersdorf577]

silicon is inert, it doesn't conduct electricity and that is why it is the primary ingredient in circuit boards

[@KampiBetty-i7w]

❤❤❤❤❤ much love from Uganda

[@serdarkancan]

why electron slip the side where already fill with electron when solar panel get electrowave. normally electron suppose to push other electron because of same pole rule.

[@stephene.g.cbuckle2548]

which one is best, lead acid battery, Li-Ion battery, Redox-Flow battery, Deep cycle battery and shallow cycle battery?

[@danielthompson5785]

Why cant use conductor instead of semiconductor?

[@dahmanus2002]

if photosynthesis of a leaf uncovered is an example to produce electricity, what about the osmosis of covered roots ?

[@Dman8s]

Can they add some more Layers. For compressing the charge. Phosphorus -3 charge. Boron - 1 charge. They cells should only power a battery and then the battery charges the Home. Can we amplifier the charge to make the battery charge faster with less sun or with lower frequency ? Like a bigger entrance layer for Frequency and a smaller exit. A funnel , or like the refrigerator or heat pump. Pushing things into smaller spaces. Maybe the people that make microchips can make better smaller Frequency cells.

[@harideeppoturi8751]

Explained well very nice and easily explained

[@snakeeye5862]

Super video bro i understand the concept very clearly

[@pawassaxena6340]

For board exam

[@Aditya_yd27]

Thank you

[@Alig22]

#mohdmukarramraza

[@Pauljamesww]

great video, thank you :)

[@vipulsharda8817]

A perfect explaination

[@bloomerstudio1403]

Thanks for your kindly information 😊😊👍

[@sebastianposada4210]

Best explanation on the internet yet!