Inca Perspective on FIRST CONTACT with Europeans // Account of Titu Cusi (1570) // Primary Source

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Extracts taken from: An Inca Account of the Conquest of Peru by Titu Cusi Yupanqui
Translated by Ralph Bauer
(University Press of Colorado 2005)
Music courtesy of:
Epidemic Sound
Artlist.io
We try to use copyright free images at all times. However if we have used any of your artwork or maps then please don't hesitate to contact me and we’ll be more than happy to give the appropriate credit.
Image credits:
Sacsayhuaman temple By Jorge Manriquez P., CC BY-SA 3.0, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index...
Machu Pichu By Christophe Meneboeuf - XtoF - Own work.More photos related to Peru & Bolivia on my website: www.xtof.photo, CC BY-SA 3.0, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index...
Inca Bird By Simon Burchell - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index...

[@creestee08]

its chicha, the corn beer. not chika. 3:35

[@nastycanastas1548]

chicha is yummy

[@kaikart123]

cyka

[@Qball42]

I have never left the United States but I have been served chicha by a Peruvian. The Spaniards didn't know what they were missing.

[@gusper314]

@@Qball42 modern "chicha" is made with grinding devices... At that time (spanish invaders) chicha was made (as it is still done today in wild areas) by old women being imitated (while learning) by young girls.... *CHEWING the sprouted corn and spitting it in big bowls in order to ferment...* Same activity is still practiced in the Amazon region by locals and tribes, but instead of corn they use the manioc roots...they call that drink "MASATO"... and as it is well explained in the video, they kindly offer this drink to their guests and it is considered a great disrespect to reject it or show any rejection! I was a tourist guide in the amazon basin.... *Greetings from Brazil!*

[@ALSPEHEIR]

So, she dont dances, I assume.

[@matheustrocolokobr]

In my country, Brazil, when the firsts Europeans reach the south part of the country, some of the native in that time carried out some silver tools, all from Inca Empire, the Inca people were so powerful even tribes far away from them knew about them.

[@sonicluffypucca96]

That is very fascinating.I want to learn more about Brazil's tribes

[@coe3408]

Exactly. And the Tupi from the coast of Brazil told stories of the land of the "white king" (due to silver), refering to the Incas. The first European to enter the Inca Empire was actually a Portuguese called Aleixo Garcia, who shipwrecked with a group of men in the island of Santa Catarina in Southern Brazil, allied with the Tupis, and travelled thousands of miles with his indigenous alies of until the frontiers of the Inca Empire in Bolivia. There the were repelled by Inca soldiers, and Aleixo Garcia died soon after. His other European companions however, went to Spain and told that story to the king.

[@jamesbond8348]

Brazil and Peru have a strong connection

[@CynicallyObnoxious]

I wish we knew more about the Empires that existed on the continents tbh lot more then just 12k years of history and legends from all the tribes on both continents

[@anomalousviewer3164]

And then all of the Americas heard and learnt how powerful the Portuguese and Spanish were. 👍🏻

[@daxx77m]

“They were talking to white cloth” - this made me laugh

[@kejorafall]

Now we are seeing this from a glowing glass

[@macgonzo]

Reading out loud was apparently the most common way of reading for many many centuries - at least since ancient Greek times. Reading silently didn't become common until around the 17th century.

[@col.cottonhill6655]

Iz knowz howta reed goodz

[@frankfontaine8390]

I didnt get it though what was he meaning when he said that I didnt catch it

[@Nutty151]

Well, they had to find explanations to unusual things in a way that was familiar to their world 😂

[@JM-nm3bg]

What I’m reading between the lines is that of course the conquistadors caught the Incas by surprise and Manco was glad that they eliminated his rival Atahuelpa but of course he felt threatened by them as well so he bought them off with gold. The Spaniards were happy to accept the gifts and wanted to head home ASAP before their fortunes changed, knowing they would be back in force later. Manco also suspected that the Spaniards were intending to leave for now and return in force so he decided to ask them to stay until he could organize the forces to attack them by surprise probably at night, take back the gifts of treasure and eliminate a dangerous enemy. The Spaniards figured on this and acted first.

[@alonsocerva2596]

Actually no. When they capture the inca atahualpa the realm became unstable. In that regard the conquistadors put manco inca as a sort of puppet recognizing him. But after the execution of atahualpa and the frame of manco inca became a period of guerrilla war in the andes lead by manco himself. Finally the conquistadors won and officially the incan empire came to an end and the establishment of the viceroyalty of new castille became a thing and so colonial south america

[@charlsssoooo]

Generally all sources including this one point to the Spaniards trying to imitate Hernan Cortes and kidnap the head of state as a way to destabilize the country and be able to take it over. Which in many ways they succeeded. The Spaniards strongly believe in the Red Wedding approach to taking over the Mesoamerican lands.

[@erfgtdsfsdf6993]

considering that Manco was no fool it would be actually understandable and pragmatic decision to eliminate Spaniards before they leave for home.

[@isaacgray2909]

That's isn't entirely true. Several Spanish including the Pizarros has no intention to return to Spain as they settled in Peru after Manco's rebelllion and put Paullu as puppet king instead. Manco only granted them what was necessary, but the Spanish would has none of that as they abused Manco and the Inca's customs of hospitality including violating their several including his sister-wife which is where Manco drew the line.

[@gusper314]

Incas were just the dominating class (sons of god) low class people were called RUNA (humans, men) Mankind were just slaves to the ruling inca, when spaniards realized that, they imediately made alliances with dominated tribes.... The Inca Empire crumbled from within...NOT because of spanish bravery....

[@mileslong3904]

Man, I'd hate to be assigned the ship that transported all the horses across the Atlantic.

[@adamroodog1718]

in pizaro's 2nd expedition to south america. (the one they are talking about) they only had 160men and 4 horses.

[@Likexner]

Id hate to be a horse on that ship.

[@henrimourant9855]

Didn't they sail from Mexico not Spain?

[@kaikart123]

@@henrimourant9855 Correct

[@korosuke1788]

@@Likexner There's a running joke saying that the spaniards had sex with their animals. I guess I wouldn't like to be one of those horses either!

[@meguemil8542]

As a peruvian, I'm really glad you are bringing attention to inca history! Thank you so much for the video

[@alonsocerva2596]

X lo q puedo ver en tus sucripciones (kitando las idols japonesas q tienes) eres alguien de cultura tmb. Saludos desde lima :v

[@JesusIsKingAndSavior]

Peru is awesome. I know it's had and got troubles (I have a buddy who was born and raised in Ayacucho during the occupation of the Shining Path) - but man, I'd love to move there. (I'm in the Midwest U.S.)

[@gusper314]

@@JesusIsKingAndSavior the problem is that social-communism is still smoking in Peru, otherwise it will be a great place where to live... Greetings from Brazil

[@tejasmisra9115]

This is depressing though

[@JesusIsKingAndSavior]

@@gusper314 social-communism hides the gov/private corruption, I guess?

[@alonsocerva2596]

FINALLY. As a peruvian myself it is for me very interesting see this kinds of recordings from different perspectives telling and re-telling the history from another angles. Dont get me wrong, at school we are extensively told about our history and in-about of it. But always is good to see others perspectives to refine the picture. I sencirely urge you to continue with the incanate period as it is very rich and interesting period of our history. Kudos to you

[@user-xb9yv2ci4c]

Do you identify yourself more with the Inca or the Spaniards?

[@alonsocerva2596]

@@user-xb9yv2ci4c Neither. Peruvian. Peruvian people are more than spaniard or native american, is a rich mixed of various cultures during all the history of my country

[@alonsocerva2596]

@@user-xb9yv2ci4c if you are itchy I have italian spaniard native american ancestry. But at least in this part of the globe... we dont care. For that I answer peruvian if that answers your question

[@davids3282]

@@alonsocerva2596 so peruvian identity at first, everything else second?

[@MrCristianposso]

@@davids3282 Mate, in Latin America in general you are your nationaly first and anything else second. For example, I'm Colombian first and foremost, then I'm whatever European-Native-African mistery meat mix I am.

[@SebastianDGF]

Anchata riqsikuyki kay Inka willayta nisqaykirayku. Nisyuta munarqanim. (Thank you very much for your telling of this Incan story. I really really liked it.)

[@alonsocerva2596]

Kausachun amigo :)

[@gusper314]

Would you like to learn another language???....for years I have been looking to learn RUNASIMI... *we can exchange classes through Skype*

[@NathanDudani]

@@gusper314 sKyPe

[@dileepvr]

Dude, serious suggestion. A book series titled "The Other," with full quotes from various sources dating back to antiquity. The theme is human commentary on outsiders. The books need to be fully annotated with historical context and other scholarly notes.

[@mattrussell1855]

Who wrote it?

[@dileepvr]

@@mattrussell1855 It's a proposal. These guys should get on it!

[@antikokalis]

I like the idea but not the title. Boring. A mysterious one needed. An intriguing one

[@littleozarksfarmstead]

The description of "The Other" is intriguing and I would like to read it. An authors name would be helpful.

[@laurencefraser]

@@littleozarksfarmstead it doesn't exist. He's saying that Voices of the Past (or someone else) should make it, or have it made.

[@novaterra973]

5:30 It's ironic because, while the Spaniards are described as cold and cunning from the eyes of the Inca, according to the Spanish accounts they were actually deathly afraid at how large and mighty the Inca host looked, even pissing themselves while waiting for the signal to attack.

[@novaterra973]

@@drderplington Large in number, not large in stature. There were less than 200 Spaniards and thousands of natives.

[@dr.nosborn6330]

Being a little bit taller doesn't make you invincible. Strategic advantage and guns and horses did. Plus extremely good luck. Pizarro was the luckiest son of a bitch -more or less literally- that has existed.

[@dr.nosborn6330]

@@sergpie lol. And what about the thousands of collaborators from the rebelling kurakas (even Manco is mentioning them), this kind of misinformation only come from a spanish.

[@novaterra973]

@@sergpie The capture of Atahualpa (and slaughtering nobles and military commanders in the process) was an incredibly lucky stroke for Pizarro since it allowed the Spaniards to consolidate their gains and do the usual strategy of gathering Native allies and playing them against each other. If the Atahualpa managed to escape Cajamarca, or if he considered them as threats instead of rude assholes, or if the main Inca force that was near and fully armed reacted with counterattack instead of scattering in confusion, Pizarro would have been fucked.

[@novaterra973]

@@drderplington *Shrug* I did specify the Inca *host* (that is, a group of people), not warriors.

[@noahmpinto14]

Can u make the portuguese meet the king of Kongo?

[@alonsocerva2596]

That would be interesting as well

[@edisoncyci4499]

I doubt he can make all the Portuguese meet the king of Kongo, also isn't that a song, king of the Kongo I mean?

[@alonsocerva2596]

@@edisoncyci4499 the portuguese did met the king of kongo and convert him to christianity and he made it the religion of state. And fir a long time the portuguese and kongolese had a good relation and many portuguese priests came to the kongo

[@edisoncyci4499]

@@alonsocerva2596 lol I did not know that. But I was trying to be funny, not asking a real question. At any rate your reply is deeply appreciated. I would love to see a video about that as well.

[@alonsocerva2596]

@@edisoncyci4499 i didnt knew there was a song about it as you said

[@revolvency]

The pinnacle of what the spaniard and portuguese had done, became a major discussion about how we engage a contact with aliens

[@williamkoehler4235]

We should convert them to catholicism, take their gold, and impregnate their women, yes

[@blackwolf4653]

It all depends on who finds the other first. If we find them first we are clearly superior. If they find us first, well…

[@thomasbravado]

There is a movie about this called Mars Attacks.

[@revolvency]

@@blackwolf4653 well, the western world got syphilis from the new world, even if we found them first, do not engage on sexual terms, lol

[@plutofeldseinfeld8839]

Montaigne wrote on the events of the conquests of Peru and generally the Americas. There’s a chapter in The Essays «Of Coaches». It’s a very unique, refreshing narrative from that time period.

[@shreder89]

fun fact: the civil war described here probably happened because of a pox epidemic that originated from first contact between spaniards and caribean and central american tribes. When pizarro came to the inca empire, he understood that there was a feud going on and, as described here, took advantage of that.

[@zaraiwzara]

In fact you are absolutely right, the previous emperor died of smallpox, thus causing the civil war

[@L.P.1987]

Actually, is more likely that he was poisoned by a local "curaca" (govenor).

[@davidvasey5065]

Very fun

[@fernalicious]

I could listen to this stuff all day.

[@schoolofgrowthhacking]

Manco Inca seemed a rather amiable fellow, they did my boy wrong

[@fantastichound]

Indeed

[@raphaelrodriguez1856]

Facts

[@raphaelrodriguez1856]

@hakuna matata WTF? No one here was arguing against that!!

[@schoolofgrowthhacking]

@hakuna matata there are places that developed just fine on their own without colonial masters, look at Japan, look at Thailand. Technically South Korea was never colonized either, though it was occupied by the Japanese army.

[@fantastichound]

@hakuna matata we are commenting here about Manco Inca, Danny Flood's boy, been a rather amiable fellow and how he was wronged

[@didntknoicouldchangethis]

The Inca are so very interesting, because firstly, we have so much factual information about the culture, government, etc. It's great that the record is so well preserved. And I'm glad to hear an Inca view on this. And another reason, is because they came together from such distant tribes, and so quickly, considering transportation. They would have most certianly(IMO) become similar to Rome, if they had not been defeated, and caught disease from Europe. I'm no moron, I realize that they were betrayed by the Spaniards, but also by many of their own groups, who were disgruntled, and overworked, and no longer wanted to deal with whatever tax, or tributes they were required to bring to Cuzco, from all over the realm of Inca, which was very large, with extensive transportation, and trade routes. So, some people say the Inca were a sort of communist, or feudal, I'm not sure what to call it, their culture was so obviously differnt. What I do know, is that were lucky to have so much from the actual record, to learn from. It's unfortunate that the culture dissipated, diluted, but it's still there, most importantly, the people are still there, they're just spread out. But the DNA is there, and strong, in the local people.

[@wheelmanjosh1982]

Cortes wrote a published book, or blueprint on how he subjugated the Aztecs. This was used as a manual to do the same to the Inca.

[@christinemurray1444]

Pizarro was second cousin to Cortés.

[@paulbraunstein2290]

I highly appreciate hearing these accounts of how others perceived the Europeans. Thank you for making this

[@frankleepower2333]

Brothers from different mothers. To bad they didn't know about the problems the Chinese had with sibling rivalries.

[@laurencefraser]

Not just China. Check out the Ottoman empire, how they dealt with the problem, and the problems that caused. Likewise England (actually, England managed to mostly eliminate the issue, wars over who was the rightful king became very rare and almost always involved other powerful parties when entire lines had died out sufficiently to leave the succession ... Murky.)

[@renzoalarconperez9590]

Atahualpa and Huascar was the only time there was a sibling rivalry. Beforehand, all Royal Inca siblings got along famously. There was even a case where the first born and heir to the throne ceded his empire it to his younger brother Tupac Yupanqui because he considered him a better leader.

[@tinkywinky1238]

The only that we know of. There are hints that brothers fighting after an emperors death was not unusual, but then the winner would control the narrative and essentially wipe out the memory of any challenger (this was easy because the Incas didn't have writing accounts, only historians that were employed to memorize events and pass them down).

[@indigopotatoe]

I'm so happy you did an Inca video, they were the greatest native civilization imo. (Also had some banger music) This is definitely not as filled with unsettling dread as the Aztec video. I honestly think if it weren't for disease and a civil war the Incans would have put up a decent fight against the conquistadors. If you can find any sources from the Mapuche I would love to see a video about their successful resistance to the Spanish.

[@Vichikuma]

He must do a video on the book Happy Captivity wrote by a Spanish who was taken prisioner and lived among the mapuche for a long time

[@michiganpatriot5322]

Excellent job! This channel does Great work. Do more on conquistadors, Incan and Aztec. GOD bless!

[@Liphted]

Huey Rodney! This was magnificent!

[@ET_LWO]

Thank you for your work

[@arnoldbuskftw]

I love the drawings, the spaniards look so eerie

[@lollllolll.]

The inca drawings are so universal, the Spaniards look like confused explorers (which they were) and the inca look like curious observers (which they were).

[@andresvalencia7983]

Then you should see all the Huaman Poma de Ayala's illustration, he drew a lot of em during that time

[@AbuHajarAlBugatti]

It was a evil genocide led by the spanish crown

[@falcodarkzz]

Indeed, eerie, cold, and evil.

[@Jordi_Llopis_i_Torregrosa96]

@@AbuHajarAlBugatti black legend much, evil genocide yet the Spaniards fought alongside natives, gave them names (however Eurocentric you might consider that to be) and kept track of their genealogy since arrival, such an evil genocide that people in Latin America today, are predominantly mestizo (mixed native and European) and fully natives, whereas no natives or mixed people are nowhere to be found in places the Anglos conquered, interesting idea of genocide

[@bigsarge2085]

Always fascinating.

[@thepixalking6589]

This is fantastic!

[@orozcoapaza1660]

this channel has really amazing content...

[@liamwinter4512]

The great courses on Amazon had the best lecture series on native north American's ive ever seen.

[@Virtrial]

More native perspectives pls; omg this was so interesting

[@andyarellanoChannel]

this channel is amazing!

[@christianmartinez774]

Got to love those primary sources

[@brokenbridge6316]

Interesting to hear the Incan take on the tale of their conquest. Nice video.

[@jokuvaan5175]

“Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic” - Arthur C. Clarke

[@mankuqhapaqii4798]

It wasn't.

[@renzoalarconperez9590]

They caught on to the guns quickly, the Inca realized they couldn't be used in moist environments and when it was raining :P

[@annaclarafenyo8185]

This is incorrect. The reason Clarke said it is because it is a good guide for writing science fiction. Write it as it the technology were magic.

[@dracobeli172]

As a Peruvian, it really interested me that part , the clash of cultures. Is very interesting and sad part of our history. Thanks you for making the history of Peru more known.

[@ForlornFreddy]

It’s a very interesting piece of history. Have you ever had a DNA test done? I’m curious as to the average modern day Peruvian’s - and other South American countries - bloodlines. I wonder how much is descended from the Spanish/Portuguese conquests.

[@Zacmaster78]

@@ForlornFreddy probably a good bit, considering most of their (including mine) last names are Italian/Spanish in origin

[@herrero4270]

@@ForlornFreddy In Peru, only 48% is mixed with europeans, not only Spanish.

[@herrero4270]

@@Zacmaster78 Last names has NOTHING to do with ethnicity. Many Spanish names were adopted by pure indians when they were converted, or took the last names of the encomenderos.

[@ForlornFreddy]

Very interesting, thanks. I hope to visit there someday!

[@xavierreed6952]

I’d love to see a video from some readings from the diary of lady murasaki which illustrate imperial court life.

[@kocoffgames4144]

Those stories start curiosity and friendliness and almost always end in treachery.

[@zk1479]

Thank you for this interesting perspective. really nothing much has changed since then, same greed brutality and looting reins today amongst mankind. MAN THE MAD. Wonderful documentary. Thanks

[@michaelalbertson7457]

God will judge them harshly in eternity with torment. Only true Christians will escape, and go to heaven. Because Jesus set them free from the power of sin and death, in His death on the cross.

[@tinkywinky1238]

I don't know if you followed my suggestion or did it on your own, but thank you in any case! Could the Gentleman of Elvas' narration of the De Soto expedition be next? Or something about Orellana in the Amazon?

[@mdkooter]

this is incredible!! I know the story, but only from the "neutral" or spanish perspective!

[@fuferito]

In the BBC documentary series, _Conquistadors,_ hosted by Michael Wood a few years ago the late Peruvian historian Efraín Trelles tells of how, at Cajamarca, the Great Inca Atahualpa "wanted Pizarro for lunch, so Pizarro had him for breakfast."

[@JarthenGreenmeadow]

Thats witty. I like it.

[@elixexo4011]

Absolutely heartbreaking.

[@HarJBeRw]

If anyone knows what actually happened with the pouring out of Atahualpa's drinks by the spaniards, I would love for you to clarify, but I have an interesting suspicion. The european custom of cheering drinks by hitting their glasses together has its roots in an older practice from antiquity. That custom meant many people would pour a little bit of their drink on the floor, as a sort of offering to the gods and the earth before drinking themselves. This practice remained present for centuries after and was even still practiced relatively recently (thought simply as a custom/habit by that point). I'm not sure, but I suspect this is what's happening here - especially since it even happened a second time with a second spaniard.

[@gm6719]

Sponde , libation when drinks wine and other liquids are offered to the Gods. In some parts of Greece/ Crete we still practice it. Hoes were also liquid offerings for the souls of the deads and the deities of the underworld

[@safeysmith6720]

Well I did wonder why the Spaniards would just dump the drink out like that. I would have thought they’d be spoiling for a drink, and all too happy to partake! To me it’s either; 1) Your theory 2) They feared poison or, 3) They looked down on the corn beer as beneath them to consume over their beloved vino!

[@gm6719]

@@safeysmith6720 the poison theory and the unfamiliarity for a beer looking like pee and smelling like uncooked bread might be the combination

[@safeysmith6720]

G M I mean if that’s what happened... then the Spaniards were hilariously snobby and arrogant to dump it right in front of them like that.. just WOW! But I wouldn’t put it passed them!! It does kind of make me laugh though.. is that wrong?? Lol

[@johanfalk2875]

The ancient Europeans took this custom from the gangstas, who pour a 40 out when a brotha passes away.

[@ioannisaliazis]

Divide and conquer, a tactic as old as time

[@daron6616]

More like take advantage of preexisting divisions and widen them.

[@renzoalarconperez9590]

Precisely

[@JarthenGreenmeadow]

@@daron6616 "Never interrupt your enemy while they are making a mistake" - Napoleon.

[@gabriellebernard198]

After hearing these accounts, I'm confused how they communicated so easily without speaking the languages. Were there translators

[@OuterRimPride]

European explorers made it an early objective to capture some natives and teach them Spanish/English/Latin so they could be used as interpreters.

[@bettydiaz8174]

Look up La Malinche.

[@herrero4270]

@@bettydiaz8174 La Malinche didn't speak castilian, but maya and nahuatl. She translated to Aguilar from nahuatl to maya, and Aguilar translated maya to castilian.

[@basedkaiser5352]

​@@herrero4270she eventually learned Spanish.

[@herrero4270]

@@basedkaiser5352 Yes, but this was after the conquest of the city of Mexico-Tenochtitlan.

[@12floz67]

I really enjoy the stories about how land was conquered which shaped the world today.

[@safeysmith6720]

Me too!! And I hate how PC culture wants to erase these histories, because they are hurtful to their vulnerable sensibilities.

[@rafangille]

@@safeysmith6720 nobody wants to erase it lol, it’s just the way which we look back on history that matters

[@12floz67]

@sneksnekitsasnek Yes, and it’s feels great!

[@BenKlassen1]

An interesting account, thanks.

[@meneither3834]

Interestingly, had the Sapa Inca let the Spaniards go when they had first intended to leave, the Incan empire might have remained in existence.

[@meneither3834]

@Ismael González Díaz it would have given the Incas precious time still. And the takeover of the Incan empire was as diplomatic as it was from the army. Mountain and guerilla warfare could have helped the Incas bridge the gap in technology.

[@meneither3834]

@Ismael González Díaz yes but in the 16th century Spain couldn't ship thousands of Spaniards to the new world. Meaning that the native andeans would've been the majority. Spain managed to acquire and maintain their large colonial empire mostly by taking advantage of the seats of power already in place, and at first most of their colonial subjects were native not Spaniards (this is in complete opposition to the English.)

[@alonsocerva2596]

@Ismael González Díaz you are right on some points of your argument. Specially the technological gap. Those clothe armor they were was more in tune as the mongolians clothe armor. The incas were like 4-3 centuries behind in technology but as a society they were pretty much equal if not better than europeans cause their vision of unity and sociaty were much unitarialist and utilitarist. The incas were more advanced than romans and or egyptians only they develope in others ways. As they didnt knew iron forge x example

[@iwannabethekid34xc]

@@alonsocerva2596 metallurgy is one of the first indications of a developing people... Even some remote African tribes developed it after contact with Whites.

[@daron6616]

@@iwannabethekid34xc Africans throughout the continent were already skilled in metallurgy hundreds of years before European contact. They already knew how to smelt and forge metals like gold, silver and iron. Most of the great empires and city states of Africa already had that technology. The only ones still using stone tools were the Khoisan and Pygmies that lived in semi arid areas and deep rainforests.

[@15098D]

Gotta love the insight of the author in this one. His thoughts on how greed corrupted the visiting Spaniards has such great nuance to it

[@cluesagi]

It's kind of interesting how the writer doesn't try to demonize the Spaniards themselves, instead saying that they gave into temptation or were blinded by greed. A lot of other primary sources talk about colonizers as if they're evil by nature, but in reality people are just people and greed brings out the worst in us.

[@licevegquintero94]

what the Spaniards did was evil

[@renzoalarconperez9590]

All the peruvian primary sources are mostly from spaniards and some mestizos, of course they will not talk bad about themselves.

[@Alex-fv2qs]

He dictated the book to a spaniard official after having lost a war, that may explain part of that tone

[@MultiSpeedMetal]

@@licevegquintero94 based you mean

[@sobersplash6172]

they were there for colonization tbf

[@rimlandrealist7679]

Is this the soundtrack of Solaris?! That OST stuck with me...

[@biggusdickus819]

Awesome

[@daron6616]

Lesson: Don’t let outsiders into your family business.

[@TheSpainCarlos]

Second lesson: Get involved in rich families' business

[@tigergaminggr8079]

How did these people communicate? Did they have translators? And if they did how did they manage to learn both languages?

[@zddxddyddw]

they did have translators, and this video will clear your doubts: kzbin.info/www/bejne/r6DWhaiJrMxgf9U&ab_channel=NativLang

[@tigergaminggr8079]

@@zddxddyddw wow thank you!!!

[@fishofgold6553]

Yeah, I've been wondering about this.

[@_hunter_hunter1048]

i think they would select young boys and raise them by exchanging custody every few days . this way these boys learned both languages simultaniously as they grew up

[@dud3man6969]

It doesn’t take long when you’re immersed.

[@neuto]

13:16 lol, I love how the writer refers to the last foothold of resistance as a traitor.

[@gaddyify]

The old devide and conquer tactic. Still effective today.

[@upstandingcitizen3877]

Seems like a lot of trouble could have been avoided with better communication.

[@antikokalis]

Hey. Why did the Spaniards offend the King? By mistake? Did they think it was for hand washing or something? Or tried to drink it but didn't like it?

[@Toxin___InterHalfer]

@@antikokalis they must have thought it's a pagan tradition instead of a diplomatic gesture

[@antikokalis]

@@Toxin___InterHalfer Ok but why disrespect him like that? We need a better explanation

[@DevinDTV]

yeah seems really strange to pour out the drink. i wonder if it was blood or something

[@100aegir]

Tried to find an explanation, the one I could find in a hurry says that the priest thought it was poisoned but there wasn't any source attached to it so I don't know how reliable that is. I'll keep on looking but that's what I found in short search.

[@andreaswidham3607]

It's always interesting to hear primary sources. This one is so very close to the actual events, (being said by the son and nephew of two main actors). And so obviously biased (for the very same reason).

[@Mads_Vel]

Well that took a dark turn

[@ET_LWO]

Thank goodness for linguistics and language tech So many problems are easier now

[@ET_LWO]

Some solace

[@franciscolinares7392]

This perspective is great for it paints very well the human nature of all people involved. The good, the bad, and the ugly; the truth. Nowadays there are those that want to rewrite historical perspectives for divisive agendas, thus causing a disservice for all Humanity.

[@deniscruz6112]

You should do a video about the Pipil and Lenca Indians from El Salvador, they were the only Indians who weren't fool by the Spanish, they put a hell of a fight against Pedro de Alvarado and his conquistadors and Mexican Indian allies, to the point of injuring Pedro and permanently damaging one of his legs...

[@herrero4270]

CLARIFICATION: Many indian nations were not fooled by the Spaniards. And Alvarado HAD NOT "Mexican indian allies", but Tlaxcalteca. The Mexica (Aztecs for the ignorant) were the only "Mexican".

[@deniscruz6112]

@@herrero4270 Thanks for the clarification!!!

[@sofiamielcitas4224]

MORE SOUTHAMERICAN STORIES PLEASE!

[@ripper021_py]

Agree 100%, so much to learn from southamerican natives side of the story!

[@IKEMENOsakaman]

I wonder what Inca cultures looked like, if it survived today

[@scouter1789]

Who cares, no one will miss it

[@thealgerian3285]

@@scouter1789 Much less people will miss you or your type, that's for sure.

[@huriale1617]

@@thealgerian3285 I could not have said better, who would be interested in the opinion of small narrow minds, when there are times of past periods, empires, societies and civilizations that beg to be better known and studied ...

[@muffaletta]

@@thealgerian3285 right but many will miss you, since your superior ways of virute inspire us to remember you, as you levitate above everyone else in your judgements of others, for your nose is high in the air, you must breathe better than us lower peoples. Get real dude.youre no better than any other 'type'

[@robertrobles7338]

@Geraleos In the highlands of Peru it is an undeniable fact but on the coast there was already an older culture that disappeared and their descendants continued to live without losing that culture and with time mixing with the foreigners and Andeans. A big difference was that the peoples of the southern Peruvian coast were more spiritual and with ancestor worship that later mixed with the Andean vision and later with the European one, mainly Spain.

[@LordDarkhelm]

Quick question to any who might know, why did they pour out the drinks? Were they actually just being rude or was there a purpose?

[@Jaiyro]

Curious too

[@entireglxy4338]

I believe it may be religious

[@Pao234_]

Last time i was this early, Columbus was still in Portugal

[@KetchupPankaka]

Do you think you are being funny or what? What's the purpose of your comment?

[@Pao234_]

@@KetchupPankaka Idk, did i hurt your little swede feelings?

[@KetchupPankaka]

@@Pao234_ can't answer the question?

[@Pao234_]

@@KetchupPankaka can you?

[@KetchupPankaka]

@@Pao234_ of course I can! But are you gonna play that baby card by not answering my question I won't discuss anything with you. My comment clearly offended you somehow

[@Jabbersac]

It's really interesting and valuable to learn directly from sources close to major historical events, but I hope everyone watching is taking care to note the potential biases (and blind spots) of this account. Titu Cusi was dictating this account almost 40 years after the events, and its' unknown whether he was even born yet during the events he's describing. This means he may not be a primary source himself. In addition, it seems certain that he has a bias against his uncle Atahualpa and in favor of his father Manco Inca. Of course, it's still a very valuable source, but sometimes I worry that the way these accounts are presented may lead people to forget the always-present possibilities of mistranslation, misunderstanding, and other sources of potential inconsistencies in any historical account.

[@Aurora2097]

Proud guys were these Incas!

[@traeucity6087]

I find this much more of a tragedy than the conquering of the despicable Aztecs. The Inca were truly a great and magnificent civilization.

[@canofsouls282]

Why “despicable” ??

[@traeucity6087]

@@canofsouls282 , Ritual human sacrifice, on a scale not conducted by any other civilization.

[@canofsouls282]

@@traeucity6087 everyone did it though, if not on equal scale

[@traeucity6087]

@@canofsouls282 , The scale is the issue. The Aztecs (Mexica) turned ritual human sacrifice into an industry. And not everyone did it. The Spanish surely didn't; which is why they were appalled by the practice and ended it upon seizing control.

[@frankomendizabal2348]

@@traeucity6087 Hate to break it to you, but…. The Inca, (orejones Cusqueños) did practice Human s*crifice, (capacocha), not as g*ry, but it almost always involved children. And, if that wasn’t enough, they made drums out of the skins of their en*mies, (runatinya). Just google the following: tambores runatinya. No wonder other cultures allied with Francisco Pizarro, like the Huaylas, Chankas, Chumú etc… You know what they say, “ignorance is bliss”.

[@TheWorldBroadcast]

Are there any Spanish letters written by the soldiers? It would so interesting to hear how offended and disgusted they must have been to see the Uncle disrespect the Bible and for their reasoning behind the massacre.

[@diegoborlini6840]

It turns out that many of them were illiterate. Take into account that we are talking about the 16th century and practically everyone who came to America were from Extremadura, the poorest region of Spain at that time. They weren't even soldiers, rather they were brave volunteers who would give their all for a better life in the New World. The wildness of their origin made them fierce since they didn't have much to lose. Of course, some of them (high ranking soldiers) knew how to read and write, there are letters about it. Many of them were lost back to Europe. One of the most famous preserved is the one written by Hernando Pizarro, brother of Francisco Pizarro the conqueror, addressed to King Carlos V about how the Conquest was going.

[@andreascovano7742]

There was Diaz de Castillo's account on the conquest of the aztecs

[@joseiglesias4729]

Ye:; Francisco de Jerez, Diego de Trujillo, among others were "cronistas-soldados" who wrote their descriptions of the Conquista many years later; about the episode of the Bible, many chronicles told that the infuriated friar incited the spaniards to fight, encoureging Pizarro's men

[@isaacgray2909]

There were letters by some conquistadors who were liiterate, but none of them has any thoughts on the event aside from just describing what happened. It was some Spanish chronicles in the Viceroyality era of Peru is where they put interpretations as to why it happened.

[@Vichikuma]

You'd like to read the book Happy Captivity written by a spanish made prisoner by the mapuche (the tribe who fought mos succesfully vs the spanish). He roamed free in the mapuche heartland and wrote about his life there

[@Happy_HIbiscus]

dude, this is cool

[@darkhope97]

Could you do a video on the book cautiverio feliz that's from the POV of a Spaniard that got captured by the mapuches here on chile where he talks about his captivity and the mapuche culture

[@Vichikuma]

Yes I suggested him the same! Though I doubt the book is in english. I can translate. ITS AMAZING book. The mapuche let their spanish prisioner roam free in their lands to see their customs.

[@Alex-fv2qs]

@@Vichikuma It's been translated, the title of the English version is The happy captive

[@matthewboyle2641]

Wow, this is pretty interesting, the Spanish version has it all happening in one meeting, whereas this suggests two meetings? Since the meetings had similar events happen, minus the slaughter afterward, I can see why they would be fused into one. It is also interesting they claim the civil war was still ongoing, in the Spanish version I'm pretty sure Atahualpa had already won by their first meeting.

[@KanBig]

Atahualpa was on his way to Cusco to crown himself Inca when he stopped in Cajamarca to meet the Spaniards. His troops were still in Cusco having recently killed the opposing nobles. Manco Inca was in hiding and went to meet with the Spaniards when he perceived Atahualpa's forces were now being defeated by the Europeans.

[@curioso7867]

I don't know. This account is second hand, Titu Cusi couldn't remember those events, he was only a child at the time. The Spanish versions are based or directly written by first hand eyewitnesses. Francisco de Xerez abd Diego de Trujillo were there, took part in those events and wrote about them. I reckon their accounts are more reliable.

[@CCJJ160Channels]

“He still wanted the pleasure of their company.” Spaniards: ‘Oh, don’t worry. We’ll be back.’

[@yowut8075]

'This Cortez fellow sneezes a lot'

[@evan448]

It's interesting the Spanish account I don't think mentions the drink at all they didn't see it as significant instead they focused on the emperor throwing down the bible. Interesting to see the differing cultural points of importance

[@bluesinsanityfantasy2683]

Beer is of universal importance

[@dr.nosborn6330]

I don't know if Tito Cusi Yupanqui could account as a primary source. Since he was a baby when the conquest happened (or maybe I'm wrong and primary source means other thing)

[@pelao824]

He's not a testimonial source, but the term "primary source" can be fairly relative, being its broadest definition any document or media that's produced in an era we can't reach (i.e. outside living memory, noone alive witnessed it, nor anyone alive knows or knew someone that did). A more narrow term is any source that is as close at it can be, or within the era, of the event described. If that's not clear, I'll try to demonstrate with a real example. For my licenciature thesis on the "Gododdin" and the dark age 6th and 7th century britain, sources from the 8th and 9th century (Bede and Nennius) are considered primary because: They are the closest verified (i'll come to that later) historical accounts of 6th and 7th century northern england and southern scotland. I say verified, because some documents claim to be testimonial (i.e. written by the people that witnessed said events) but are found in later date manuscripts, with much debate about their origin, authenthicity and medium of transmission. Edit: spelling and redaction.

[@dr.nosborn6330]

@@pelao824 Interesting, thanks!

[@pelao824]

@@dr.nosborn6330 Glad to be of service!

[@JarthenGreenmeadow]

@@pelao824 "some documents claim to be testimonial (i.e. written by the people that witnessed said events) but are found in later date manuscripts, with much debate about their origin, authenthicity and medium of transmission." Herotodus: Sweats profusely.

[@chrisgriffin7357]

Lower-level Spanish conquistador captain to Incan king after he pours out drink "...Do you feel in charge?"

[@renzoalarconperez9590]

If he said that he and his men would've been immediately imprisoned and killed if they resisted. The iberians wanted to get close to the Emperor as much as possible, the only reason they poured the drink was probably because they thought it was poisoned.

[@crimsonterror5795]

I've noticed a few holes in the translation, but otherwise very informative and cool.

[@lilndn172]

Could u do a video whn the Spanish came to the southwest U.S?

[@DogmenHardcastle]

"They went together, to costco, and ate from thine vast buckets of gummy bears"

[@johanyousef1951]

Do you guys find it odd that the disparity between the amount of Portuguese documents conpared to Spanish ones?

[@biggerdany95]

Why? I mean, have spaniards more? Or the portuguese?

[@johanyousef1951]

@@biggerdany95 I think it’s just a translation thing, maybe more Spaniard works were translated because they were more pertinent to the Western world

[@pgb4629]

@@johanyousef1951 The spaniards were the most burocratic nation in europe at the time. Their record keeping was excellent. On top of that they had far more interaction than the portuguese with the natives.

[@biggerdany95]

@@johanyousef1951 Got it. Thanks. I'm Colombian. I want to know about the history of my continent. And actually I'd like to get into the Brazilian history. I want to know better about the Portuguese ex-colonies, and how this ex-colonies differ culturally from the spanish ones. What you say it's interesting.

[@biggerdany95]

@@pgb4629 As far as I know, in Spain, there's something called General Archive of the Indies, and it is like the deposit of all the documents created on the empire era. I don't know if Portugal has or had such an institution.

[@savagecub]

How did they communicate ? The two languages were quite different.

[@saltysam9072]

Next to the Spanish vs Inca rebellion and the battle of Cuzco and Saqsayhuaman

[@yuraqmisi6463]

Did you know that the spaniards weren't the first european power to invade the inca empire? The portuguese Alejo Garcia did it first some years before Pizarro's conquest with the help of an army of guarani indians. They came from the east, through the amazon rainforest, thanks to the Peabiru path, an amazonian road system that connected the atlantic sea with the eastern side of the andes.

[@diegoborlini6840]

Yeah, but Portuguese couldn't ever handle the Conquest so spaniards did.

[@MaxThomas79]

Interesting! I never have heard of that.

[@makky6239]

@@diegoborlini6840 The portuguese fought way more developed and powerful nations like the Ottomans, and conquered the most powerful kingdom of the Indian Ocean with few mans, and you surely didn't even searched for information before writing such ignorance, he was portuguese but the expedition wasn't, he was just in charge of a army of natives.

[@curioso7867]

Are you sure he was Portuguese? What it's known for sure it's that he was a survivor of the Spanish expedition of Juan Díaz de Solís to the Río de la Plata estuary. He lived as a castaway for years with other survivors in the island of Santa Catalina off the coast of Brasil. His name sounds more Spanish than Portuguese anyway.

[@thalesbernardomendes8949]

​​@@curioso7867e's name was ALEIXO Garcia, not "Alejo"

[@e.priest8937]

How much have we changed? What good thing, what relationship, what project, what anything isn't poisoned by money and somone wanting more of it? Look at the whole state of the planet

[@unerone4155]

Anything of Fiji back in the day?

[@ahoraya1047]

Many think that the video ends when the commercial starts as it is so long

[@phytolaccaamericana7589]

“Speaking alone to white cloths” so o take it that people used to read aloud to themselves instead of in their mind?

[@kingofarnor1430]

Yes, reading out loud used to be the “normal” way and people reading silently was something odd enough to be commented on in ancient and medieval sources. To my knowledge, silent reading became the norm as books became more widespread with the printing press in the 16. and 17. Century.

[@phytolaccaamericana7589]

@@kingofarnor1430 very interesting. Thank you.

[@TM-fu2we]

@@kingofarnor1430 Possibly also memorising and reciting the bible for conversion purposes?

[@Gunplabro]

Literacy was a verified skill back in the day. Just being able to read and write letters was a HUGE. People read aloud because it was a kindness to others who could not.

[@JarthenGreenmeadow]

@@Gunplabro This. You're reading not just for yourself but all your illiterate af homies.

[@SiriProject]

This is from Mancio Serra de Leguisamo's testament, last of the original conquistadores of Peru: "We found these kingdoms in such order, and it was said the incas governed them in such a wise way that there were no thiefs, no vicious people, no adulterers among them, and neither bad women nor immoral people were admitted by them. Men had useful and honest occupations. Lands, forests, mines, crops, houses and all kind of things were regulated and distributed in such a way that everyone knew their property, without any others taking it or using it, and there were not disputes about this... The reason I thus declare is the freeing of my own conscience, as I find himself to blame. Because with our evil example, we've destroyed the peoples who enjoyed such a virtuous rule. Men and women alike were so free from imprisonment, or crime or excess that even those indians with 100.000 pesos worth of gold in their own house would leave the door open, with just a stick leaning against the door as symbol that the owner was out at the moment. With just that, according to their customs, no one could enter nor take anything from there. When they saw us locking our doors and using keys they thought we feared them, that they would kill us in secret. They did not know we feared they would steal our gold. So when they found out we had thiefs among us, and man among us trying to sin with their daughters, they despised us".

[@alonsocerva2596]

I dont know if you're familiar with this concept but you're refering to the maxims of the andean vision AMA SUA, AMA LLULLA , AMA QUELLA which is quechua for DONT STEAL, DONT LIE, DONT BE LAZY. Which where the way the peoples behave. The incas had a diferent set of rules and concepts in which they based their society so its not uncommon that they clashed when the spaniards came.

[@HistoryOfRevolutions]

"Only when the last tree has been cut down, the last fish been caught, and the last stream poisoned, will we realize we cannot eat money" - Native American Proverb

[@jacobellinger8027]

money is spent on preservation of forest, fish are grown and water is filtered. this proverb is dumb in retrospect.

[@renzoalarconperez9590]

@@jacobellinger8027 "money is spent on preservation of forest" LOL, there are no words

[@amandadassonville4043]

And we are now seeing it happen in 2021. Wise and true words indeed. 🐝

[@STV-el1yj]

How did they communicate in two different languages?

[@-Gorbi-]

I’m so confused. How did they have translators? Or were they just making hand gestures at eachother?

[@renzoalarconperez9590]

The iberians captured some coastal Natives a few years I believe prior to this and made them into translators.

[@thalesbernardomendes8949]

First european encouter with the Incas was a portuguese called Aleixo García. He crossed the continent by feet from Brasil to Peru. There used to be a indigenous pavimented track called Peabiru, wich crosses the whole South America, from the brazilian litoral to Peru

[@agastyateja8669]

Can you make the east india company first contacting india?

[@cyberknife82]

How where they communicating with each other during first contact?

[@cielonegro9054]

In their first expedition they had caught a native called Felipillo and taught him how to speak spanish.

[@Numba003]

I enjoy these accounts from Native American peoples on early European contacts. Stay well out there everybody, and Jesus Christ be with you friends.😊

[@renzoalarconperez9590]

I would only want Jesus Christ's company, not his followers, because I don't want more death and destruction.

[@Numba003]

@@renzoalarconperez9590 Alas, we humans have a terrible knack for killing and destroying one another sometimes. But, Jesus says to love God and love our neighbors (Matthew 22:36-39), so that’s what I’m out here trying to do.

[@renzoalarconperez9590]

@@Numba003 If only his supposed followers would have listen to this simple quote since thousands of years ago instead of doing the opposite in his name, it's a shame really. Master Jesus must be terribly disappointed.

[@renzoalarconperez9590]

@@Numba003 My best regards

[@Numba003]

@@renzoalarconperez9590 Nobody is perfect I’m afraid. That’s why Jesus came after all (John 3:16-21). I wish you all the best as well.

[@Yannis1a]

I didn't get why would the Spaniard would throw the drink to the floor, even if he didn't get that they wanted him to drink it, why throw the drink? was it just to make him angry? And then I got it, He gave him the drink in a golden cup, He was like "Neat! thanks for the gold!!" then Throws dink and keeps the gold

[@markusbroyles1884]

The real possibility of poison was a thing, and the Spaniards all knew that the shit was about to hit the fan. The stories of Moctazuma and the presumption of a God cult of the bearded ancestor "Creator" was only going to last for a short while.

[@Yannis1a]

@@markusbroyles1884 I thought that they may have thought that but why throw it on the floor? And he drank it first proving it wasn’t poison, and if you still have doubts have someone else drink first But when you remember that the mind of the conquistadors at the time was “God, Gold and Glory” then it makes sense, they didn’t care potential allies unless they where Christians subjects to the king, and even then they would still demand gold

[@ramonpliego1118]

in ancient times it was customary to toast by spilling the drink that you were going to drink, a custom

[@Arshva]

I don't understand how they were wasting the drink? Did they take it with their hands and that was wrong? How should they have taken the drink?

[@grahamgreene4141]

Conquest down to an art.