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On March 26, 2000, the Russian Federation held presidential elections. The winner, Vladimir Putin, would go on to rule - and transform - the world’s largest country, and continues to do so to this day.
But those who elected Putin didn’t realize how large the ideas of Russian philosopher Ivan Ilyin loomed in the new administration’s political ideology. Although Ilyin had been dead since 1954, Putin was keen on reviving his ideas and putting them front and center in his political program.
Ilyin lived through the 1917 Russian Revolution, which ushered in the Soviet Union and one-party communist rule. But he was no communist - he was a Christian fascist, inspired by Adolf Hit.ler and Italian fascist Benito Mussolini rather than Lenin or Stalin.
Exiled from the Soviet Union in 1922, he began conceptualizing his ideal version of a right-wing, Christian dystopia in Russia, which he thought would follow the inevitable collapse of communism.
Ilyin’s ideal Russia would resemble the fascist states of the 1920s and 1930s. The anxieties of a population demoralized by harsh socioeconomic conditions would be channeled into glorifying a redeeming, savior-like leader who promised to defend the nation from external threats - whether or not those threats really existed. Violence would be glorified over reason, and propaganda would triumph over rational discourse.
But Ilyin went a step further than the one-party fascist states in Europe at the time; he thought that even one real political party was too many. A multi-party system might be useful in order to justify the ritual of holding elections, but all real power should be invested in a man, not a party, and this man would be in charge of the government, judiciary and armed forces.
Ilyin’s writings on his ideal Russian fascism had been banned and dormant for decades. But with the liberalization of Russian media in the 1990s, his books again began to circulate.
And after Putin’s election in 2000, this accelerated. Ilyin’s books were recommended to school pupils, and Russian civil servants were given copies of his complete writings. Putin even arranged the transport of his body from Switzerland for reburial in Moscow in 2005.
For Putin, implementing Ilyin’s vision of a right-wing dictatorship in Russia has proven successful. But to discover how we got there, we must go back to the tragic events of September 1999, three months before Putin would be named acting president of Russia upon the resignation of Boris Yeltsin.
Russia’s drift towards dystopia was guided by the philosophy of fascist philosopher Ivan Ilyin. His philosophy of the politics of eternity has been implemented steadily throughout Russian President Vladimir Putin’s time in power, mainly by placing blame for Russia’s problems on their enemies, whether real or imaginary. To further his goals of Eurasian expansionism, Putin attempted to stop Ukraine from aligning itself with the European Union. And his battle for Russian dominance led him to successfully influence the Brexit vote and install Donald Trump in the White House.
This Vladimir Putin Documentary is based on The Road To Unfreedom book by Timothy Snyder.