Intro to Historical Chinese Geography

An overview of the major rivers, mountains, and ancient cities that have shaped Chinese history for over thousands of years.
This is a remake of my first ever video on this channel, which was uploaded in February 2022, although I have added so much new material that it is essentially a completely new video. The original video has very poor sound quality since I did not know how to use a microphone properly back then. It is currently unlisted, although you can find it here:
• Introduction to Ancien...
Attributions: Maps were created using maps-for-free.... by ©OpenStreetMap www.openstreet...
Image Credits: Wikimedia Commons
#chinesehistory #china #geography #yangtzeriver #yellowriver #yangtze #beijing #luoyang #中国历史 #中国地理 #历史 #地理

[@kevinelruler]

It's so hard to find quality geography content that's not western oriented. Thank you so much for this.

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks, glad you liked it!

[@LaggingGames]

This is an invaluable resource to understand historical Chinese geopolitics, great work man

[@gatesofkilikien]

thanks, glad you've found it helpful! I'm working on more videos on Chinese geography too so looking forward to sharing more in the future.

[@imjustsam1745]

I've been binging after work all week. This channel is a gem.

[@TheWhiskyDelta]

Fun notes on the yellow river. It's course originally was mostly more northerly before the more recent millenia (This is why Anyang was the Shang captial for example). It's changing course and intense flooding means that the central plains, despite it's immense farming wealth, has historically lacked major cities actually located within the plains. Instead all the major cities are found around the edge of the plains along mountainsides; Anyang, Luoyang, Kaifend, Xuchang etc. Even Xuzhou of Cao Cao, is located in a small hill region. Indeed if you go through the big cities today in the plains a great many have no significant history marked from before the modern era. And even those that do were usually just regional hubs. Compare that to the Yangtze where most cities have existed as major cities for thousands of years. The second fun thing of note is that the Bay of Bohai used to be far larger. The land Tianjin sits on didn't even exist 1000 years ago. When it was first founded Beijing may have been nearly coastal

[@ChikaiCheng-ts1fi]

在兩千年前，上海還在海底，廣州城建在海岸線旁

[@lexsongtw]

As a Taiwanese, I really wish our teacher had taught us this geography overview before diving into Chinese history. Even for me, this video helps clarify why many events unfolded the way they did. I learned a lot from it.

[@laturnich9507]

A marked improvement on the original video. Always happy to see the progression of your channel. Keep at it!

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks for all your support too! It's been a lot of experimenting this past year, and I've definitely learned a lot.

[@gutyhuy3817]

I really like this, just wish it had even more in it, such as the Hetao plain, Min River, Pearl River, Liao River ans Liao Dong peninsula. Also some more mentions of Chengdu and Chongqing and historical Ba-Shu. Or how the Guangzhou and the pearl river delta connected China to the Maritime Silk Road. Still really good though.

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks for the feedback, and yes these are all topics I want to explore in a lot more detail in future videos. My thought is to have a few videos like this cover broader themes, but then really delve into detailed geography of specific regions after that.

[@TukozAki]

@@gatesofkilikien If feasible these would be super interesting to watch. xie xie hen duo!

[@talamioros]

​​​@@TukozAkiI'm assuming you're learning Chinese and trying to practise it...I'd like to point out that you can't directly translate English "thank you very much" directly into Chinese (hence xie xie hen duo) A correct way to say it would fei chang gan xie 非常感谢!

[@TukozAki]

fei chang gan xie @@talamioros :-) Please is this perfectly fine in a non formal context, or can 'xie xie' induces something like 'a lot' or 'many thanks' depending on the locutor's intonation, or does a slightly shorter common expression than the above exists to show someone 'deeper' gratitude? (ps wo shi fa guo ren)

[@pat8988]

GatesOfKilikien, love the content, but please pause at the end of the sentences. Running the words all together makes comprehension more difficult.

[@sevrent2811]

wow this was good. I've been looking for some more detailed explanations of Chinese history. Especially ones that consider Chinese culture/conciousness around it.

[@gatesofkilikien]

Glad you liked it! This is one of my main goals for the channel - make the stuff that I grew up reading in Chinese more accessible to an English-speaking audience.

[@kyudanpi4436]

As a Chinese born in China, I was surprised how well-made this video is. I have no complaints except that maybe you can mention why and how the deforestation took place (like due to climate change and population overgrowth, etc.). You are on the way to explain how the geography, economy, and social structures made China what it was in the past and what it is today. Keep up the great work!

[@ScottSueker-v1r]

Incredible video. Loved you mixing of American slang and Chinese enunciation/pronunciation. So many Chinese history videos I've watched now make much more sense. Shay a shay.

[@gatesofkilikien]

Appreciate the feedback, and yes one of my goals for this channel is to make Chinese history more accessible in English. Chinese history has a lot of recurrent themes and "rules", so to speak, and they often could be applied to different time periods.

[@Michael-el]

This is fabulous. I've always struggled to fully understand Chinese geography from a historical perspective, but you've presented this with great clarity. Many thanks!

[@tieck4408]

Informative, pleasant, well-paced. Thank you!

[@gatesofkilikien]

Glad you enjoyed it!

[@Tinil0]

Oh man, thank you so much for this. As you know, a geographic understanding of an area is like...50% of the entire understanding of the history of the area, it influences EVERYTHING to the point where you think it's almost destiny how history played out because of the geography involved. I've always really lacked that with China and wanted to know more, so this is great. Understanding the core divides in Chinese history is so very important to understanding how and why stuff happened the way it did.

[@Ufthak]

Fantastic introductory video. Subscribed immediately. Would love to see more videos on how millennia of intensive agriculture and river flow manipulation made it progressively more difficult to manage the rivers in North China Plain and Yangtze.

[@gordonwang6248]

Same here. Would be really interesting to know more on how river course changes, (especially the Yellow River) played a role in geopolitics at that time as well.

[@gatesofkilikien]

Yes definitely, I plan to delve into these topics a lot more in the upcoming videos, and depending on the time period the position of the lower course of the Yellow River definitely did alter the balance of power between the different regions.

[@TomMorrison-cc6xw]

Excellent! I've become quite enamored of Chinese history & this video explains so much that I had been confused about. Definitely subscribed & looking forward to binging on all your posts. Keep up the great work!

[@dutrareis]

One of the best videos I've ever seen on this platform. Not only on history and geography, but overall. This was a masterclass.

[@HandsomeBoh]

I studied history at one of the best universities in the world, listened to lectures by 易中天 and other famous professors, read most of the historical texts you refer to in your videos, even read countless academic papers, and I can decisively say that your videos are better than literally anything else out there! It’s a truly valuable resource for getting people up to speed rapidly. Chinese academics are often extremely biased towards established narratives; and Western academics are usually either super niche or somewhat clueless. Yours is the only resource I’ve seen which is concise, impartial, and accurate. What’s the best way to support you and help you continue to make new / better content?

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks so much for your support, and yeah one of my main goals for these videos is to combine Chinese with western historiography. Like you said Chinese historiography, as rich in information as it is, tends to repeat certain narratives over and over again, whereas Western historiography, as much as the research methodologies are excellent, tends to gloss over a lot of things that I consider quite fundamental, like geography or a basic narrative history. It's one thing if records on all those things are lost, but given how rich the Chinese historic records are, I feel like all the fancy Western analytical techniques still need to be done in the setting of a good grasp of narrative history first, which also requires knowing geography. I appreciate your wanting to help the channel grow too, and I think right now being able to get your feedback on upcoming videos would be extremely helpful, especially since you're knowledgeable with both the Chinese and non-Chinese approaches to Chinese history. I'm experimenting with expanding the scope and improving the production techniques of the upcoming videos, so there will be trial and error involved.

[@Markus9343]

Wow, YT normally suggests awful videos but this was an incredibly interesting video and really changed my perspective about what china really looks like.

[@maximuslluis]

This is incredibly easy to understand and seemingly (as an non-educated person in this topic) incredibly usefull to learn about Chinese history, the conditions of local folk and to understand the thought process of the people in power. I have been seeing all your videos and they all awesome, great work and thanks a lot for bringing this knowlege with this quality for free!

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks, great to hear they've been helpful! I know Chinese history can be such a hard nut to crack for non-Chinese speakers for a variety of reasons, so hopefully these videos can help make some of that easier.

[@Menzobarrenza]

Awesome video, man! This was super helpful, informative, detailed in the best way, and useful.

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks, glad you've found it helpful!

[@Discotekh_Dynasty]

This is the sort of thing I’ve been looking for for years, thank you my friend!

[@gatesofkilikien]

Glad I could help! I’ve noticed too there’s just not a whole lot of resources on these things in English, so thought I’d do what I can to contribute.

[@Discotekh_Dynasty]

@@gatesofkilikien well you’ve earned a subscribe from me 😊

[@yurigagarin9765]

Instant subscribe, what a little jewel of a channel

[@Oustein]

Really interesting. The overview i didnt knew i wanted.

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks, glad to hear you've enjoyed the video!

[@Ethan-cz8xq]

I've picked up a lot of this from my own reading of Chinese history, but it is still so helpful to have it all just clarified and put in one place. Like + subscribed

[@gatesofkilikien]

thanks, glad you've found it helpful!

[@brownvoltaire2722]

Awsomwe work.Its very rare to find good objective contents on Chinese history in English.Makes your work that much more valuable❤

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks a lot, appreciate it!

[@tomstieve]

Honestly, that was amazing. I'm a geographer, and I really appreciate you teaching me this!

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks, I'm glad to hear you found it helpful!

[@jpbcollins]

Absolutely brilliant! I’ve searched high and low online for exactly this-a primer on the basic geographic structure of China and East Asia. This answers so many questions. Bravo!

[@RuthlessTragedy]

Im seeing your videos everywhere now! i love this content speaking on the geography of China. What an incredible geography! thanks for sharing this amazing historical info as well!

[@gatesofkilikien]

Glad you enjoy it! And it’s been very cool to see the channel grow over the past year too

[@OmegaTaishu]

That map is gorgeous, though. Thank you for the amazing video! 8:26 Now it makes more sense when Cao Cao says "XUZHOU WAS MINE IN THE FIRST PLACE! MINE!!" in Three Kingdoms ep.21

[@MenwithHill]

That's such a great idea ! This kind of information is extremely useful to process historical events and im very glad you made it. It truly helps.

[@李景贤-b9t]

Your written English is really beautiful! Cheers!

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks, appreciate it!

[@eingrobernerzustand3741]

Ive Bookmarked a video of this channel half a year ago, and am now regretting not checking it out earlier as im bingewatching your content.

[@paulrichter3645]

I love this content, I really hope you keep it going. Would you consider doing a video on how geography affected the Taiping Rebellion? I read a book on it last year called God's Chinese Son and was blown away by the strangeness and complexity of that story.

[@gatesofkilikien]

Yes, and especially since the Taiping Rebellion affected such a large area, I'm thinking I'll start by covering the geography of individual regions, focusing more on the earlier time periods and then slowly working my way towards more modern periods. Southern China has a lot of micro-regions, although the general principles still tend to apply across time periods.

[@cg9612]

This is so useful. I'm glad to find a discussion of the geography as the main topic. It brings together everything I've learned about China and its history in a coherent and historical whole.

[@mrtaiwan]

Wonderful and unique perspective on Chinese history. Thank you so much!

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks for the support!

[@andynz7]

Ok I'm going to be binge-watching all the rest of your China videos now!

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks, glad you've enjoyed this video!

[@cocoacrispy7802]

This is a very welcome introduction; it makes China's history more comprehensible. I like that you employ native Chinese pronunciations. One tiny point: the word 'loess' (the fine, wind-deposited soil) is from the German and pronounced in one syllable: /löss/ , very close to the English 'less.' There are extensive areas of 'loess' in Eastern Washington State and in Iowa, where they form soils renowned for their fertility.

[@gatesofkilikien]

Glad you've liked the video, and appreciate the feedback. I hadn't realized that "loess" comes from German, although the "oe" really should have given it away. The video I'm working on now also mentions the Loess Plateau, so I'll change the pronunciation for it. I've been learning to speak German anyway, albeit still not very well, so always enjoy the chance to use German words for stuff.

[@PizzaEntente]

love it, i was suprised when i looked at the subscriber count, this is like big channel videos, thanks for the great video

[@gatesofkilikien]

Glad you enjoy it! I spent most of this past year working through kinks, looking forward to growing it more over the coming years.

[@Thatonepersonyouheard]

This is a great video because people in the west don't talk about Chinese history in any more depth than a news paper. Great vid!

[@importedriceco]

哇噢！这个讲得真不错 :) 深入浅出得覆盖了很多话题 油管上的观众真幸运，能看到你总结的这些内容

[@gatesofkilikien]

谢谢，我也多年来觉得英文网络上关于中国叙事史和地理的资料奇缺，所以希望能通过油管给世界各地的观众介绍一些这方面的内容。

[@sksim6154]

Fantastic. Very helpful in helping me appreciate Chinese history. 多谢地理老师 。

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks, appreciate the kind words too, and glad you found the video helpful!

[@Mixcoatl]

Great video. Your explanation as to why the cycle of collapse and reunification has repeated so many times was particularly enlightening.

[@gatesofkilikien]

thanks, great to hear you've found it helpful!

[@menhguin]

Just wanted to say I really enjoyed this video and your channel! I'm super fascinated by geography and Chinese history, and this just a really in-depth but easy-to-follow video on the topic.

[@gatesofkilikien]

Awesome! Thank you!

[@gcvrsa]

Wow, I think this is the first time I've ever really seen a map of China that was keyed to elevation. It makes so much more sense. I've long felt that geography has more influence on people's regional cultural and ethnic identities than any other factor, and natural geographical boundaries make the most effective political boundaries, as a result. As you can imagine, there is not a lot of education in the West concerning Chinese history below the university level, although there really ought to be, since Chinese culture has diffused so widely and is the basis for so many aspects of other Asian cultures, and China's influence in the world, as powerful as it has always been, has never been more prominent than it is in the modern era. When I see videos of the Chinese countryside, I long to travel there and see its beauty for myself. Seeing this map puts a lot of things into perspective.

[@xggong8261]

welcome to china!

[@Spacemongerr]

This is very good. Straight-forward well-sorted information and no superflous fluff or nonsense. Thank you. Greetings from northern Europe.

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks, glad it was helpful! Greetings from California as well.

[@micha2909]

Thank you! I learned a lot. It explains well why things happened the way they did.

[@lukapichler3666]

I could watch hours of this content. Fantastic video, I hope to see more!

[@astrowarp]

very well made video, keep up the great work!

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks, will do!

[@fellowintrovert664]

I Love China and Chinese history! This is really a very much appreciated and needed help, great Video and thank you ^^

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks, glad you found it helpful!

[@greenman6141]

Absolutely brilliant. Extremely helpful in trying to grasp so many things about such a large and ancient land.

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks, glad you've found it helpful!

[@bunmeng007]

This is a brilliant overview of Chinese geography. Made me understand the geography in the romance of the 3 kingdoms much much better.

[@EresirThe1st]

What a great video, it really helped get China clear in my mind where previously it had been somewhat murky. Of course all the boundaries you mention at the start of the video no doubt backfired many times - once the outer defences were taken the interior was basically wide open for attack.

[@jimmylam1486]

hank you! As a Chinese and have spent some time in studying Chinese History and Geography, I still find this video very useful, clear, concise and to the point. Great Work!

[@Bronze_Age_Sea_Person]

Immediately subscribed. This video format with the physical map of the region giving the geographical context to the history of the land is really great, it makes it easier to comprehend why would a certain city or a certain river be so important. This is like when you study early Roman history, having a map of the Italian Peninsula helps a lot so you can comprehend why Rome fought certain wars like the Samnite Wars.

[@raiyaanda1st]

An excellent video. I have always been curious about China's geography but never got around to further reading. This was very informative and well structured. Looking forward to more of your content!

[@edwardwong654]

Wow this explains a lot. I will need to watch it again. Thanks for making it. Great idea.

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks for the kind words, glad it was helpful!

[@joelsherpa2187]

I've been looking for a video on this topic for some time now. Great video! Can't wait for more!

[@gatesofkilikien]

Awesome! Thank you! There's a lot of intricacies to Chinese historical geography, and this video is just meant as an overview. Looking forward to posting more as well.

[@richardengelhardt582]

Very well done. I will use it in my intro course to Chinese historical archaeology.

[@mynameisforrest]

Thanks for combining history and geography in such a coherrent way. Learned so much about how China became what it is today. Going to check out more of your videos. Peace from Sweden!

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks, glad you enjoyed it!

[@AbuSous2000PR]

many thanks... that was very helpful. i have to watch it again to fully absorb its details Much love and respect from Palestine

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks, glad it was helpful! Yes I try to be very focused and efficient in my videos, especially since I hate to unnecessarily take up peoples' time

[@kirk5047]

A masterpiece

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks!

[@Matteverest29]

Easy subscribe. What a great and informative video!

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks, glad you've enjoyed it!

[@jakedavidheilemann1208]

This was positively amazing though, thank you!

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks, glad you've liked it!

[@thomasfriesejr.9198]

One of the best videos I've seen in a long time. It connected so many dots in my understanding. Great job.

[@gatesofkilikien]

Glad it was helpful!

[@lowersaxon]

Great, this is really core information and although packed densely you learn and understand a lot in a comfortably short time. Compliments sent out!

[@saltpony]

Thank you for a great video. I work with many 1st Gen Chinese and I am eager to know about their homeland. ❤

[@RobertRodgers-r5h]

Outstanding! I really enjoyed your video and subscribed to your channel because of it. I fell in love with studying Chinese history when I was in Middle School thanks to a great teacher. That was 1981. I am retired now, but enjoyed traveling throughout China and teaching English as an adult, in addition to traveling all over the world. The information that you provided was excellent.

[@thafunktapus]

fascinating. very much enjoyed this video. thanks for posting. subscribed with bells on.

[@gatesofkilikien]

Appreciate it, thanks for the sub!

[@Wheedlinglemur]

Nice video. The Algorithm brought me here and it looks like it's done a good job. You've earned my sub and I look forward to watching your other content on Chinese Geography.

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks and welcome aboard! The algorithm gods really smiled on my channel this week, although I'm also quite glad I got to slowly work through a lot of kinks over the past 1.5 years while the channel was still much smaller.

[@jsbae2]

This what is have always wanted to know. Thanks for your great work.

[@oldtechie6834]

I have some knowledge of Chinese history. This is a very good and pretty accurate presentation.

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks, glad to hear that!

[@brianomahonyy]

I've been waiting for this video for over a decade :). Great Job!

[@gatesofkilikien]

Appreciate the comment and glad you've found it helpful. I'm planning to work on a lot more videos focusing on the different regions/cities of China, so stay tuned.

[@ZapataOil]

One of the best videos in the history of KZbin.

[@Jhossack]

About to watch. It will be interesting to see the tone regarding past and present ideas of territorial sovereignty

[@tfsweet]

Such a great video. Very informative! Keep up the great work!!!

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thank you! Will do!

[@rpgcinema7916]

Thanks for this video. As a student of classical Chinese, there is a lot of contextual knowledge we need in addition to learning characters.

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks, glad you've found it helpful! Yes there's definitely a ton of contextual knowledge like you said, and ancient writers typically assume the readers know them already.

[@TK0_23_]

Thank you. Much appreciated info.

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks, appreciate your support too!

[@andreaskallstrom9031]

Super good video! Thank you so much!!

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks, glad you liked it!

[@malkomalkavian]

Thank you, nice and clear :)

[@gatesofkilikien]

Glad you liked it!

[@syjiang]

Outstanding presentation

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thank you!

[@CarlOttersen]

This is really, really good and gives someone like me, wanting to get a handle on why capitals, kingdoms, peoples and places are where they are in China. Thank you so much!🙏

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks, glad you've found it helpful!

[@surajrshetty]

Excellent video! Watching this from India and was searching for China overview before I deep dive into different regions.

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks for your support. I’m working on more specific videos about the different regions of China too, this one is just meant to be an overview.

[@temptemp563]

Super interesting how geogrphy and history are almost analogues of each other. Human history is like a geogrphy playing itself out through time ...

[@gatesofkilikien]

Yes definitely, and one of my main goals for this channel is to show how closely intertwined the two fields are.

[@davepruitt]

Excellent video. Thank you!

[@gatesofkilikien]

Glad it was helpful!

[@HelmerAslaksen]

Wow! I wish I had seen this video fifty years ago! So many things in Chinese history now makes sense to me. Like the Siege of Xiangyang from the Condo Heroes books.

[@gatesofkilikien]

Great to hear you've found it helpful! If you're interested in taking a deeper dive, my most recent video is on Xiangyang, and I talk about the Siege of Xiangyang in it as well.

[@HelmerAslaksen]

@@gatesofkilikien Oh, yes! I've binge watched most of your videos now.

[@gatesofkilikien]

@@HelmerAslaksen Oh great, thanks for the interest! There's a long list of topics I want to write about but also want to make sure I work methodically to ensure quality and accuracy, so as time goes on the pool of videos should get more complete.

[@Kasquede]

Excellent video, a perfect intro for new learners and a great refresher for others orienting themselves in Chinese history

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks, glad you've found it helpful!

[@spacelemur7955]

Very nice video. I have been following the horrible floods of Aug 2023, and just the topographic map clarified the issue. The entire Yellow River plain seems to be the flat outwash through the gorge. You inspired me to look up more detailed geologic and geomorphic maps. Thanks! Also "loess" is a one-syllable word from German "löss" (or "löß"). I am looking forward to checking out other videos from you, as you give concise, clear presentations.

[@robertodagostini4946]

Enjoying your vids as a entertainment pastime because I’m super excited to learn! China is so bloody interesting! Geography especially and how it’s shaped the history!

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks, glad you've enjoyed the videos! And yes like you said geography has definitely played a huge role in history.

[@MrPathorock]

Great work, subbed

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks for the sub!

[@jordanhicken7812]

Amazing video!

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks!

[@pieterpuk7684]

Great video. Relevant information, densely packed. I love it! Looking forward to watching more.

[@gatesofkilikien]

Awesome, thank you! I have a lot more planned as well, and looking forward to sharing them soon.

[@bushwakko]

This was really good! Thanks

[@gatesofkilikien]

Glad you liked it!

[@samymarathon6484]

Very informative, and devoid of any agenda or propaganda. Well done!

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks, glad you've liked it!

[@zhubajie6940]

Well done. Hope you cover the ancient capitals of which I visited a few.

[@gatesofkilikien]

yes for sure - they're all very important cities and I plan to cover them in much more detail.

[@EduNauta95]

Fantastic lesson in China’s internal geopolitical dynamics

[@EduNauta95]

Cheers from Barcelona ✌️

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks! And I loved Barcelona when I've visited too. For me it's one of the few European cities with a bit of everything: history, modernity, weather, nature, sports, etc, and not too big or too small either.

[@NuisanceMan]

I really learned a lot from this dense-packed video. It makes sense out of a lot of what I've read about Chinese history.

[@jacobjonesofmagna]

I am a Westerner (US) with a special interest for history and geography. Thank you for making this, I've been getting bothered that I know virtually nothing about East Asian history.

[@xggong8261]

recommend to see Aerial china ,you know a lot about China! Welcome!😊

[@nancytestani1470]

This is great, fascinating

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks!

[@aluisious]

This is a great overview for people who have not learned much about China yet, thanks

[@gatesofkilikien]

Thanks, appreciate the support!

[@jamesrocket5616]

Please keep making videos like this that promote knowledge and information that does not solely revolve on a Western lens.

[@emre.3115]

Would you be interested in making a video about modern chinese geography? That would attract a lot of viewers. I have watched your intro and north-south video 3 times already. Thanks, I appreciate your work

[@Lunariant]

Extremely insightful and beautifully presented. Thank you!

[@gatesofkilikien]

Glad you enjoyed it!