Huge Snapper Vs. Gasoline - Can they cause a fire? - SMS#3

[@taofledermaus]

Thumbs up for listening to your viewers!

[@TheMontanaDave]

***** Jeff, stop stalking me bro. You have the same taste in vids as me I guess.

[@CMDRSweeper]

***** So do you! After all, we remember AvE and the Tungsten :P

[@micahphilson]

***** Well, you're the rare case that does it even with enough viewers and comments it can be hectic trying to keep up! Most channels do when they're small, but then they get hundreds of thousands of views and thousands of comments per video and can't make much of a dent. Thanks for keeping with it, though, and setting that example! Though honestly, I still don't recognize your image and didn't know it was you until I saw the replies!

[@taofledermaus]

I guess I don't have that YT celebrity complex. I'm just a guy that likes to post videos and interact with people on here. I get a lot of great ideas from viewers. New ideas can be difficult to come up with so it helps to listen to other peoples' ideas and try them out.

[@micahphilson]

***** Yeah, other than people who don't subscribe to our universe's physics, the comments over there are pretty creative and intelligent! Oh yeah, I nearly forgot: LERN TO FUKIN AIM, NOOB! Sorry, it had to be said. I have a 12 K/D ratio, so I'd know. ;)

[@shonaoneill5151]

High explosives react so quickly it literally blows any fuel away at such a high rate, it leaves nothing left for ignition. Basically it is all over far too quickly for ignition. There is a really good example of this on another video, a guy detonated a piece of either semtex or C4, something like that anyway. It was next to a container of a seriously inflammable solvent, the explosive detonated and the solvent was just dispersed at a ridiculous speed. That video is on KZbin, have a look for it if you're interested :-)

[@jeremywestern7067]

DO NOT PUT A RED SNAPPER NEAR GASOLINE... it will KILL the fish

[@mythic_omen948]

+Dylan Philp *facepalm*

[@qwebhsaavhws]

I get it snapper you meen the fish snapper

[@jeremywestern7067]

+Wafflem 360 i havent watched the video but if your thinking of putting a red snapper in gasoline then DONT. It will kill the fish. Please return it to the water

[@StealthS720]

+jeremy western I really hope you're joking

[@QWhippy]

+jeremy western but you're a cat, i thought cats kill fish .3.

[@Hobypyrocom]

the deal is that you cant use high explosives to light a gasoline, they create shock wave which expels the gasoline fumes (which is the part of the gasoline who is igniting) so the flames from the explosive never touches the fumes...

[@swr1240]

+IamIUareU Going to test this with some dynamite at my local gas station... (for legal reasons: that was sarcasm, I'm not really going to)

[@SuperSilkyJohnson]

Alan Jeffrey Got ya, for legal reasons ;-)

[@Hobypyrocom]

Alan Jeffrey i have already tested this in the past. we made 15g high explosive firecracker but we didnt had good fuses so we made one with drinking straw and powder from shotgun shell, unfortunately the fuse was throwing flying pellets of the powder everywhere and the dry grass around the firecracker started burning (huge fire) and the fuse was burning for more than 2 minutes, after the firecracker exploded the fire extinguished (not because it cleared the grass... the grass was still there)... if you dont know high explosives are used to extinguish oil rigs and similar huge fires... in movie pyrotechnics they use small quantities of high explosive to brake stuff and black powder with plastic bags filled with gasoline to create fireballs...

[@h3retic583]

+IamIUareU My guess would be that the heat created isn't enough activation energy to start the reaction. You can snap them in your hand, without any danger, so my guess is that the heat is not strong enough.

[@Hobypyrocom]

Eric Angel all high explosives create high temperature (at least high enough to light gasoline), the reaction of explosives is mostly carbon burning with oxygen which can produce heat up to 2000 degrees Celsius

[@jumpinkickinwing3495]

Fill a whole garbage bag with the poppers

[@brandongladish4048]

that's what I'm saying who tf calls them snappers their poppers

[@brandongladish4048]

***** that's fine but who in the blue moon would call them snappers they don't snap they pop

[@Raiii69]

can you make akey

[@brandongladish4048]

Nahida Islam what?

[@heavenlytroopers4081]

Trump

[@chem_ist_]

Collectively, I have learned more science from this channel than I learned in like 12 years of science classes.

[@shard3917]

same XD

[@Gungie00]

Apollo_ yep

[@bubblemonkeys]

I haven't really understood much but sometimes some blows up

[@abubakarnazir6566]

lol

[@seecretgamer777]

One word. Yes.

[@eksine]

I made a giant one with this stuff once, it exploded in my face

[@bagelbitesslightlyundercoo7958]

Same here but I added a firecracker to it

[@mikewest712]

+Bruce Nguyen same here too, it ruined my favorite homer simpson shirt.

[@eksine]

Mike West I bet plus I bet it was as scary as when mine blew up in my face

[@kippors9588]

Same here. Made my sister temporarily deaf... Lmao

[@bgnelson6821]

+Bruce Nguyen Same here. Made a mess and my ears were ringing, but fortunately did no damage.

[@44Celsius44]

Thank you for the credits Jessie

[@ladistar]

lmao awesome reference

[@iwplayz5223]

Damn

[@stupidtothefullest3041]

im confusd af cuz im waching bracking bad rn

[@theconsumerofeggs1117]

I always thought it was gravel and gunpowder in those things

[@large_n_widetm2116]

They were wayyy back when they first came out

[@benjaminomahony5669]

Sameee

[@0v_x0]

yeah I think it used to be a blend including flint, and a less sensitive explosive, tho maybe a slower burning one... I made a big one out of 100 emptied into a tissue close to a couple decades ago and the explosion was much bigger.

[@seecretgamer777]

I always thought it was tanerite.

[@milespeterson5049]

Me too!

[@lewistoroian5651]

Take one of said balloons and pour molten aluminum over it. Your molten aluminum videos are some of the most popular on your channel; it's sort of become your signature move like carsandwater's Red Hot Nickel Ball.

[@gigabic7487]

Good idea

[@lewistoroian5651]

Thank you

[@lewistoroian5651]

***** Well we know he actively reads his comments section, so I assume he'll at least see it.

[@TheBackyardScientist]

Lewis Toroian I see it! Im making a contraption to pour molten aluminum on things that might explode, or splash on me. Once I build it Im going to do lots of aluminum videos.

[@lewistoroian5651]

***** Cool

[@lynkroivas3426]

Nice one man!

[@TheBackyardScientist]

+Chance Bradley thanks!

[@elementdolphin5527]

+TheBackyardScientist HI BIG FAN !!!🐬🐬🐬🐬😍🐬🐬🐬🐬🐬🐬🐬🐬🐬🐬🐬🐬🐬😍🐬🐬🐬🐬🐬🐬😍🐬😍🐬😍😍😍🐬😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍🐬🐬😍🐬🐬🐬🐬🐬🐬

[@Wanderlust1972]

+TheBackyardScientist It's actually the heat that's the problem not the time of 1/1000 second, if you reached the right temperature even for that instant it would be enough for ignition.

[@flyingtanks9313]

+zasabiibasaz you're an temperature!

[@chickenfriedrice179]

+zasabiibasaz yes that is ture

[@JJDigitalartStudio]

My neighbors dog ate an entire box of these. When she realized what happened she rushed him to the vet ER hospital. They said there was not enough to poison him, but when he got gas he puffed out a little smoke. If it were not so dangerous it was truly funny to see. The dog did not seem to mind his explosive gas but she videoed it. He is a Great Dane mix so I'm sure that's why it wasn't enough to hurt him. I am thankful to know that at least these things will not hurt my grandkids. Thanks man. JJ:)

[@riteshkumar4440]

make a sword with metals combined!!

[@TheBackyardScientist]

+Ritesh Kumar bronze!

[@jackhourston9203]

So an alloy....

[@aniketbasdeo3997]

mske it

[@nuclearthreat545]

"with metals combined" this is the level of IQ we're dealing with now on youtube wow we suck

[@AlexRandomkat]

So basically any steel sword will do. Wait, carbon's not a metal, so actually make a stainless steel sword.

[@x9x9x9x9x9]

Its weird how huge you have gotten recently. I miss the old days of only seeing a few comments but at the same time I am so excited you got the attention you deserve!

[@bretdavislvv]

Try cutting a small x into a tennis ball, then stuffing it with pop-it's very carefully. After filling about 90% with pop-it's then fill the rest of the way with black powder, making sure to get it down into the gaps between the pop-it's. After filling use heavy duct tape to wrap the tennis ball with a decent amount of tape. Be very careful, after finished throw very far from your self and anything you don't want destroyed.

[@TheBackyardScientist]

+bretdavislvv this sounds ridiculously dangerous and stupid, I love it.

[@heavenlyeji2176]

😦😠😠😠😠😠😠😠😠😠😠😠😠😠😠😠😠😣😣😣😣😣😣😣

[@theaberrantdon]

Thanks for doing this one. I have been curious about this for a long time.

[@D-Man_Jam]

"So, for our next experiment, we are going to pour gasoline directly on the floor." Famous last words...

[@arslan809]

Besides your scientific stuff, I really like the selection of the background music.

[@everyliker]

You should try and light the balloons underwater somehow!

[@thetruthexperiment]

This is the first one of your videos that I can say I’ve already done before. Probably back in 1996. It’s about time. I used to think I was a BYS.

[@keyankaderi]

me and my friend spent 4 hours taking 50 of the boxes and their snaps apart and right when we finished my friend poured them into a bucket and ignited all of it. It was loud but it was sad to see all that be gone in the wind.

[@TheBackyardScientist]

+keyan kaderi happened to me the first time too. stopped my heart for a second!

[@007Strings007]

+TheBackyardScientist could Armstrong mixer lite gasoline or do you thing it would be too fast as well.

[@MrRacerhacker]

+Invalidstr ingError (007Strings007) armstrong would work

[@lockyman1009]

Your videos just get better and better

[@wademckenney6858]

being a pre car mechanic i know gas is not flamable by liquid its the vapor that is i bet if u had just the gas vapor and did this it would work becuse a carborated car uses the same idea it uses the vapor and the spark from the spark plug is smaller than those thigs

[@Plzpetmyrooster]

I dont know how I ended up watching your videos... but Im glad I did :D

[@KainYusanagi]

Hmm. Sure you used enough gasoline? The liquid isn't usually what starts the ignition, but the vapours.

[@WeAreProjectBatman]

Flammable Gas Balloon ideas: -See if there is any difference in bang or flash between latex balloons and Mylar ones -See if you can set one off with a magnifying glass and the Sun (black balloon recommended for this) -Bury one underground -Put a little bit of the fluids from the Rainbow Colored Flame Thrower in the balloon before the gas and see if it changes the color of the fireball -Pour molten aluminum on one -See if you can set one off using electricity instead of flame That should be plenty

[@AZpacmane]

Have u ever poured molten aluminum into a big block of dry ice?

[@TheBackyardScientist]

AZpacmane Not yet, but it sounds awesome!

[@tofu9er9er44]

Molten aluminum and dry ice... his most used skience things...

[@ThermalAbuse]

Hi! I'm 11 and iv been watching your vidios recently and I personally think that your doing g a great job! I have learn quite alot about fires and all that. Keep up the good work!! :)

[@jaydenurban1397]

For the Balloons with hydrogen in them but a snap in with it! Then will it explode?

[@jenniewallick4418]

Oh, I like that idea. Maybe paint the balloon with thermite paint.

[@Headshotted718]

+Jennie Wallick hahahah oh Hindenburg... You messed up

[@rakedayz6670]

This is a cool chill channel no drama, I like it👍

[@floridamann1109]

Oh hello fellow time travelers, your algorithm brought you here. No one knows why, but welcome friend.

[@Dakota-je9os]

Just by curiosity were you by chance watching any Dayz videos when this video popped up.

[@floridamann1109]

@@Dakota-je9os nah

[@baragonkunfan94thesecondar60]

Nice one, man! I already like it and I have watched 16 seconds of the video.

[@Highstranger951]

Contain the gas VAPORS and try again please, the air to fuel ratio needs to be controlled

[@apolloxmusic4734]

agreed

[@samc5898]

I whole heartedly second this

[@realnameno194]

Even if you contain the vapors it still might not ignite. The pressure wave preceding the combusting material might just push the vapors aside. Even tightly contained it might just move the vapors away. Only one way to find out though!

[@NothingToDoCrew]

You got some awesome videos! Keep it up!

[@rexarmstrong4284]

I think the paper towel was too thick. you need something thinner

[@AustinAllison98]

Rex Armstrong Omg so many people are wrong it's not the liquid that's flame able it's The fumes from the fire that catch on fire dipping them in gas won't or putting gas in the grown you can put a burning cigarette out in gas and nothing will happen shake the gas can and it will explode from the fumes it's that hard to figure out - you need to start reading a book 📚

[@ryancorbell9520]

Such a mellow BackyardScientist video, compaired to his others

[@karahale4301]

Can you make a lava gun

[@roccosiegele3268]

this episode got me into breaking bad always good to watch a show thats based in my hometown

[@Gabbos]

Its not the explosion thats off, its actually more than sufficient. Its your stoichiometry! Your air to fuel ratio is way off!

[@TheBackyardScientist]

***** Trust me I tried everything... snappers in the center of the gas, on the edges, off to the side. Putting gunpowder in the snaps... I went through over 600 testing it out!

[@SlayerOfHellWyrm]

***** It's definitely the explosion. Fulminates are a high speed explosive, so all it's doing when it's going off is blowing away all the fumes. They don't produce enough heat, for long enough, without displacing the air/fuel mixture around them, to ignite anything. In a closed system it's more likely that this could happen, but then you have the issue of any explosion working if it has sufficient enough pressure to compress the gas hard enough for it to combust.

[@jonahcreech1894]

+TheBackyardScientist could you open the ends if the gas filled balloons to make improvised flame throwers?

[@tsuyuasui1936]

I have a suggestion!! if you take a jam jar with a metal lid and you drill a one-inch hole dead center in the middle of the lid then you fill the jar quarter of the way with rubbing alcohol then you take a lighter and light it will start a little jet engine but beware the glass tends to break

[@Norvax_]

Have an arrow in fire blow the balloon

[@gigabic7487]

Good idea

[@Norvax_]

+Gigabic thanks

[@minimac721]

Love your work. Thank you . You demo ranch and others are great

[@makdavian3567]

Try this: Can a Trump be the US President?

[@makdavian3567]

Jesus Crust Thank you. You just displayed your ignorance for the whole world to see. Now they could observe that the Jesus Christ supporters are ignorant, stupid and highly prejudiced people. Oh and by the way, I'm not a muslim. Bitch

[@makdavian3567]

Adhiraj Sharma and please #ClintonNOTSanders2016

[@bakedbrownie69]

+Adhiraj Sharma no

[@DaniuLuo]

Adhiraj Sharma #feelthebern

[@shottasoco4280]

ADHIRAj AKBAR!

[@tylerpassey6334]

Since last night you have earned around 40 thousand subs!!!!

[@franciscodecarvalho2366]

Here in Brasil the snapers are black and are nore powerfull

[@mynamefrank6567]

I'm from Chile and I can't find them anywhere :(

[@franciscodecarvalho2366]

i've never found anyone from chile before

[@sofrudy9712]

oh yeah, I know those! But in my Chinatown they have these things called Hercules they sound like a gunshot!

[@franciscodecarvalho2366]

+YuroDoesStuff yea its so funny to make People cry hahahaga

[@robotbanana4261]

Nore?

[@trevorchouinard7474]

I was attempting to make ninja smoke pellets, I took the snappers, some cap gun powder, some shotgun gunpowder, and some table sugar and wrapped them in tissue paper. The sugar cushioned the impact too much and didn't ignite. I removed the sugar and now I use them to ignite bonfires! Hope this was helpful/inspirational!

[@brandongladish4048]

who tf calls these things "snappers"😂😂 their called poppers

[@brandongladish4048]

their also called throw downs but never been called snappers

[@mfuckingm3636]

+brandon gladish ok......

[@gidgetspinner6160]

I call them snappers 😢

[@trentogimor9479]

Link17Butter Moo :(

[@yeeeety6730]

😂😂😂I call them snaplets

[@hot-stickz4848]

these are really awsome they actually helped me

[@goldsugar5980]

You are doing great The backyard scientists

[@locoloboxiii]

Way late to the party, but back in my old science classes I learned a valuable lesson. "If you are doing an experiment, and it goes exactly the way you expected, you did it wrong." That, was a quote from the guest "Professor" who taught the teacher who was teaching us.

[@onnisilander7156]

Ayo this was on my recommended

[@i_am_fishsticks2839]

Dis guy is my favourite KZbinr when I watch the first one I’ve seen

[@robotbanana4261]

I took the gravel out of like 2-4 boxes of them and had a decent sized piles and it got set off and it made my ears ring really loud.

[@hamdaniyusuf_dani]

I remember an episode of MacGyver where he stopped a burning oil well using explosive. He explained that the explosive consumed all available oxygen around the fuel hence stopping the fire, which is essentially an oxidation process.

[@yergaderga]

The factories that make those. Wow that would be terrifying

[@breadfan262]

This is an interesting big inquiry. Myth Busters did something similar with gas and a lit cigarette and had a similar result. If I recall one of the thoughts was that volatile gas vapor displaces oxygen so there is a finite region somewhere above the fluid that has an optimal gas-air mix to initiate combustion

[@paulaherring2786]

The key to starting a fire with them is how tightly they are wrapped. I successfully started a fire with them without any fuel. I did blow a few up in my hand trying to get them that tight. More layers of paper towel done tighter will sometimes catch the paper on fire. If you soaked the top in gas without getting the rocks wet that will do it as well

[@CCTV9]

I bet your local fire Marshall really loves you lol

[@ScienceMarshall]

When I first read the title I thought you were talking about a huge snapper fish. I thought "Hmm, how will a fish set gasoline on fire?". Then I realized how stupid I am.

[@TheBackyardScientist]

Gooferking Science I already know how "Snapper (fish) Vs. Gasoline" would turn out... Tasty! Also its hard to know what to call the snappers, there are so many different names!

[@Preach202]

"Oh That's my dad's body guard, I once saw him kill a guy with a sock fill of party snaps."

[@IkeReedy]

Oh well not everything works but at least you tried. Good video! : )

[@youravantgarde]

I made a massive one once and it blew up in my face just sitting there not even wrapped up. Went deaf for a few min

[@adventureswithizaiah9218]

2019 already goarsh you done a great job with your channel

[@swiftrian]

when I was younger I put 40 into a coffee filter and wound it so tight some rocks were popping out. I threw it into my closed garage and went deaf for about 5 minutes. I think the paper towel was just too loose and most of the popper rocks didn't even ignite. the problem with having such a weak container is that during the explosive process you end up forcing most of the rocks away before ignition.

[@lukest.dennis9278]

You should definitely do a segment on alkali metals reacting in water. It's so cool

[@riaancoetzee5527]

I love your vids. If I can make a suggestion. Block of dry ice underwater👍😝

[@MisterTalkingMachine]

It's a common misconception that Gasoline + spark = Explosion no matter what. However, Gasoline requires some quite specific conditions to burn, and it's actually it's fumes that burn. Maybe if the snappers ignited not at the ground, but a little higher above it, there could be a proper mixture of air and gas to cause a flame. I dont think as well that all snappers are made the same way. At least the ones I have seen in my country have a bean painted with what appears to be some explosive paint (sometimes looks a lot like red phosphorus from a match stick), and a little bit of sand. These can be loud as gunfire. The good thing about it is that leaves lot of room for experimentation.

[@Femboy_luna23]

Glad to know I wasn’t the only who made these giant poppers😂

[@spiros1994]

They main reason gasoline(cars gasoline) explodes is from the fumes that makes. E.x. If you throw a lighted cigar in to petroleum it will not catch fire, instead it will go out. In the other hand if you throw a lighted cigar in to gasoline it will catch fire due to high fumes it produces. So try the experiment the exact moment you spread the gasoline, not after e.x. 10mins.

[@dannydaw59]

I thought petroleum and gas were the same thing. They call gas "petrol" in merry ole England.

[@StephenMortimer]

Note to the GalPal ... about time to shear your "shaggy" Pal ain't it? (I fear he may not light gas on fire but sure nuff he'll torch his "lovely locks")

[@djolley61]

Even using that small amount of gasoline is spooky. It evaporates and crawls along the ground.

[@hussaindarwala5636]

i also learned a lot fron your experiments

[@612jenssalon]

I bet anybody and everybody in the entire world, 1000,000,000,000 dollars, that it will not ignite:) luv your vids.

[@purplegravy1]

Seen the title and was like yep its a must watch lol

[@mikepaquette153]

I read that fulminated silver's only application are these snappers. Also, I emptied a few boxed into a bowl and since they're extremely pressure/shock sensitive, they eventually all blew up in my face. Harness but the noise was something.

[@petelawson3670]

Good move with the glasses. I did it a while ago and it exploded when I got to about fifty. Vacuumed them up for months, but I did scare the sh*t out of my sleeping roomate.

[@Neopopulist]

These things are so unstable without some sort of buffer between them like the sawdust. I was bored one day and unpacked a bunch and slowly put them into a cup, after packing like 20+ inside it randomly exploded in my hands thank god the cup was hard and it didn't go through but my god was it loud. Had my ears ringing for minutes.

[@dapper_duck5370]

I love this channel ❤️

[@Macrotechee1107]

The silver fulminate crystals you use detonate in the air, and hence will not ignite any gasoline on the ground. If you want to try to start a fire using the snappers, you need to increase the gasoline concentration in the air. I suggest pouring a lot of gasoline in an enclosed space and allowing the gas fumes to saturate the air, and trying the experiment there. This is unlikely to work outside as the gas fumes will just dissipate too quickly for a flame to form.

[@ASSETTO_EDITS]

I wish I had person like you as a friend tbh xD

[@polsaez4889]

Nice video, by the way, you look like Howard Wolowitz.

[@KevonLindenberg]

I blew a hole in my couch opening a few packs of those once trying something similar. You were right to be cautious as they can spontaneously blow when you're putting a bunch of them together like that. needless to say that sucked.

[@Steve-Utah]

I can't wait until someone famous shouts you out

[@smooooth_]

I remember playing with these on the Fourth of July as a kid

[@dallinstovall7805]

Me to

[@colosine]

My science teacher in Higschool always said that we learn more from failed experiments than we ever will from successful ones

[@calebchambers690]

I made a giant one of these once and it made a crater in the dirt. IT WAS AWESOME!

[@der_municycler]

i've made some bigger ones to (from 5-20). You have to make the paper toul very strong on it, so that it really explodes

[@MrWanzey]

This video reminded me of when I made a giant snapper, I think I put about 1000 or more of the snappers into one I made using tinfoil. The snapper was about the size of my fist and sounded like a gunshot when I popped it. It was awesome.

[@siverflamei.n.c9163]

My 7 year old brother is hooked on these videos. I'm concerned...very concerned

[@shiningarmor2838]

0:45 "Mercury fulminate is sus" "So the good news is this stuff is sus" -DaThings1

[@BakeBakePi]

The giant one looked so cool

[@ChoclatePanGaming]

Just got done from watching Fnaflover2008. Finaally. A smart person.

[@wasp4425]

I used to get snappers that shaped like firecrackers and were louder and much more bigger of an explosion.

[@hashtagdiva5475]

Is it weird that I love his voice? Because I do. So much.

[@LarsSveen]

Seems like these snaps were better when I was a kid. Maybe because they were actually mercury fulminate back then. At any rate, about 25 years ago I did the exact same thing and dumped a bunch of the snapper gravel into a paper towel to make one big snap. I dropped it out of our 2nd story window and the bang was so powerful I was afraid someone would call the cops. Sounded like a shotgun, except maybe louder.

[@samuelseidel6148]

The manufactures of these must have some big security.

[@nanaki-seto]

A friend of mine did a giant popper like that and had it go off in his hand. It just made his fingers go numb for a few minutes and left little black marks on his hands and basically made them look like a back specked lobster lol Scared the heck out of him more than any thing. After that we put them in to empty paint ball shells and shot them out of a paintball gun with them packed in pretty tight. That was a to of fun shoot it with lower pressure than normal so the pop from the gun it self don't drown out the bang from the snaps they were quite loud. I would say you would have ore luck seperating out the pellets covered in the foamenate from the rest and shoot them out a few at a time in a constant stream at the gas puddle .

[@stephensmith6131]

Can wait to see the explosive balloons!

[@prairieprincessok9932]

Tried doing that once, was about 2 boxes in and I dropped some onto the pile from *just* high enough to set off about half of it. Scared the crap out of me.

[@RaExpIn]

I'd love to see balloons filled with acetylene or even acetylene and oxygen!

[@micahphilson]

Even if the snaps created enough energy to light gasoline, they'd have to be in the area where the vapors and air are in a certain percentage range of mixture to be able to light, not the liquid on the ground. Maybe it'd work with more volatile chemicals though.