Investigating the OceanGate TITAN Tragedy: A Crash Course in Underwater Physics

[@SSPDIVING]

Part 2 & 3 are out now, thank you all for your support! Dive safe - SSPDIVING

[@SarahWRah]

As an 83 year old lady with no technical training, even I was alarmed at OceanGate's own promotional videos -- with Stockton Rush smiling while standing next to the Titan's clearly flawed fabrication process. Thank you for this new perspective.

[@SSPDIVING]

@@SarahWRah well thank you! I’m glad I could provide a new perspective from someone who spends their days underwater! I too was shocked at his brash attitude promoted in the company videos.

[@Alberto-wu1mj]

I had the same reaction to the videos and Mr. Rush’s words. The CBS interview was also telling.

[@DebraJean196]

He was just so arrogant about ignoring safety and testing regulations with all of his talk about “thinking outside of the box”. Well, 5 people ended up fitting in one pine box didn’t they you arrogant SOB??????

[@РусланМкртчян-с7й]

Перевод можно

[@tanjameijer589]

You're an amazing teacher! I don't know anything about this stuff, but this is how it feels when a good specialist explains things to you on the stand in court!

[@SSPDIVING]

Thank you very much for the kind words! 🙏🏼🤙🏼

[@MarcSlicer-n2o]

Part of engineering isn’t beating physics , it’s defying or mitigating physics - boyles law is exactly that- it’s a law , you may get away with breaking it but when you get caught the penalty is death

[@SSPDIVING]

Well said, thank you 🙏🏼

[@eltreum1]

More like you can bend the law with the right materials but when you break it you are tomato paste.

[@leechowning2712]

A lot of people don't realize that natural laws are not as flexible as human laws. People can and do ignore human laws... When you ignore physics is when things become much less fun.

[@genosmith8020]

Hmm very good point ..rules are there for reasons.especially somethn like this u shouldn't break them rules but stupidity and utter greed took over and kicked out sensability

[@nonmihiseddeo4181]

As far as Rush was concerned, Boyles Law was no more than a suggestion.

[@drjpica]

I was waiting for someone to make this exact kind of video explaining things. Amazing Job on this document,!

[@SSPDIVING]

@@drjpica I appreciate the kind words, thank you! Cheers🤙🏼

[@chrisvig123]

Wow didn’t realize the outer titanium rings were just glued on…essentially the hull was just a cardboard toilet paper tube being squeezed until the ends popped off 😯

[@paulhowse6169]

That is literally the only way of doing it. Two different materials, one is metal and the other is polymer.

[@wally7856]

Except the ends were being pushed inwards as well. At depth they had 15,000,000 pounds of force pushing them in. That's the weight of one hundred m1a1 Abrams main battle tanks on each end cap. That glue wasn't needed at depth, just to hold everything together on or near the surface.

[@paulhowse6169]

@@wally7856 this is true. The problem being that both materials compress differently under pressure. One compress’s more than the other.

[@wally7856]

@@paulhowse6169 It's trivial for an engineer to mate materials with different Bulk Modulus's. If I double the thickness of a part I get half the strain therefore half the deflection. By altering the thicknesses of each material you can match the strain and therefore the deflections of each other.

[@57Jimmy]

There are pictures from the NTSB showing that those titanium lips around the joint were COMPLETELY sheared off! It wasn’t torn, it was snapped like an egg shell.😮

[@Barbaryotaku]

KZbin algorithm has blessed this video. Randomly recommended to me. Was interesting to learn about how pressure works at thise depths and possible failures of the craft.

[@Raelven]

Commercial divers are absolute legends. Thank you for sharing your expertise.

[@SSPDIVING]

Thank you for the kind words 🤙🏼🙏🏼

[@57Jimmy]

Thank you SO MUCH for your personal analysis as a deep sea diver. That pig at only 300’ and slow release of pressure brings the effects of pressure on tissue into reality! The illustration of the balloons is also very telling. I fully agree they knew something was up as the increasing pressure is going to consistently pop those voids in the layers, echoing throughout that culvert like a sledgehammer on a metal garbage can. Fortunately thats the last they would have known as the total collapse would have happened faster than the brain can record and react. Similar to the Bynford diving bell tragedy a number of years ago, it was as instant as instant could ever be! How anyone could allow others outside of the core group of OceanGate to EVER enter that death tube is beyond understanding and completely narcissistic and criminal.😢 Please be safe throughout your career of deep sea diving!👍🇨🇦💕🇺🇸

[@lisalesinszki7536]

Can you imagine being as desperate for recognition as Stockton Rush? As ego driven? My guess is that he was so full of himself that he couldn’t conceive of the inevitable catastrophic failure of Titan. There was no magic, Mr. Rush. Just bluster.

[@johnnydlux50]

I would like to say thank you most of all, I have watched more than a 100 hours on the Titan incident since the release of new footage and the coast guard investigation it is a very fascinating topic. I must say that yer breakdown is by far the most informative and the fact that you are displaying video evidence to show what happen is stellar, I have watched more than 10 KZbin channels on this subject since the release of new information on the investigationexplained but NONE with the visuals accompanying them like you have and then the technical part you explain this so that an ordinary person like can understand what you were talking about with the accompanying photos as you're speaking showing in detail what happened to the Titan many others have done a good job with this but I think you did the absolutely the best Job!!!! I've walked away from watching this with a toll on the standing on the subject and what went wrong more than any other channel I have watched I'm going to re-watch it if I was to speak with someone on the subject I would understand and be able to explain what happened and also by showing them a photo re-explain to them what happened because of your presentation I thank you for that I'm going to subscribe to you and watch what other stuff I might learn from the channel have a good day and God bless

[@SSPDIVING]

00:00 Introduction 2:35 Boyle's Law 5:14 MYTHBUSTERS - A Visual Demonstration 09:05 Lesson Conclusion 10:08 NTSB Reports 11:42 Shocking Construction Process 15:12 ROV Salvage Footage 16:17 ROV Discovers Hull Remnants 19:25 NTSB Evidence Labels 28:45 Acoustic Warnings Ignored 33:03 Examining the Poor Hull Construction 38:33 ROV Salvage Footage & Conclusion

[@jamesupton4996]

Superb explanation. One of the best videos on this I've seen. No drama - just straight analysis.

[@PamelaContiGlass]

Thank you very much for giving us the benefit of your experience. I used to be a recreational diver, but I am no engineer and my experience with carbon fiber is limited. Still, you pretty much covered all the points I had already noted on my own by watching the early videos and the latest one. For instance, how shallow the “lip” of the ring was. I bet you they were counting on the pressure squeezing the domes/rings structures together abeam of the craft, but I can’t believe they ignored the 8ft long gorilla of the pressure in the middle of the cylinder. Even back before they found the wreck, I was thinking that if they inserted another titanium ring in the middle, creating 2 x 4ft section, the craft would have been a lot stronger, less flexible and it would not have decreased internal space by much. That said, they did a piss-poor job of building the hull and managing the carbon fiber. At best, this was a limited use craft, not one designed to dive multiple times forever. Add to that the storage outside in the off-season, the towing of the platform behind a ship (all to save a few $$$) in high seas, and this thing should have failed sooner. One of the reason this disaster fascinates me so much is because I worked for over a decade in Silicon Valley and I have grown to despise these so-called “disruptors” always whining about regulations and rules. Regulations, for the most part, are written in blood. Usually is the blood of people like me and you, while those truly at fault sit in their corner office counting their money. Titan is the exception here, but in a sense I almost wish I could bring Stockton Rush back to sue his ass off and resize his enormous ego. Make no mistake, all those corners he was so proud of cutting, all those “out of the box” thinking, his boasting of flawless engineering, is what caused this accident. For instance, they never used x-ray or ultrasound to evaluate the state of the hull. I am almost certain that was intentional because if they did it, even the most junior engineer (or deckhand for that matter) would have taken a look and realized it was a miracle it didn’t implode sooner. Non-destructive testing would have (ironically) destroyed Oceangate itself and shown off the lies of their engineering philosophy. That, Stockton Rush couldn’t have. He preferred dying and murdering his “customers” than suffer the shame of failure. At least while he was alive to care. Now everybody knows he was a clown, a very dangerous clown that ruined multiple lives for his hubris.

[@Emy53]

Many knowledgeable people were ignored by Rush. These facts were known before the five got into that death trap. This was a tragic situation that didn't have to happen. The ego and arrogance of a man that thought he could outsmart others and cut corners, and accomplish the same outcome....no, you can't compare inferior construction to superior quality, and expect to have the same outcome. Rush was delusional and arrogant.

[@catclelland2447]

But there was an actual expert in the form of PH Nargeolet who knew 100% that this was a shoddy piece of crap and he dove in not once but twice. He must have wanted to die

[@SilverScreenDreamer]

@@catclelland2447 I read that his wife had died recently, and he was more or less ok with dying, especially by the Titanic. The thing that gets me is that he was ok with letting others take that risk. He had to know that Stockton was using his credibility to lure passengers.

[@adolfnoise4673]

especially that poor young man that was forced by his father to join, I think he was the smartest of them all and knew that it could be game over...

[@catclelland2447]

@@adolfnoise4673 that poor kid. I feel so bad for him, his mother and sister. His father…..harder to sympathize with him

[@catclelland2447]

@@SilverScreenDreamer yes, I’ve had those thoughts too. Take yourself out mate if that’s what you want, but be ok with a 19 yr old kid dying?

[@EricMaxcy-xv9is]

I was a commercial Diver .w/3500 hours under water! Those guys had alot more money than Brains !!!

[@SSPDIVING]

Salute brother. Sad but true, I admire Rush’s perseverance and determination. You need that from pioneers but there seemed to be many things each step of the way that were intentionally ignored. Cheers🤙🏼

[@able880]

Those guys were living for the thrill of going down -

[@DebraJean196]

@@SSPDIVINGyou need a fighting spirit, but you have to be more like Elon Musk (can’t believe I’m saying this - despise him as a man, admire the heck out of how he built SpaceX). Don’t put people inside until you have a proven product. Don’t be afraid to test to destruction. Don’t be afraid to fail in front of the world. Hire people that know more than you do about specific necessary scientific requirements AND LISTEN TO THEM - if you don’t like what you’re hearing, bring in an independent outsider to evaluate both sides and referee the dogfight. Don’t just fire the expert you hired… If it hasn’t been done yet, there’s one of two reasons 1. It’s a really stupid idea no-one would waste their time and money on - or - 2. It’s an idea whose time hadn’t come yet and you really are the first one to think of it. If #2, congrats, you’re on your way if you’ve got the guts and fortitude (and honestly - the money) to do make it happen. But when you’re dealing with cutting edge technology, doing things that have never been done before, you have to bring together a team of folks who are experts at all the “details” needed to make your dream come true. Elon didn’t know the best way to land a rocket so it could be reused, he hired folks that were specialists in the necessary sciences and let them figure it out. He’s the idea guy. He watched over the techies, but he’s the idea guy Stockton Rush should have been an idea guy who left the engineering to his scientists and engineers.

[@highjinx6519]

What do you guys as divers think about how they drug the “submersible” on a raft essentially behind the vessel over hundreds of miles of rough waves?

[@ElizzzaB]

His training was in Aeronautics.....not Oceanography. Not comparable. Appears to be no understanding of water pressure and implosion.

[@ThatMargaret]

I have semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome (ear pressure issues) so I’ve never been able to dive deeply in any body of water, and I think that’s why so much of this industry is fascinating to me. It’s mind blowing you go down to insane depths without an outer shell; the pressure freaks me the hell out! What was the most interesting thing you’ve learned throughout your career? ----- EDIT: Thank you all for your interactions with my post. SCDS can cause LOTS of issues, but I began realizing it in my early 20s. Sometimes, symptoms start very subtly and gradually get worse over time. Please make contact with an Audiologist if you believe you may be suffering from this syndrome!!

[@SSPDIVING]

That’s a great question! Pinning your comment so I remember to come back to it! Need a few moments to think about that one! Cheers🤙🏼

[@Spamhard]

Yo, i'd never heard of this syndrome but looking it up I tick a lotta the boxes. Even diving to the bottom of a standard pool sometimes gives me such severe pain that I'd never understood how folk could tolerate deeper diving. Realising now I might be the odd one out, not the other way around :P

[@TheaSvendsen]

Never heard about this condition before. Does it affect you a lot or only if you attempt to dive? Also, great question for the OP from the channel, it will be interesting to hear what answer(s) he’ll come back with once he’s thought about it :)

[@SSPDIVING]

By far the most eye opening dives were years ago. Diving 100’ deep in the San Juan islands, WA. The puget sound is fed by the ocean, it’s like an enormous bay. Well, at the mouth of the puget sound lies the San Juan islands. Rocky islands shooting up out of the sound. All of that water which feeds the sound has to squeeze through many tight passages in the San Juans. Baptism by fire. I had little experience diving in currents at the time. This turned me damn near into an expert… diving up to 6 dives per day up to 110’, after about 70’ light really starts to filter out around here. So we had dive lights taped to our dive masks so we could work in the dark. In addition to working in the darkness, it was at times like diving in a river if we were diving during a tide exchange I.e. if the tide is going from high tide to low tide… The most interesting thing to be is sometimes we could time the tides so be diving in the middle of a large tide exchange when the entire surface of the water looks like a raging river from the amount of water moving and when we would land on bottom, there was ZERO CURRENT! No water movement, it was like swimming in a pool. Mostly because we were protected diving behind small islands or reefs. Similar to dodging high winds behind any structure. Another fascinating thing was the upwellings and down wellings. Sometimes these currents would flow over a reef and the water would literally push DOWN on us as we are making our ascents. It was a very eye opening experience and I’ll share some of the lessons I learned in the future. In 2016 I also had the privilege of being on a TV show with discovery channel called “Legend of Croc Gold”. I was able to work with saltwater crocodiles in Papua New Guinea. A unique experience that I will cherish forever and will also share with you folks if you’re interested. Thank you for the comment and I look forward to sharing with you! Cheers🤙🏼

[@plankman78]

I have mild eczema and could have told you that gluing carbon fibre to titanium was going to end in catastrophic implosion

[@behindthespotlight7983]

22:47 is what comes after unconscionable😡 •uncertified & untested materials •carbon fiber is a “pull” material, submersible pressure is “push” stress •over the counter video game control •dirty room/warehouse fabrication •amateur bonding of independent materials •Camper World interior lighting •Home Depot ratchet straps •repurposed plumbing for ballast weight •numerous letters and calls from peers issuing plea-like warnings •peers and industry counterparts filing CYA documents •fired their most experienced consultant when he raised basic safety concerns •open water towing to wreck sites (excess of 250 miles, 500+ miles roundtrip) •multiple systems failures on EVERY dive •on the fly repairs with no troubleshooting of causation(s) •an arrogant, soft tyrant, rich kid playing the role of Captain Ahab •$1M incentive to add “just one more dive” •switching support vessels like bargain bin hunting What could possibly go wrong??? 😏

[@lost4468yt]

I don't think the "carbon fibre bad" argument is holding up very well. China is moving forward with it for mass production of submersibles. The Titan investigation is actually showing that the carbon fibre actually held up very well for such a terrible design, manufacturing, and testing process. Even their detection system worked - they just ignored it or didn't pay attention to it Regardless I'm glad China is moving forward with mass production of drones. They'll get some really good data from that. I just don't want an easy to produce material being thrown out because of one stupid company.

[@vicbittertoo]

left outside all winter, water freezing/melting causing damage, rock falls apart in those conditions, called ablation..

[@threeftr3349]

It was also reported titan was stored outside in the elements, when not in use for months. My recreational diving equipment is not stored outside or in a garage with no heat or air. It is stored in a dark closest in a conditioned house. After sitting in a closet for a year, my regulator/hoses was taken in and all of the 0 rings and battery professional replaced/cleaned. This was my safety check, whether it needed it or not, because my life depended on it working properly.

[@nnelg8139]

Carbon fiber is not inherently bad, their manufacturing and testing was bad. The game controller was not bad, exclusive reliance upon it as the sole control method was bad. And repurposing plumbing as ballast weight is probably a great idea, and I don't see anything wrong they did there.

[@le13579]

Of that list, the bigger issue to me is not the use of different materials/ equipment to the norm but insufficiently doing the next step of the design innovation by asking "what risks have been created by the change", "how are they going to be adequately mitigated" and then the operational follow-up of "how do we know that we have mitigated them". Kind of the entire point of middle management in those cutting-edge design and construct environments. Then there are the reinventions of things that don't need to be reinvented such as communication protocols. It shows that there's a lack of experience at the management level - why not save time and money and use the comms standards from other submersibles?

[@jeffmedic35]

Thank you for this explanation and providing your expertise in your line of work....very interesting video...held my attention. The way you explained everything very easy to understand

[@theresapratt5213]

This has to be the BEST video with explaination of the OceanGate implosion I've ever seen! Young Man you have a style and presentation and explaination that is Awesome! Keep it up!

[@SSPDIVING]

I truly appreciate that, thank you.

[@creamshop]

Thank you for this highly detailed explanation !, it was an accident waiting to happen, i have worked with gluing carbon fiber to metals in the aeronautical field, the titanium C channel was not etched or rough sanded, these composite adhesive are damm good but i noticed that no method of gaping glue thickness with known methods like glassbeads was used the adhesive was hand mixed instead of a dynamic mixing method that could of affected the performance strength, in my opinion the repeated cycling compression modulus between the titanium ring and the carbon fiber was so different that it caused the bond to shear off the titanium ring

[@markfisher7962]

Since both bonded rings were recovered, it would be interesting to learn about the adhesive thickness and porosity. I'd bet that there were large air bubbles in the bond, as it was assembled in open air.

[@LadyScaper]

While I understood only half of that, it was very informative. Thank you. Would you know if any videos or explainers that explain how the adhesive worked?

[@bees5461]

Your video is excellent, there are just a couple of minor things to correct. Please don't take this as a criticism, most of your video has perfectly accurate information, and also some very interesting information that all other video makers have not covered, so the following comment in no way is meant to indicate any meaningful issue with your excellent work. The hull that you show is actually the first hull and that one was the one that was wrapped in only one direction. Also, that carbon fiber was not "prepreg", so the glue was applied separately by hand. The second hull was wrapped in two directions, circumferential and longitudinal. And the carbon fiber was prepreg, so it contained the glue that would melt during the curing process. Boeing had recommended three directions, which would have meant an additional wrap done in a 45 degree angle. Thanks for the great videos, I enjoyed watching. I had never seen your channel before and I will definitely check out some more of your work. Thank again, have a great day! Even though you are not an engineer, I am impressed with your understanding and explanation of the remnants of the hull.

[@SSPDIVING]

@@bees5461 no worries! I did provide those corrections and went into further detail regarding the carbon fiber manufacturing process. Including the 2 cylindrical wraps tensioned followed by one longitudinal wrap not tensioned. I also originally assumed all of the manufacturing took place at one location, I didn’t realize they were driving 1+ hours during winter months before and after the auto clave. Thank you for your comment I am more than open to corrections! We’re all trying to figure this out together. Cheers 🤙🏼

[@paulwollenzein-zn1lh]

I used to work at a sporting goods store, in the ski department. Personally, I love learning about how things work and how they are constructed. Skis are constructed using fiberglass, and towards the end of that business I believe that they were starting to use carbon fiber to the ski cores. And on the cheaper skis the difference in construction is significant. But the more expensive ones have to be wrapped in the tri direction that you are talking about. It gives the constitution much, much more rigidity. Which is needed and required for a much stiffer product. Which is required for the higher skill level runs on the mountain. Now, just what does this have to do with this discussion? Just that I do have a rudimentary understanding of the construction process. I can say this, he should have spent the extra money and time to get the tri-axial wrap of the carbon fiber wrap. My personal opinion, he was in to much of a hurry to get out and start making dives and to start making money. This is opinion is reinforced by the witnesses. The CEO's lackluster safety ideas were just abominable... Which he would get others to believe that he was right, and everyone else was wrong. Would I have used this? Definitely not down to the Titanic, but to shallow reefs I would not have a problem with it. The design was rated down to around 1000 feet if I remember correctly. The only problem with this design for reef tourism is that there are not enough observation portals.

[@jus10lewissr]

"Should have caused a red flag." I absolutely agree, and I feel pretty confident in saying that the Titan submersible as a whole was just one giant red flag. It's design, it's construction, it's performance -- quite literally every single aspect. It was never a matter of IF there was a catastrophic failure, but WHEN.

[@Stratelier]

A huge "when" would apparently be Dive 80. On the way up, something went SNAP and a few of the strain gauges showed minor but markedly different readings than any time before. This WAS their final warning more or less . . . and they ignored it. So, physics just gonna physics and it gave them a crush-course in water pressure.

[@karlos543]

So the last thing that went through Stockton's mind....were his passengers. Terrible.

[@DonnyHooterHoot]

Cool!

[@EricMaxcy-xv9is]

Or his asshole!

[@bruceliggett8036]

Exactly!

[@SSPDIVING]

@@karlos543 unfortunately they paid the ultimate price

[@katamine11]

Literally. And also probably his head, during the implosion, literally.

[@heater1blackbird130]

I have watched a lot of videos talking about this tragedy lately and I have to say yours was the best. Thanks for the great video, you did a great job !!!

[@RichardMcLaren]

I was aware that every 10m is another 1 ATM, but the balloon explanation was excellent. I'd never seen that before! Great video, very much enjoyed it.

[@SSPDIVING]

I thought that would be a useful visual! Glad you enjoyed it, cheers 🤙🏼

[@hannahbeanies8855]

Thank you. I really appreciate someone who has expert knowledge adding commentary to the conversation so it’s not just a rehash. Plus you are doing very well humanizing the situation. Great video!

[@mrnextlevel]

Very very well done drama free analysis. The best in detail I have seen so far

[@MrTylerStricker]

I've seen quite a few channels covering the investigation but I thought this was one of the best takes and also was great coming from the perspective of a diver!

[@colleenbishop7387]

I was very impressed with the way you explained everything. Well done 👍

[@hugostackel1530]

I've been fascinated with the Titan story. Horrified and fascinated. I've been waiting for a video like this, something that presents an easily understandable explanation of the materials used and how poor construction led to the implosion. Very well done!

[@SSPDIVING]

Thank you very much for the kind words. I will try to make the next videos in a similar fashion. Cheers🤙🏼

[@colleenbishop7387]

I feel this was criminal, l know passengers signed the release contract, but l don’t think the level of honesty with just the level of incompetency was communicated to them.

[@squid3946]

The pig suit simulation was a fantastic demonstration of why the wreckage looks the way it does. The comment about oxygen tanks having explosive potential was interesting too. Great video!

[@edkiely2712]

Great introductory and comprehensive explanations of the in's-and-out's of deep-sea commercial diving and some peripheral elements connected to that. As someone with just a basic or superficial knowledge of this occupation, you did a great job of presenting and making the information intelligible. Thanks!

[@SSPDIVING]

That was my goal! I’m glad you enjoyed it and were able to learn a few things! I’m not an educator or engineer but I felt I could explain some of the information in an easier to understand format. Cheers🤙🏼

[@thedefinitive6296]

One of the best videos I've seen on the topic. Thank you so much for lending your expertise!

[@stevekingdon]

That was a really interesting video. Have been morbidly fascinated by this whole tragedy. I only have a basic mechanical engineering diploma level qualification, but I believe the plots are from strain gauges which simply measure the ratio of deformation to original size. On the descent and ascent phases you'd typically get a loop (hysteresis), but if the strain profile changes significantly (i.e. at dive 81) this surely would be a sign of something starting to go wrong. Would be good to understand where the gauges were positioned. Any material that is in an environment subject to repeated loading and unloading events is subject to fatigue - it is a part of good engineering practice to factor in the fatigue strength of materials (and possibly, in this case, interfaces). It's been a long time since I've used my qualification, but this looks like plastic deformation/things starting to come apart - so totally I agree with you that this should have been a massive red flag.

[@SSPDIVING]

Thank you. That's a great catch, I didn't realize that. On the last page (figure A3) there was a significant difference between the descent & ascent readings on the strain gauge. I believe the locations are outlined in the NTSB reports. I'll be sure to cover that in the next video. it's a mystery to me whether the data was unknown or ignored. Cheers.

[@annafdd]

The guy from NTSB showed diagrams of where both gauges and sensors were. If you go to the Coast Guard site for the inquest they have all the materials there including his presentation.

[@CamStubbs]

🙏 found this to be a refreshing reality check also

[@madezra64]

100% correct! Dive 81 finally had enough measurable damage (voids and porosity and delamination) that the plot quite literally shows clear as day. Titan is compressing FASTER then it normal did because of all the accumulated cycle fatigue damage. Dive 81 should've been this hulls LAST dive, and honestly they saw this during descent so it should've ended before the dive was supposed to end. They should've dropped weights and came back up after reaching 300m. It's at that point in the dive the monitoring very clearly showed a different profile then any other dive....

[@CarbonatedGravy]

It actually doesn’t look like it was the carbon fiber itself that failed surprisingly, more the interface between it and the titanium endcaps considering the forward dome was ejected and doesn’t have a scrap of CF left on it while the aft dome has everything crammed into it. Most likely the weakened CF started flexing enough to slowly separate the glue is what it looks like to me. Glue is ALWAYS the failure point wherever it gets used on a critical joint in my experience, if you can’t weld or bolt a joint being put under extreme forces like this it’s probably just a bad idea. Properly wound CF probably could have taken the force if it was all one piece, but then you couldn’t actually open it to get anyone into it so moot point.

[@DebraJean196]

Very well done sir. My first video with your channel. This tragedy has introduced me to many new channels (sadly, mostly bad AI voice overs with no new info presented), but I’ve only subscribed to a couple. Yours is one! I appreciate that you took the time to go in depth with the photos to explain what could be seen in them in a manner that could be easily understood by the general public. I look forward to running through some of your other videos soon!

[@sirhcmi3]

Great analysis! I've watched a few of these and you did a fantastic job of breaking it down and you made some unique observations.

[@minorityofthought1306]

When you made this video you were like Babe Ruth pointing to the sky. Well done brother. Subbed.

[@joannamaria1353]

You managed to explain, exceptionally well to a complete newbie to physics 👍

[@1997Gaa]

The red splatters are extremely sad. Because whether it is or isn't, it looks enough like blood that it is a stark reminder of the reality of this situation. That 5 people lost their lives alone, because of a lack of respect for rules and regulations that are in place specifically to prevent something like this, and not going through the proper slow testing for a use for a material that hasn't really been used in this way.

[@mikeedwards2621]

Perfect description of the Titan…”Recreational”…That really sums it up!

[@SSPDIVING]

Unfortunately it does! Thanks for the comment, cheers🤙🏼

[@katharper655]

It must be said that Rush did himself a massive favor by piloting that ill-fated "mission" himself. His passing in the Titan implosion guaranteed that, as usual, he wouldn't face the consequences of his own Arrogance and Actions. Seriously. What an utter WRETCH of a man!

[@jfdomega7938]

Fascinating detailed explanation. I had no idea that the end domes was simply glued on, as you stated unbelievable negligence!!! Truly unbelievable.

[@lauradavis8949]

THANKYOU SO MUCH FOR SHOWING THIS AN EXSPLAINING EVERYTHING SO CLEARLY 😮

[@howarddantes]

appreciate the quick physics lesson and explaining Boyle's law simply

[@vttrnn]

This video is great man! I'm glad I took the time to watch it. Liked and subscribed.

[@SeanPiron]

Thank you for the comprehensive breakdown! Really made it easy to understand the pressures and the forces at play!

[@melodymacken9788]

Fantastic. I'm not a techo person but I understood what you were saying. Brilliant conversation. Rotorua, New Zealand 🇳🇿

[@SSPDIVING]

Hope to visit New Zealand one day! Closest I have been is PNG! Cheers 🤙🏼

[@michaelwilson8856]

Good video. Thanks for your input, through the eyes of a professional diver.

[@thirtynine392001]

Great video! You're more knowledgeable than just about everyone at OceanGate!

[@briang4225]

Great video man…throughly enjoyed it

[@gladams55]

The Titan grabbed me and I wanted to understand what happened. Your explanations have helped me gain some valuable insight and I look forward to hearing more from you with your dive experience offering such a unique perspective. Thanks and keep them coming.

[@CatInTheChat-x8x]

This was really well presented. I finally understand the many possible points of failure. Thank you for your time and expertise.

[@garythecyclingnerd6219]

“Gluing” the ring is probably the best option when fastening carbon to metal. They should be using an industrial grade bonding agent, which can rival or exceed the strength of welds depending on the materials. When I did my senior project for Parker-LORD, they emphasized bonding is not gluing. Perhaps, as a diver, you have used belzona? Think of that. Plus, it’s going to bet better than any mechanical fastening because you’d necessarily create stress concentrations and voids in the composite. Additionally, the pressure of the water forcing the cap onto the hull likely overcomes any force of the water penetrating the bonding. My chief concern is the harsh 90° angles at the ends. Perhaps they should have made the hull 3” longer on each end, then ground- not only for more surface area to bond, but also to round those edges and prevent stress concentrations. Alternatively, having the end rings being directly wound into the hull during fabrication could work…but that looks funky. Might not be the best approach.

[@loria5343]

Nice job! In line with my own thoughts. Thank you for your insight!

[@yuchejacobs639]

Excellent video and very insightful commentary. Well done mate!

[@oyayemayafaro7307]

Stumbled across this video while searching for more to learn about this topic. I just wanted to say your job is just so freaking cool and I'll be curious to learn more about commercial diving

[@petahoee8281]

Loving the content brother, subbed

[@Greedy470]

Also a commercial diver with some confusion and curiosity in the titan tragedy. One thing I want to say about the design of the titan: Carbon Fiber is really good with tension, but very bad at compression. Thats why firefighters SCBA bottles are made out of it and some surface supplied diving systems are made with a bank made out of carbon fiber bottles because they can withstand higher pressures, thus lengthening dive operations. Another thing about carbon fiber is it CAN trap air, so as you said the air trapped underneath the wrapp will disform under pressure due to boyles law, and definitely could cause a failure but whats MOST crazy about the titans design is that they made it out of different materials with different compression rates. They mated the hull made out of carbon fiber to titanium which caused immense stress on the mating point, in my opinion (Ofcourse this is speculative) causing the disaster.

[@lordvlygar2963]

Yep. The wreckage provides plenty of evidence pointing towards the epoxy failing on the bow ring, the bow dome torquing and crushing as it meets up with the aft dome, the aft ring shearing from the aft dome from the impact and torsion.

[@Greedy470]

@@lordvlygar2963 Theres a common failure point in everything and if engineers do their job it's a relatively inexpensive and low-risk operation, with a rifle its the gas block, with a kirby morgan it's the paint (Just kidding). If your expected failure is a complete destruction of the vessel and everyone in it, probably a bad idea.

[@SSPDIVING]

Salute brother. Yes I completely forgot to make that connection. Makes sense as well, great at containment. You don’t see it used too often for compression. For some reason I assumed the hull was drilled & tapped and the titanium ring was bolted to it. Never did I imagine it being held together with JB weld lol. But yeah, the three different materials being used on the ends of the hull is still shocking to me.

[@SSPDIVING]

Exactly. There’s so much more to unpack here. If this video does well I’ll dive deeper into specifics. Thanks for the comment. Cheers🤙🏼

[@toomanyaccounts]

@@SSPDIVING there are videos showing the epoxy being applied without clean room procedures. they touched everything with bare hands. the carbon fiber was failing. there were voids in it and it was crackling. it would have crumbled on another dive and killed everyone. the Titan was a death trap with multiple failure points. The wireless control system often failed and there were no real backup control systems. It was all on the same computer. There are submersibles for tourism that do use a wireless system that is purpose built for use in the sub and there are several independent backup control systems including a manual operated one.

[@moxavenger]

Nicely explained!

[@Alberto-wu1mj]

Thank for this informative video. I know very little about submersibles of deep diving. Even with such little knowledge, I have been troubled by the words of Mr. Rush talking about safety regulations preventing innovation and this submersible being safer than crossing the street. Mr. Rush appears to be as careless in his creation of his submersible as he is in his words.

[@suesmith9202]

I enjoyed that thank you. Subscribed

[@Redmist370Z]

The complete disintegration theory relied on a perfectly symmetrical set of failures across all points of the hull. In the real world, nothing happens perfectly.

[@gschgvt2956]

I dunno. There were 3 buildings with asymmetric damage patterns that had completely synchronous symmetrical collapses on a certain day in September in the early 2000’s in NYC.

[@Redmist370Z]

@@gschgvt2956 Not sure what videos you were watching. Those were far from symmetrical. It's been 23 years and your still pushing narratives in completely random chats? I am picturing you seeing my reply and thinking...Yes!

[@gschgvt2956]

@@Redmist370Z The point, which clearly went over your head, is that things don’t collapse symmetrically by accident. And, yes, those 3 buildings all went down in their own footprint. A logical failure would have been in the direction of the initial impact, similar to the way trees and large smokestacks/silos are brought down. I’ll hire you for my tree company on the spot if you can make that happen with a tree. I’ll even make you co-owner. C’mon! Should be easier with the lower strength to weight ratio of wood, right?

[@Redmist370Z]

@@gschgvt2956 oh shit. Sorry. You still on this?

[@teehlfx5238]

This was informative and respectfully done. Thank you

[@eldorta]

Nicely explained.

[@brutallyhonest9218]

Great video, going over the wreckage 🤓👍 Very informative! ✌️

[@Kitties-of-Doom]

subbed. Always supporting new youtubers!

[@SSPDIVING]

@@Kitties-of-Doom you’re a real one! Thank you for the support!!! 💯

[@Safety3d]

I know the physics, but I still can't imagine the forces at work here. The sheer power vs. the resistance vs. the time and the outcome is just... well, it's literally unimaginable. I guess that's why it's so fascinating to me. Everything about that environment is so extreme.

[@kam6657]

☑️ Great presentation, thank you!

[@drakeripple7581]

Awesome content. Thank you, looking forward to more

[@freezerburn04]

Outstanding perspective and tutorial. Bravo, thanks a ton. 'Freeze

[@SSPDIVING]

@@freezerburn04 thanks freeze, I appreciate the kind words. Cheers 🤙🏼

[@j.whiteoak6408]

Great explanation - TYVM! I found that in the construction of the vessel, the 5x 1" layers of the composite hull ended up being too large for the rings which were attached to either end of the cylinder... So the lip was GROUND AWAY in order to fit them. Surely this would have weakened the hull significantly at both ends? If the findings don't state that the perspex viewport gave way - then I wouldn't be surprised if it turns out that this area at either the fore or aft of cylinder did fail. Just a thought. If anyone needs to know the meaning of the word 'hubris' - then just Google Stockton Rush. It's simply criminal that he was able to take out 4 other lives along with his own. He flatly refused to listen to those who knew far better than he did... which makes him the definition of a hubristic fool.

[@leechowning2712]

The viewport was intact, and showed simply being ejected as the failure happened... it was the glued/fitted section where it seems to have failed because that inner layer of ring was sheared off as the glue failed and pushed the CF tube inward. Guessing from how the 5 "layers" delaminated and seperated, it was going to happen sooner or later, and this was just the first failure pkint to fail.

[@joesaiditstrue]

17:25 The force of the water rushing in at the front of the vessel at the moment of failure, crumpled the front of the CF hull and then shoved everything directly to the back of the sub where all of the electronics were interesting to note, the amount of force that was applied during failure was enough to send all of the passengers, and most of the hull directly into the electronics compartment, which then acted as a sort of hydraulic piston that pushed the rear dome piece completely off its fastening bolts (as seen in this time stamp) assuming the rear dome was held with 18 bolts, that is an unbelievable amount of pure physics going on.

[@ShawnWing-t1o]

Im so glad you did a video on this. Your job is so damn crazy and interesting i can't wait to check more videos out. Also when you were bringing up how they wrapped the carbon fiber. Well since we all know that this sub isn't the only of it's kind and other subs were built using carbon fiber and had the capsules glued on I wonder how those subs were made and if the carbon on those ones were the same or if they weaved them

[@SSPDIVING]

That’s a great point! Thank you for sharing, I’ll include the comparison to other carbon fiber hulls in a future video.

[@BruceChamberlin-y4r]

I don’t think the composite hull failed due to implosion, it was the design and installation of the titanium ring interface. What failed was not the hull, but a failure of the GLUE JOINT on the titanium interface ring. It was only fitted with the ID of the ring glued to OD of the hull. Was this analyzed? The interface ring should have had a grove around its circumference where it can be bonded on both the ID and OD of the composite hull. And the hull getting a lot of extra support on its ends. A classic tongue and groove joint. A mechanical joint not just an unpredictable glue joint. I think the loss was initiated by the failure of the glue joint in tension beyond its limits. Speaking of joints, I have to go now.

[@madezra64]

I totally agree that the failure started at the forward titanium ring. It was sheared off 90 degrees cleanly in all directions, and I'm not referring to the glue entirely but the actual C channel ITSELF! This means it failed evenly in one fell swoop. I think cycle fatigue did play a part, but by deflecting the hull inward and putting unnecessary strain on the glue. This over time would slowly let water creep its way in, a little bit more each time until--

[@bryanutterback4074]

The carbon fiber wasn’t sanded even for a good adhesive to stick. Completely negligent.

[@CarbonatedGravy]

Exactly my thoughts, the CF could probably take it (if properly wound at least without sanding down the wrinkles like an idiot) but the CF-glue-titanium interface was almost definitely the failure point seeing the forward dome didn’t have a scrap of CF left on it. The flexing of the hull probably slowly separated the glue joint until it failed, and the improperly wound CF/grinding of wrinkles is probably why it flexed enough to do that. Would certainly never trust any glue whatsoever with my life in any case

[@biglew1161]

the titanium rings did have c channels, it had an inside and out side ring that the carbon fiber hull sat inside of. I still think it was that glue joint that failed. I wonder how much damage was done to that joint when they dropped it and the front dome fell off. it only had 4 bolts holding it but it was still enough shock to shear them and that shock would have been transferred to the glue joint.

[@lost4468yt]

​@@bryanutterback4074thankfully China hasn't been disuaded from continuing with their carbon fiber designs thanks to this stupid company. If it's truly safe then we will see that in the large amount of data they will get from their mass production of fiber drones. All in all the carbon fiber did very well given the completely incompetent (or better yet malicious) process at every step. Even the early warning system actually worked, but they ignored it...

[@moleisrich1]

Good job man! Thanks for the vid!😊

[@eRiCa88wise]

Hey hey! I didn’t even realize this was you! Great video! Much love from FAFO paranormal!!

[@markmilan8365]

You did a great professional video. But also OceanGate did something very positive, we have now a good example of the results you can reach when you break the rules, an example that will be used in all the world for ever!

[@SSPDIVING]

@@markmilan8365 you are correct and I do have much respect for their push for innovation. It can be done safely as I will dive deeper into on the next vid. Thanks for the feedback, cheers🤙🏼

[@marcellucassen8033]

A very clear explanation of thing work, as a non diver I saw a few videos and what stood out the most to me was how you need over pressure on your dive bottles to counter act the pressure on your body and on your lungs basically to breathe under water, I never thought about that. As what happened to the titan, it looks like they wanted a cheap way to dive that deep without taking into account the danger they were actually in.

[@NightShade1161]

that is amazing! 18 years that is incredible I don’t think people truly understand the technical aspect and the physical aspect of commercial driving adequately absolutely physically driving job so amazing! I am a scuba diver. I have my advanced open water, my search and rescue!. and dry suit.. a few others that really don’t matter and just regular diving is pretty exhausting. I can’t even imagine the amount of physical strength it takes to do commercial diving or rig diving. I remember one time when I was at about 112 feet breathing was definitely more difficult and I was issues with my buoyancy!l it was😮 pulling me up too fast. I was freaking the hell out!! I definitely figured it out. And calmed the hell down and deflated my BCD even more even though I had thought I had removed all of the air from the bladders there must then just a bit more in there!! But definitely scared me! I can’t imagine diving any deeper. It was so insanely dark lol but also an amazing experience after I calm the hell down never! .. I guess never be diver if you can’t control yourself it’s so dangerous.! if you do the wrong things… thanks for coming to my TED talk lol!!. Great video I really enjoyed it extremely informative.❤

[@CARLPHILLY]

Thank you for clarifying how the decompression would happen. Because I had a hard time believing that that would be as instantaneous as it is that cleared up a lot for me.

[@wuteva34]

I’m shocked it made it down there 13 times.

[@thefrener794]

Any piece of crap will work for a while.

[@phillipransom8920]

Excellent detailed expo. I got perspective on this tragedy that I never had before. I recall being totally incredulous when I first read the words submersible, carbon fiber, glue, and extreme depth.

[@SSPDIVING]

One thing the world learned from the tragedy is the difference between a submarine and a submersible.

[@sbadonnelly2072]

Fantastic commentary. Thanks for putting this together.

[@Error_404_Account_Deleted]

Thanks for sharing your expertise. Props to you, your job is extremely important and extremely dangerous but know that some folks do appreciate ya 👍

[@DerkmanX]

Idk if id you go over this but i also read about the carbon fiber and the titanium ring having differing rates of compression which led to stress fractures in the carbon layers. I work in NDT professionally for the aerospace industry so this makes a lot of sense when i think about it. Nice vid bro! Love watching your channel grow

[@Paramart]

I'm thinking the weak point was towards the end of the carbon cylinder. Since the ends of the tube doesn't have strength on both sides of it unlike the middle, the end parts of the hull pushed inward toward the titanium flange until it failed. The titanium ring is probably 10cm lengthwise but the flanges are only a few millimeters thick, making me believe they only accounted for the lengthwise compression but not the much larger RADIAL compression of the vessel.

[@herseem]

Likewise, I was gobsmacked to see the thickness of the flange. Just at an intuitive level I could see that was an obvious failure point.

[@mrsimo7144]

Thanks for this. Imagine the dive stops coming back up? Great video.

[@SSPDIVING]

Thank you for the kind words. Are you asking if they do dive stops on the way up while making they're ascent? I believe thats typical although it would be more so to let the sub slowly decompress

[@mrsimo7144]

@@SSPDIVING I know it's not possible to dive that deep in a suit. Was just being silly. Keep up the great work.

[@SSPDIVING]

Hahaha thank you!

[@JenniferStreetArt]

Outstanding ! Great Video. Back in the day I was offered the chance to dive the Tokai Maru ?(spell ?). But as a newly certified diver(PADI Trained), I chickened out after having dived a few times in a harbor on Guam, USA. (Sunken ships there) Very Dangerous dives there. Much Respect to you and all divers everywhere. Thank You ❤

[@tngtacticalmiata1219]

Ironic that it was sheer hubris that sank the Titanic and then again the sub that went to explore it. I can't believe anyone that was involved with building that thing would willingly dive in it... I cringe every time I see videos showing how it was made.

[@flapjack413]

Poor design aside, I found the lack of a sanitary environment quite shocking. I was expecting conditions similar to a clean room; tyvek suits, gloves, masks, etc. Nope, none of the above. Just open air warehouses, people putting dirty hands on surfaces they finished wiping with a dry rag only seconds before. No solvents like denatured alcohol or naphtha being used to break down grease and oils when they wiped those mating surfaces before the glue up. No worries of dust or a stray hair between carbon fiber layers or glue joints. No worries about anything at all it seems. Just pure incompetence everywhere you look. And to think that psychopath charged people $250k to get into that death trap with him... sickening.

[@joesaiditstrue]

it's interesting and humorous that human beings learn from tragedy, but that lesson only stays in the collective zeitgeist for maybe 1 generation and then you have a new group of people who didn't personally experience the initial tragedy (Titanic) and as such don't have an emotional attachment to it, which then gives them the false sense of confidence that they can get away with cutting corners

[@andybecker8]

1st time viewer and this is really good interesting, cool, informative video that kept me intrigued throughout whole time! One thing I can’t get past …. Is all that force during the implosion and the front dome just doesn’t seem like it’s far at all from the main piece if that even is a factor at all?!?! Keep up the cool content my dude!

[@SSPDIVING]

Yes all the force was created in an instant. That’s a great point, the implosion may have actually sucked both end domes together hence why they are so close. Also, if this occurred close to the seafloor, it would be relatively close together. I will go over the depth at which they lost communications, when the implosion was heard, and the layout of the debris field in an upcoming video. Thank you for the kind words, 🙏🏼🤙🏼

[@Tackz777]

I’m not technically an engineer, but I’m very mechanically minded. It is beyond my mental grasp how anyone would feel comfortable going down more than 100’ in that thing. The Frenchman, who was an experienced diver is truly hard to believe. We’re talking over 12,000 FEET. How could anyone be so ignorant to the implosion dangers at that depth. NAVY subs, at best, can reach about 1500 feet & that’s rare. How could these people not have known this? Unreal. I feel sorry for the young son. He clearly had no idea what he was getting into. The others, well…

[@AndyBtattoos]

Amazing video! 👏🏽🙌🏽

[@aramirez8427]

Awesome Video.........awesome info. Thank you for the schooling.

[@Spamhard]

Watching the videos of them assembling the Titan always shocked me. I worked in automative manufacturing for a couple of years, hand built cars, and we worked with carbon fibre and other composites on the regular. Even for making a car that doesn't have any sort of pressures put on it, our composite factories had to put on those full body dust-proof overalls, shoe covers, head coverings etcs to ensure the areas remained as free from dust, particles and hair as much as possible. Even guests to the area were expected to wear this. The area was also always roaring with the sounds of extractors and the like to keep that air clear. Absoluttely whild to me that a sub expected to go those kinda depths (or honestly any kind of depths) is being made by an open door, with a bunch of workers with no coveralls, gloves or anything.

[@ludwigvanzappa9548]

Well done fellow diver! :)

[@armandomercado2248]

Good analysis.

[@SSPDIVING]

Thank you🤙🏼

[@widescreennavel]

That lip is insanely shallow!! That swine getting squished was one of the scariest things I have ever seen.

[@DJLauth]

Could have been straight out of a GTA game, this Ocean gate horror. Great video ✌️☺️

[@thomassutrina7469]

Good presentation. Others didn't show the progressive increase in preload discussed below. This show the accumulative damage occurring. You will all see a similar indication of damage if you check the descent rate increase and the ascent rate decrease. A very obvious indication of a problem and obvious only could occur if weigh was added to the vehicle. Since water was not found under the floor it had to be somewhere. Only place is within the composite cylinder. The Titan descent and ascent typical of the class was set by buoyancy to be 25 M/min unpowered. The fatal descent averaged 36 M/min with very near the bottom increased to 39 M/min. Only possible for the weight of the submersible increased without a volume change.. The ascent on # 81 ~ 23 M/min while #80 and earlier all were straight lines at 25 M/min both up and down. The procedure for a dive was to set the buoyancy to achieve 25 M/min both up and down by calculation. It would be impossible to weigh the submersible . So added weight in the composite cylinder would not be noticed. The strain gauge in the middle believed #6 showed a curve line becoming straight as the submersible when deeper and overlapping other earlier dives strain to depth. This is a classic strain gauge signal for a preload applied. The images showed a large number of voids especially in the bonding between layers 1 inch thick, however: they were everywhere. The acoustic sound recorded at deep depth on #81 was likely epoxy to fiber delamination. Water would follow these cracks and hydraulically fill the voids compressing the air at the autoclave pressure to the depth pressure.. This explains where the water that increased the weight was. Above a depth the cracks would close, setting the hydraulic pressure and amount of water filled voids. .The load on the Cylinder via the cracks when at depth pressures are applied internally and also need to take into account the damage of the delamination. This is an overall change so the shear stress at the interface to the metal rings, unchanged, would increase, Failure at the glue joint is the highest probably and where it occurred. The Rino skin would not delaminate from the cylinder due to depth pressure. It is a rubber and it will yield and be pushed against the cylinder. a void between the two filled with water would not grow or shrink since pressure is balanced, equal. Now mechanical impact would create a path for water to get between the layers and then flow into the cracks. The Rino liner may also be hydroscopic at these depths.