Jim Gates: Supersymmetry, String Theory and Proving Einstein Right | Lex Fridman Podcast #60

[@lexfridman]

I really enjoyed this conversation with Jim. Here's the outline: 0:00 - Introduction 3:13 - Will we ever venture outside our solar system? 5:16 - When will the first human step foot on Mars? 11:14 - Are we alone in the universe? 13:55 - Most beautiful idea in physics 16:29 - Can the mind be digitized? 21:15 - Does the possibility of superintelligence excite you? 22:25 - Role of dreaming in creativity and mathematical thinking 30:51 - Existential threats 31:46 - Basic particles underlying our universe 41:28 - What is supersymmetry? 52:19 - Adinkra symbols 1:00:24 - String theory 1:07:02 - Proving Einstein right and experimental validation of general relativity 1:19:07 - Richard Feynman 1:22:01 - Barack Obama's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology 1:30:20 - Exciting problems in physics that are just within our reach 1:31:26 - Mortality

[@tanjbennett4572]

1:26:50 - Carter was an engineer.

[@dds3524]

Very insightful podcast as always. Questions always on point and very thorough even in areas not of your speciality. Thank you from France :)

[@mcreinhart5041]

Lex, people like you and your guest give me something to strain my brain over, thank you!

[@ewncilo]

Lex, This is awesome, please keep this series going:)

[@MarcosBiga]

You can see the how appreciated those questions are by the Jim Gates. This interviews are class. Thanks so much for elevating the content at such hight.

[@alekseysoldatenkov5675]

Bro, Lex. Never worry about "going off on tangents," these are your conversations, talk about whatever YOU want. The opportunity for us to listen, is itself a privilege.

[@phil.4688]

I'd actually go one step further: serendipity (the "eureka" moments that we didn't expect) seems to be favored by tangents, digressions, going off track. I'm positive some of the most insightful remarks I've heard were just one-off remarks, innocent wanderings of one's mind. And to listen to Lex do this, or his guests, is but a treat.

[@StarNumbers]

Good listening soldat are you

[@alekseysoldatenkov5675]

Mike Ivsin I try, братан

[@MeissnerEffect]

So well said!!!

[@auditoryproductions1831]

Yeah going off on tangents is the whole point

[@coldprince130]

You can tell that Jim Gates is really trying to dumb down what he is saying so we can all understand. I appreciate the effort Jim.

[@barmalini]

Just the moment i pat myself in the back for being an extremely bright individual capable of following their conversation, you came up with your comment. Thank you very much. Don't do it again please.

[@brian1were]

@Forever Holiday i dont think elon wants spacex to go public

[@Gonzo_S_Thompson_esq]

If you can not explain a complicated thought or concept or whatever in a dumbed down version that you could get the average person that not narrow minded but curious about this kinda deepnshit and make that person understand a very complex subject then that person doesnt have a deep understanding of the concept themselves and are just repeating text book shit

[@brian1were]

@@dveillo36 mhmm...

[@jamesbonde4470]

He's not dumbing down, he's BULLSHITTING. The Greeks were theoretical physicists and they declared that heavier objects fall faster then lighter ones. See THESE guys, they did real world experiments to formulate their REAL answers to reality. kzbin.info?search_query=thunderbolts+project

[@yoshiroshi7190]

My favorite interview out of all the others I’ve seen. He’s makes everything very digestible and you can hear the passion for his field when he speaks. Thanks Lex

[@TheCaptainMorton]

"So could there be other universes? Well, I don't even know if this universe looks how I think it does." That's such a brilliant answer

[@TheKeithIvar]

I really like this dude...never seen him before, but this conversation was a true pleasure. He seems humble but also no-bullshit. I would love to see more content with Jim Gates, I'll have to buy his book in the meantime.

[@rickghaly]

You should look him up...He's probably one of the smartest guys alive today. At least that I have the pleasure to know of. Lex is the bomb for having such great guests too! Happy New Year!

[@mythical0bjective]

Keith Peterson same

[@jamesyboy4626]

Isaac Asimov debate he's on that also from 2016, with Lisa Randall, Max Tegmark and Neil Degrasse Tyson. I recommend it, it was the first time he dropped a bomb shell or so we thought at the time. kzbin.info/www/bejne/rZi2i3Rpg7WjeNU

[@woopteedeewoopteedye]

This will blow your mind. Look for : TVO James Gates Does reality have a genetic basis.

[@jihadjoe]

He's appeared in a whole bunch of BBC Horizon and NOVA PBS documentaries. Sadly his IMDB page is very out of date.

[@RyanHoguePassiveIncome]

Jim is a very eloquent speaker, thanks for having him on!

[@kpimkpim349]

I wanted to see how far down the comment section I could go until I bumped into someone pointing out that one of this lifetime's more accomplished and brilliant minds can make sentences.

[@RyanHoguePassiveIncome]

@@kpimkpim349 Given the context (KZbin videos that we watch for entertainment) it is nice when someone speaks well 👍

[@ovoj]

@@kpimkpim349 indeed. Jumped right out at me also.

[@JohnPKING-nj8nc]

I loved the part where he said he was surprised practically no one was thinking about supersymmetry.

[@CaliforniaCarpenter7]

Brilliant stuff. I discovered Jim's work through his interviews regarding computer code found in superstructures. I won't pretend to comprehend the bulk of it, but this interview really helped me to glean some understanding of subatomic particles. Mr. Gates approaches his explanations with an aura of humility instead of pomp and pretense. It's unfortunate that his attitude feels so novel, because I think all of us would understand science better if we learned it from someone like this. Great podcast, I'm very happy for the opportunity to listen to discussions such as these. Cheers.

[@69erthx1138]

I believe you are referring to adinkras. They are patterns discovered in artistic tapestries throughout ancient world cultures. When Jim talked about this concept, most trained in the convential physics culture would dismiss it as subjective anidote. As for symmetries in particle physics, give the universe enough time and it will potentially examine every combinatorial possibility, but the underlying result will rely on "some type" of symmetry.

[@hughjaenus2235]

My monkey brain understood 1% of what you said

[@CaliforniaCarpenter7]

@@hughjaenus2235 I posted a very similar comment on a chess video the other day. I admitted I was a Chimpanzee when it comes to chess gambits. On the bright side, at least you have a cooler KZbin name than me :)

[@FZMStudio]

His ability to respond to questions so quickly eloquently and clearly is incredible. I don't even think he said "erm" once.. Super calm and composed. Most definitely a genius

[@thelowesttreeshavetops3541]

Yes! And even when he answers with, "I don't know," he says it before Lex even finishes the question because he has already pondered that question.

[@MrSidney9]

I really enjoyed listening to this guy. I love how calmly and clearly he speaks. You can see in him someone who practices clear thinking

[@josephlau13d77]

Plus the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) sector defines the interactions between quarks and gluons, which is a Yang-Mills gauge theory with SU(3) symmetry, generated by T^a. Since leptons do not interact with gluons, they are not affected by this sector. The Dirac Lagrangian of the quarks coupled to the gluon fields is given by an equation containing where ψi is the Dirac spinor of the quark field, where i = {r, g, b} represents color, γμ are the Dirac matrices, Gaμ is the 8-component SU(3) gauge field, Ta ij are the 3 × 3 Gell-Mann matrices, generators of the SU(3) color group, Gaμν represents the gluon field strength tensor and gs is the strong coupling constant. Note that some should be in subscripts. The Yukawa interaction terms are an equation where Gu,d are 3 × 3 matrices of Yukawa couplings, with the ij term giving the coupling of the generations i and j. The global Poincaré symmetry is postulated for all relativistic quantum field theories. It consists of the familiar translational symmetry, rotational symmetry and the inertial reference frame invariance central to the theory of special relativity. The local SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1) gauge symmetry is an internal symmetry that essentially defines the Standard Model. Roughly, the three factors of the gauge symmetry give rise to the three fundamental interactions. The fields fall into different representations of the various symmetry groups of the Standard Model (see table). Upon writing the most general Lagrangian, one finds that the dynamics depends on 19 parameters, whose numerical values are established by experiment. The parameters are summarized in the table (made visible by clicking "show") above (note: the Higgs mass is at 125 GeV, the Higgs self-coupling strength λ ~ ​1⁄8).

[@alexlustneim820]

This! Reminds me of Morgan Freeman :D:D:D:D:D

[@ianmangham4570]

@@josephlau13d77 F

[@kalinkaata]

@@alexlustneim820 Exactly !

[@chuglyc]

I totally agree and couldn’t put it in a better way so…YES.! Thank you

[@stevedriscoll2539]

The rigor, commitment, hard work, and discipline to get undergrad degrees in both physics and mathematics...unbelievable! This guy is impressive!

[@tsol9097]

I'm very late to this, but this was the absolute best episode - Jim has an incredibly approachable way of discussing his field and such an incredibly positive attitude.

[@CaptJack10036]

Also very late & delighted at their interaction. Re: Approachable … A decade ago, I wondered aloud on his UMD Site & he emailed me a simple Lesson on the Multiverse. What a Kind & Gracious Genius; No Wonder Jim & Lex are so Simpatico!

[@TheTacticalMess]

Lex always apologizes for his questions but I actually think he asks some of the best questions out of any "interviewer" I've ever watched/listened to. It largely comes from the fact I simply couldn't predict half of them, and yet they instantly intrigue me. For most interviewers/podcasters you can kind of get a feel or sense for what questions will be asked.

[@alexmiarik8742]

Check closer to truth

[@jamesbonde4470]

Ask him why comet 67P has mile high cliff faces. plains, sand dunes, hundreds of kilometers square of rubble. Some dirty snow ball. From this, kzbin.info?search_query=thunderbolts+project See this, kzbin.info/www/bejne/j2nOaHStorCmb5I

[@marthabromberg6274]

It's not only the questions asked, but the voice asking. Listen to Lex's tone and cadence and patience and even gentleness. He never pushes. His respect for the person across the table is obvious, so the questions are consistently perfect.

[@beebmuff2011]

Forgot to ask about DMT.

[@jaybrucker1234]

I just watched one where he said he was trying to come up with questions a child would ask, and the woman said that a 7 yr old just asked her the same question a week ago. I never saw him so happy.

[@edmundkempersdartboard173]

"Could there be other universes? I don't even know if this one looks like i think it does." That's a great quote.

[@Kobe29261]

Exactly - thats first-principles as a way of navigating the world. The thing thats insane is how much of what the average Joe considers 'established' remains subject to revision for a scientist of his calibre!

[@alexlustneim820]

I'm glad I'm not the only one who caught that. So much depth and brilliance in 1 sentence!

[@DanielZajic]

"This turned out better than I thought." That's because you, Lex, clearly get joy out of listening to and learning from our greatest minds, by giving them a chance to express their joy. Unlike other interviewers that may be trying to create tension or discover some drama to write about, you are innocent, and it makes the subject lower their guard and be themselves. You have a gift for this, it's really enjoyable to watch it unfold. Thank you.

[@bsdslacker]

Interviews like this are awesome; no interruptions, diving into issues as the guest touches on certain subjects, guided mildly by what the interviewer prepared

[@stephena.sheehan9959]

Dr. Gates has helped me better understand some key concepts in physics. He's a good person and cares for the future of humanity. I thank him for doing this interview. Lex, I know this is not your "day job" but I appreciate the time and effort you put into these videos. I like that you allow guests to speak at length in detail on these complex topics. You ask difficult questions and understand difficult answers. Good luck with all your work.

[@thumb-ugly7518]

Stephen A. Sheehan I second this statement!

[@blueskinblake9935]

Me too. He is a great explainer.

[@SkateSka]

Really good questions answered really well, all worded right so even a non-science person like me feels like they get it.

[@harryheart6018]

Amen, brother.

[@Krypto_Knite]

That has to be the least intrusive and least painful advertising I've ever experienced and I even listened to it.

[@tkeleth2931]

Lex's delivery is so consistent he could pitch me an ad for skunk flavored chips or self-aware weaponized lasers and I'd be like 'oh, I'll have to check that out later'

[@marleyjanim5033]

What advertising

[@Herodotus77]

Lex's interviews always leave me feeling more in love with existence. He's a real artist of the mind.

[@fimger]

He’s really good at listening. A rare talent.

[@payattention6114]

Artist, no... Explorer, yes...

[@zomgoose]

Jim is one of my favorite guests on the show. There are so many spectacular guests. but Jim gives off such a good vibe.

[@giuseppegentile4337]

A beautiful mind: I really enjoyed this interview with Jim Gates.

[@wm2922]

A beautiful mind wrapped in a terrible haircut ;)

[@fernandogaribaldi7349]

Fuert Neigt in II hoping you ohh hu

[@fernandogaribaldi7349]

Fuert Neigt has has

[@fernandogaribaldi7349]

W M b Huntington hook hhhihohhokokhhhkkhjchhkhkkkovhhhkohkkhojohhhohhkvhik I

[@fernandogaribaldi7349]

KAIZO POLYMATH bociookkookhkhkkhkvkkkkjokhooikkvk

[@simonbullows]

Lego hair is the key

[@skyblue9991]

@@skyjuiceification Fuck off. That was funny.

[@lafudge2929]

Such a genius comment lmao

[@stanzavik]

@@skyjuiceification No one took that as a value-added comment, brother. All that notwithstanding, Gates is fooling no one with that rag.

[@MrStaano]

Top Notch comment. That hair game is ridiculous....... hahahah !!!

[@fullmetalflix5195]

good one.. its ok to make jokes.

[@dennistafeltennis1190]

I love the hair, now that's a real professor.

[@darekklich7299]

Wow I have met this man in real life...He is a kind and beautiful person as well as a great mind..I would love to see finish the project we talked about....and im happy he found that higher power..thank you so much for this I will follow you and you support!!! Thumbs up...

[@artfuldodger4385]

This man is more Morgan Freeman then Morgan Freeman

[@phumgwatenagala6606]

Then what?

[@weignerleigner3037]

Underrated comment 😂

[@ikkeheltvanlig]

@@phumgwatenagala6606 than, obviously

[@siddharthk9487]

😂

[@Here4vids680]

😂😂

[@medstud]

Professor Gates is not only brilliant in his research and understanding of physics, but in the way he explains it to non-specialists. This is definitely one of the top 5 informative interviews I've watched on physics. The amount of information imparted per time unit is great and well-expressed.

[@thezebraherd8275]

I am senior in highschool who participates in First Robtoics and can confirm it is the best way for young people to gain real engineering experience

[@emenikeanigbogu9368]

lets go liger bots

[@stevenwishman737]

I enjoyed this conversation VASTLY more than any conversation of its type in the last 5 years or so. Jim is amazingly brilliant and unlike a lot of the popular quantum physicists-turned-authors, he is not just rattling off memorized passages from his books, trying to excite the masses. He is actually conversational, and i ended up hanging on his every word. Meant to fall asleep to this last night but ended up listening to the entire thing from midnight to 1:30. “i’m a theoretical physicist, so every day feels like xmas.i have a lot of joy in my life.” Oh, Jim... i loved hearing that and i wish everyone could share that experience. ❤️

[@antdifo]

You loved hearing "i work with theories that can never be proven even though most people don't comprehend what I'm saying"? Oh cool

[@duran9664]

Gates’ voice is mesmerizing 🤤

[@DavidSaintloth]

Easily one of the most concise speaking scientists in the public discourse. His ability to dag to the heart of an issue is so effortless it masks the difficulty of the subject matter. The distinction he made between matter and energy is stubtle but clear. As a Scientist-Engineer who has posited hypotheses in a range of areas of human investigation...I continue like professor Gates to say more with fewer words.

[@kushlovetenent5478]

Well you didn't achieve it with that list post did you? Saying more with less huh? Mr Scientist guy huh?

[@huyked]

@@kushlovetenent5478 Shut up. God enuf 4 u?

[@kushlovetenent5478]

@@huyked I’ll put god in your arse.

[@huyked]

@@kushlovetenent5478 I don't want God in my arse. You can keep s/he ALL for yourself.

[@kushlovetenent5478]

@@huyked no, no. It’s going in.

[@mikeharrington5593]

Prof Gates expresses all these abstract theories so beautifully & simply & even tho I don't have the intellect or schooling to comprehend the deeper detail, for myself he makes visualizing the superficial structural framework far less challenging, from which I conclude his inspiration & enthusiasm for his subject matter readily rubs off onto others.

[@Karsteski]

Why do you think you don't have the intellect? Have you ever put forward an honest effort to understand these subjects?

[@mikeharrington5593]

@@Karsteski I am on life's downhill run - as an observer rather than a doer

[@stevenguttridge1046]

He has spent so much time with his head in the clouds, he decided to bring one back.

[@JKDMan2000]

you win best comment

[@fasolplanetarium]

As a programmer I have often wondered why I feel such a deeply spiritual calling to code. Hearing Jim talk about code embedded in the very fabric of the universe, how humans are "self-learning, self-actuating data streams", how math is never invented - we just discover 'rules' of nature - this is all so fascinating and deeply affirming on an existential level. Excellent discussion - thanks for facilitating Lex.

[@AnthonyPDavis-of9ij]

Lex Fridman, this is now my favorite pod cast. I really like your style. You ask great questions of really intelligent people that I have never heard of. Keep up the good work!

[@planethelp]

Thank You for hosting, creating and manifesting this excellent interview series; your style, manner and excellent research and presentation with your guests keeps me coming back for more. The subject matter is timely, relevant and thought provoking. Brilliant work.

[@dudseyloler3516]

Very noble of you saying to watch the ad and your asking in gentleman manner. As I am a gentleman. I will but normally I skip ads lighting quick as if it were contagious,but your guest and your questions just blows my mind on a constant basis. 👍

[@chrisedgson1083]

I like the way you ask questions. Gets direct and right to the point. Produces amazing answers from your guests

[@MrKeltybroadstone]

Keep this going, man! Only found your youtube recently (last week) and have already watched nearly 10hrs of interviews. Such a rich trove of knowledge and inspiration.

[@ianborukho]

This gets me excited to revisit old subjects from the physics curriculum and read some more science history. Way to keep the wonder alive!

[@bjlyon615]

You are a skillful interviewer, unassuming and engaged. Well rounded questions, too. Jim Gates was a pleasure to listen to. He was refreshingly calm, clear and also unassuming.

[@kevinmm20]

Lex, I just discovered your podcast and I deeply appreciate what you're doing here. You ask great questions and the conversations you are having inspire me and take my mind much deeper into the reality we find ourselves in.

[@jimlagraff4989]

Great interview on so many levels. After a layman listen’s to 100’s of scientific and mathematical focused lectures, it’s great when a conversation helps you tie up loose ends. There is so much repetition when you listen a variety of people discuss the same topics, Jim adds a more to each of those areas in a way that’s accessible to the average student of science and math.

[@immanuelkant7895]

I would love it if Lex would get Chris Langan on the Podcast and talk about his Theory of Everything. Please like so Lex can see it!

[@pappidrlux1834]

Immanuel is okej to masterbait? immanuel will i be punished by my morals if i am late for a meeting? Immanuel can i call somebody a kant?

[@surfside75]

Lex is the best interviewer of our time. Lex, you deserve all the praise and an Award🏆😎

[@michaeljburt]

What an incredible conversation. I had the pleasure of attending one of his lectures at my university. Absolutely fascinating and well spoken physicist.

[@SlainByTheWire]

My favorite theoretical physicist. What a great Christmas present.

[@coinstudiocrosstec8745]

At first I read theatrical physicist.

[@metafuel]

I could listen to this gentleman for hours. Excellent content thank you Lex.

[@Think4yourself8000]

I agree. I love his #style

[@chuglyc]

I’m so excited that I got a chance to listen to this because it’s the first time someone’s explained physics in a way that made it possible for me to really understand it. I am truly grateful to you for sharing this conversation with us. Thank you

[@ramboiii5849]

I didn't "get" calculus throught college. It was very depressing for me. After passing out of college I still used to go back to calculus and try to understand it several times. Finally after 4 or 5 years after college, one day it struck me. It was a lightbulb moment. I finally understood calculus. It was a great moment in my life of great joy. The beauty of calculus. It is a mathematical tool to make sense of the universe. In college textbooks when calculus was used I used to wonder "why?", but when I finally understood calculus, I revisited those text books and all those "why"s became "ofcourse" and "why not"s....... I could relate to Jim about how the mind struggles to solve a problem. Sometimes the solution comes after a good night's sleep.............

[@alfredbudy1985]

Nice. Calculus is the language of God

[@davidcripps3011]

I measured my head after watching this and it has expanded ever so slightly...

[@antoniolau8762]

Lex a

[@AvindraGoolcharan]

Supersymmetry (and string theory) are hotly debated in physics. Its illuminating to hear someone actually working on these ideas talk about it. Thanks as always lex. Merry Christmas

[@jmr5x]

Excited to learn more about Mr. Gates, a pleasure to listen to him speak. Lex, I would also like to hear some more of your thoughts and or responses to the questions you had for Mr. Gates. I came here to listen to you, Mr. Gates was a nice addition! cheers!

[@jessemontano6399]

Great job 👍 on these. You're willingto ask the "difficult" questions. . and it's great. Gets to the heart of the matter. Happy holidays....

[@usofa12]

Lex I love your podcast. Sometimes when people answer your questions you go straight to a different question without asking any follow up question. I get you have a constricted time to do this but maybe consider asking questions about what they had just said. I would watch this and many other podcasts even if they were 5+ hours.

[@buddyrichable1]

These interviews are historical documents from many people we normally don’t get to see in this type of setting. It’s great that Lex asks questions about things that normally wouldn’t come up in a lecture or forum, which gives a more personal perspective of the person. Between Lex, Rogan, Tom Bilyeu and a few others, I’ve been introduced to many amazing people.

[@tomalekrx]

This was such a great discussion. I hope you are able to podcast again soon

[@u.s.apatron4933]

Wow I have met this man in real life...He is a kind and beautiful person as well as a great mind..I would love to see finish the project we talked about....and im happy he found that higher power..thank you so much for this I will follow you and you support!!! Thumbs up...

[@gordonbourbonbiscuit]

This is an incredibly interesting and insightful conversation, I really loved it!!

[@sethwallacephd3418]

Very enjoyable, Lex. Jim's brilliance was most apparent to me by his fluid and effective ability to instruct the uninitiated! Great scientist! Wonderful interview! TY Both.

[@Steril707]

This was really amazing. It's not often that I watch a whole interview, but with this one, I did.

[@barmalini]

Thanks Lex for the great work that you've been doing in introducing the most remarkable minds of today to the public. It's a joy and pleasure to be able to participate in your conversations, be it just in the role of a silent observer

[@danieljdick]

I loved this interview with Jim Gates. Thanks, Lex, for interviewing him. I think he and Feynman are now both my favorite physicists.

[@NimerionTech]

Wow, what a fantastic introduction. I would love to listen through the ads since you make sure we have the best video experience. Thank you so much!

[@JP-----]

Another great conversation Lex! Please have Jim back again soon!

[@bearwolffish]

Just downloaded cash app through the link.. for you bro. Love the podcast.

[@Heeroyui752]

This in my top three of all interviews you've done, I really enjoyed this. Very fascinating and informative. Prof. Gates just has a way of putting everything scientific in a historical and philosophical perspective. And your questions were great Lex!

[@taylorsweate4326]

Been in deep admiration of Jim since he discovered the adinkra codes

[@taylorsweate4326]

*Invented excuse me 😆

[@debrahale1815]

I have always been fascinated by physics but I very quickly get in over my head. Great interview with a wonderful guest. Clear and delightful. What a great teacher. I throughly enjoyed (and understood) him.

[@simonlinser8286]

Lex, your podcast is very impactful for those who enjoy it. Thank you for all your efforts, I personality greatly appreciate it and I think you'll see great success for your career because of all your efforts. plus you get to have conversations with all these amazing folks! thank you :)

[@jarredhumphrey]

These interviews never disappoint! Jim was such an interesting guest. Love all of your content Lex, keep em coming.

[@brettthickhammer1546]

Lex your videos are some of the most stimulating and thought provoking I have seen, Thank you for putting in the time and effort to help make my understanding and ability to learn grow.

[@casaamaril]

I really enjoy your interviews, Lex, I watched your interview with Joscha Bach yesterday and now Jim Gates, who has always intrigued me with his adinkras and computer code written into the fabric of reality.

[@AdamTVi]

Loved it! BIG thanks for sharing this interview!

[@josephlau13d77]

Plus the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) sector defines the interactions between quarks and gluons, which is a Yang-Mills gauge theory with SU(3) symmetry, generated by T^a. Since leptons do not interact with gluons, they are not affected by this sector. The Dirac Lagrangian of the quarks coupled to the gluon fields is given by an equation containing where ψi is the Dirac spinor of the quark field, where i = {r, g, b} represents color, γμ are the Dirac matrices, Gaμ is the 8-component SU(3) gauge field, Ta ij are the 3 × 3 Gell-Mann matrices, generators of the SU(3) color group, Gaμν represents the gluon field strength tensor and gs is the strong coupling constant. Note that some should be in subscripts. The Yukawa interaction terms are an equation where Gu,d are 3 × 3 matrices of Yukawa couplings, with the ij term giving the coupling of the generations i and j. The global Poincaré symmetry is postulated for all relativistic quantum field theories. It consists of the familiar translational symmetry, rotational symmetry and the inertial reference frame invariance central to the theory of special relativity. The local SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1) gauge symmetry is an internal symmetry that essentially defines the Standard Model. Roughly, the three factors of the gauge symmetry give rise to the three fundamental interactions. The fields fall into different representations of the various symmetry groups of the Standard Model (see table). Upon writing the most general Lagrangian, one finds that the dynamics depends on 19 parameters, whose numerical values are established by experiment. The parameters are summarized in the table (made visible by clicking "show") above (note: the Higgs mass is at 125 GeV, the Higgs self-coupling strength λ ~ ​1⁄8).

[@benbowland]

@@josephlau13d77 uh... thanks?

[@rosshoyt2030]

Thanks so much for this great conversation. It’s inspiring me to work on learning more simple math again to support my computer science studies!

[@jimkarkaloutsos4267]

This is a great interview/discussion! Please, don't change a thing. I've been a biochemist from the time I graduated, but before deciding to go off in the direction of biochemistry I loved physics and maths and did an undergraduate degree majoring in them and ever since I have felt a longing for physics. It's my first love. And so I carefully follow what's going on in the world of theoretical physics...and Jim Gates is right up there on my list. Fantastic job Lex!

[@peterbryant177]

I loved hearing Prof. Gates talk, it was a pleasure. One note -- I haven't heard of "flare-rockets". It has been difficult to find anything about them. If this term was referring to Aerospike engines, however (99% chance this IS what he meant) this is an interesting idea. There have been a few companies to date that have still been trying to implement these mechanisms in their launches through 2017-2019. The idea is definitely provocative, but due to SpaceX's general success since I don't know how well this idea will age. However, Jim Gates is so incredibly brilliant it is an absolute honor to hear him talk. He has had so much time to contemplate the existence of mathematics and its implications on our fundamental reality. As a young person getting involved in Mathematics and academia, thank you for being an accessible role model here on youtube. These conversations are a genuine joy to me, I see you Lex, you have a friend in me!

[@markthomas1462]

Hey Lex, really love your show man! Enjoy the straight to the point interviewing, thoughtful questions, and the guests you have are very impressive. Keep it up my friend!

[@AncientSionX]

My god, this was so powerful. Thank you for doing the interview.

[@victoriaandrea]

This was a great episode. Jim has so much wisdom and a really soothing presence.

[@You1uji]

Fun fact: Your brain is extremely active while you sleep and non-rote learning (especially abstract learning) happens at the subconscious level. Excellent conversation. It was a pleasure listening to this. Thank you.

[@gizellesmith8763]

That fact was so chaoticly fun that now I need an unfun fact to balance me out!

[@hughjaenus2235]

Well that's because while sleeping you're bored and have nothing else to do other than sleep. So your brain starts simulating various situations and outcomes or past memories, atleast from my experience. And it's not just sleeping, it's being in a boring state like sitting in a bus and waiting to arrive at your destination.

[@DimethylDimension]

I’ve listened to this a few times now lol... best podcast around!

[@dsmartblack2]

i love lex fridman voice and delivery and intelligent questions. this guy needs to be on tv or narrator in movies or audio books

[@michaelmcgie2503]

Once again, an absolutely wonderful and 200% engaging interview, Lex!

[@AnkurNeogTheOne]

Great insights. Thank you Lex for bringing these valuable conversations. I recently discovered your channel, its like reading a new book everyday.

[@TheSSB007]

Thanks for doing this Lex. I cannot emphasize enough how interesting and valuable this podcast series is

[@rhys9398]

Be nice to see a part 2 👍🏼

[@supersnowva6717]

Thanks Lex! Always phenomenal conversations with physicists. Others’ passion for physics is contagious.

[@jpkaneshida1977]

What a fantastic, moving interview. I had this on while working... and the true test of greatness is when I have to pause what I'm doing to just listen. There were several of these, and while Mr. Gates was no doubt talking Kindergarten so us small minds could grasp, his patience and humanity shines. Thanks Lex!!!!

[@goldieswitzerlox4771]

Must be the ego who wastes time with bouts of humorous touts of self deprecation to elude to real appreciation.

[@matthewhoude1399]

Honestly one of my favorite conversations on the topic. Gates' snide understanding that the universe doesn't necessarily play by our rules is something I think about regularly.

[@actuallynph]

To me this is the most valuable interview you‘ve done yet Lex!

[@traslaverdadconelabogadoba7742]

Lex, I am attorney, policy advocate and elected official in Illinois. Your message over the last year has been so powerful that I am now looking at different doctorate programs in theoretical physics. You are a true inspiration, sir. Keep up the great work. I would love to collaborate with you in the future.

[@GamingBlake2002]

Best of luck!

[@bryantorres2842]

Incredible! One of the most impressive interviews I have seen in my life.

[@nubiankenpo]

Salute to Mr. Gates and Lex for the introduction to him. I appreciate the seat in the virtual classroom..

[@00jknight]

Thank you Lex for providing this extremely valuable public service. So many of us would not have access to casual conversation with minds this great.

[@francismumbi49]

Jim Gates is a legend....how come I never heard of him..

[@weilunkang]

Because you probably don't have access to the Discovery and History Channels.

[@francismumbi49]

@@weilunkang Highly likely....

[@veesharie6106]

@@weilunkang 😃😃😃

[@NeXusZT]

@@weilunkang he was also on pbs's and Brian Greene's Elegant Universe series.

[@weilunkang]

Yes, regardless, I think all "physical" evidence will soon point to the fact that we're all Sims existing inside a digital virtual reality.

[@NourMuhammad]

First time heard someone speaks a rational talk about going to Mars!

[@grabithard2534]

LOL i enjoy your humor

[@williamcleland2369]

Maybe we heard two different conversations but all I heard was "its too difficult and dangerous and so lets wait 100 years till our technology can do it" I do not think that is a good strategy. If that's how NASA looked at landing an astronaut on the moon, we wouldn't have done that either. Gotta dream big, despite if it works out or not. Even failure is a learning experience.

[@NourMuhammad]

@@williamcleland2369 Well, guess what? there are obstacles and difficulties that are very difficult if not impossible to mitigate and come over. One thing for example Mars atmosphere! how on Earth this will be fixed? Other things like the travel time and the window available for travel! it is very long at the current speeds and considered unpractical for humans on Mars to wait for a help coming from Earth if something goes wrong! Also, the fuel required for a full trip carrying a huge ship full of supplies and construction materials and tools and not to forgot a proper place for humans to live for months this ship will have a huge mass and will require a lot of fuel for traveling in a considerable speed! Traveling to Mars will require more than just time!

[@JBulsa]

Dr. Hugh Ross goes deeper

[@eZeZBReeZY360z]

As a 23yr old ,this was an amazing interview , keep it up Lex , you and your content is absolutely genuine and i appreciate you and everything you do and all the work you put , cant wait for the next

[@jcinthailand]

Dude, great interview, fantastic guest. Thanks for the work you put in.

[@megashermes5247]

Dude, even you could do that, two chairs, a table and a microphone, and here you are in his place.

[@jcinthailand]

@@megashermes5247 You are correct in that :)

[@jabeltre1]

eric schmidt: "You know Jim, in maybe a decade or so, we are going to have computers that do what you do" Jim Gates: "not unless they can dream" Well said!

[@jeffmoore9487]

Two things he said brought my little train to a halt and I stopped the vid to internally review what he'd said. That was one of them.

[@Kobe29261]

@@jeffmoore9487 Me too! I was like wait a minute? The limitation this guy sees to artificial intelligence is not speed, or complexity but the capacity to hallucinate? That's not even next-level cognition! Man - what a great time to be alive!

[@KillGui007]

Published on Newtons birthday, what a great podcast! As a physicist I enjoyed his way of trying to explain these complicated mathematical subjects in simple language without going to in depth or on large tangents.

[@agfb4039]

Lex I’ve always seen you around since the first JRE episode and I’m glad you got Gates on here. Keep it up PLEASE. Thanks man!

[@jamalkumara1381]

Beautiful ending to a beautiful conversation between two brilliant minds. Thank you Lex!

[@TheLuminousOne]

two brilliant minds?