Marker Dog Training & The Four Quadrants of Operant Conditioning

In today's video, I'll be discussing markers, operant conditioning, and how we can use this to develop strong communication channels with our dogs.
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Firstly, there are the two positive types of markers: The first one is the continuation marker (I like to use the word “yes”). This is a word or sound that lets the dog know that they are correct and will be delivered a reward. It’s called a continuation marker because unlike the terminal marker, it doesn’t release the dog. Meaning, if your dog is in a command stay, you can use this marker without releasing the dog from the stay.
However, if your dog is not in a command stay, then this marker just means they’ll be rewarded. Therefore, this often confuses people because of the terminology “continuation”. This is why it’s easier to understand by what it predicts: A continuation marker predicts a reward. That’s it. It doesn’t change the circumstances, so if the dog is in a stay, they remain in the stay, and if the dog is not in a stay, then they remain free from the stay.
In contrast, we have the terminal markers (I like to use the word “free”). These release dogs from commanded positions as well as guaranteeing a reward. Ex.: If a dog was in a sitting position and you use your terminal marker, they are released from that position and will be given a reward (indicating the sit behavior is finished).
We also have a non-reinforcement marker, and this is for mistakes. For example, if you tell your dog to sit, and the dog downs instead, you would use your non-reinforcement marker and then you would re-command the sit. Once the dog sits, you would then reward the dog. Giving a dog the ability to make mistakes and try again is imperative. If the dog gets corrected for making a mistake too early in training, then the dog will become cautious and is less likely to try new things, which would make it more difficult to teach new behaviors.
I also like to teach a marker that signals negative reinforcement. This is very useful when teaching the stay command or if you wanted to teach your dog to not jump on the furniture. This helps your dog to learn what they can and can’t do without receiving a form of positive punishment. The type of negative reinforcement that it predicts is leash pressure. (As mentioned earlier, for the purposes of this book, we will use the word “Wrong”)
The last marker is a signal for positive punishment. This sound lets the dog know they will be corrected. We use this for behaviors we would like to remove from the dog’s repertoire. After we say the conditioned correction (“No”), the correction is performed through a training collar.
In regard to the science part, keep in mind that when you are training your dog the science is always the same; what varies between each dog are things like motivation, perseverance, intelligence, temperament, disposition, etc. Being able to adjust for each dog’s specific needs is considered the art of dog training.
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I hope you guys enjoy this video and if you can, hit that subscribe button. Thanks!
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[@rileydoodlemeister8544]

All new dog owners should watch this video (and subscribe to this channel). I’ve been to tons of training classes with my pups but never had a trainer explain training cues so clearly.

[@NateSchoemer]

Thank you, I really appreciate that! :)

[@daffyduck1518]

This man is out here teaching us to speak to dogs for free. Awesome.

[@marekkruusenvald2610]

After training like this for last 3 months I can tell that it's very straightforward and made clear in 13 min video (by Nate at least :)) but not easy to do at all for novice. Nevrtheless, I have not seen any better way eather, so keep practicing all you novices ;-)

[@NateSchoemer]

Thank you, Marek! I really appreciate that! :)

[@AmericanStandardK9]

Very well stated and presented. I will be sharing with my clients. Thank you

[@NateSchoemer]

Awesome! Thank you!

[@mustafahussein486]

you can tell the trainer is a man of discipline. well done sir, really appreciate your videos

[@NateSchoemer]

Thank you. It’s very much appreciated. 😁

[@nicolemitchell5095]

This was awesome- it really helped me understand all 4 markers - when and how to use them. My realisation is that I have only conditioned our dog for yes and free and not uhuh and no. It is so what I needed this week as she has got a little out of control- stealing food and shoes, and doesn’t listen to no. Thank you for the help - I know it’s exactly what I need to do next. Re-enforce all 4 markers!!

[@NateSchoemer]

Awesome! I'm happy the video was helpful. Cheers! :)

[@SunEater0]

I'm bringing home a German Shepherd puppy tomorrow, and I've been binge watching your videos for days to better prepare myself. I intend on training her as a sort of emotional support dog for my anxiety. In these past few days, I've learned more from your videos than I did in the ~11 years I spent helping my parents with breeding/raising dogs. Thank you so much for going over all this, particularly your videos that were focused specifically on service dog training. I look forward to future videos to learn even more!

[@NateSchoemer]

My pleasure. Thanks for watching, it's much appreciated and I'm happy that the videos have been so helpful. Cheers!

[@platosnut5780]

Great video brother, informative and succinct.

[@Just_Darlicious]

Great explanation on timing of the markers!

[@GK-mv1vu]

Amazing explanation super clear! Thank you. 🙏

[@NateSchoemer]

Thank you so much, G K!

[@smhonsberger]

Clearest video I’ve seen on operant conditioning. Thank you!

[@jenedmonds3047]

Amazing! Love how you explain this. Best explanation I've heard. Always trying to teach my boyfriend why I train my cane corso this way but he doesn't understand it. This is the video I will be showing him today lol soon as he gets here

[@samanthamcneil3158]

This was so helpful; you explain things (in this video and others) clearly and comprehensively. Thank you!

[@alpitshah]

Best dog training content on YT! Thank you, Nate!

[@NateSchoemer]

Thank you so much, AI! :)

[@DiegoCristiC]

very interesting and useful! thanks a lot, nate

[@crestflock]

Thank you for sharing it!

[@JG-mv5qn]

Very well explained thanks

[@patwong1999]

Awesome Videos Nate. Amazing insight and tips.

[@JapaOsaka]

Just love it ! Your explanation is quite clear and I know Practice makes perfect. Thanks

[@NateSchoemer]

Thank you, Sompei! :)

[@GroschelHD]

Very helpful as always!

[@NateSchoemer]

Thank you, Groschel! :)

[@MarkFerrasci]

Now that was a mouth full. One of the better explanation of markers and the confusion of the four quadrants. Been training for going on 40 years now and I still have a tough time explaining this to people.

[@NateSchoemer]

Thanks, Mark!

[@CamilleGG451]

I finally figured out to replace the word positive with "add", negative with "remove", reinforcement or punishment with "to reinforce" or "to punish". Hence: Add to reinforce Add to punish Remove to reinforce, Remove to punish. I did this for MYSELF so I'd stop being confused! 😄 (Now to remember which is which when I implement them lol! 🙄)

[@rotty2309]

Great video this is the bread and butter of successful obedience training

[@NateSchoemer]

Thanks! I really appreciate that! :)

[@name.terrie]

Just subscribed because of your explanation. Looking forward to going back through your videos and playlists.

[@NateSchoemer]

Awesome, thank you!

[@edubalboa]

Great content!! Thanks!!

[@NateSchoemer]

Thanks, Edwards! :)

[@tombumpus5596]

Hey Nate! This was awesome. Creger is doing better now that I've gone back a few steps as suggested. I hadn't realized that the treat could come a few seconds later as long as I started moving within 1 second. That information will come in handy, thanks for that. You rock!

[@NateSchoemer]

Awesome! Thanks and I'm happy this video was helpful. Cheers! :)

[@TheOne60388]

I recommend your channel almost daily

[@jimh3588]

Nate, like you were reading my mind re: subject matter. Just adopted a 3!year old Mal and he takes well to the techniques you’ve demonstrated here. Thanks so much

[@NateSchoemer]

Awesome! Thanks! :)

[@laurav484]

Thank you

[@zandrawerenko5698]

Thanks!

[@junlee602]

언제나 항상 감사합니다.👍♥️

[@NateSchoemer]

천만에요. 지켜봐주시고 응원해주셔서 감사합니다 :)

[@METALLICA1ROCKS]

Nate, this is one of the best explanations regarding the 4 quadrants of operant conditioning I've ever heard! That was awesome. Successive approximation along with timing of reinforcement along with CONSITENCY is what get the desired behavior quicker.

[@NateSchoemer]

Awesome, thank you!

[@Joeelectronicschematicsforauto]

Great video and great training

[@NateSchoemer]

Glad you enjoyed it and thank you for watching!

[@theprocessisgreatness140]

So good!!!!

[@NateSchoemer]

Thanks! :)

[@suesmith7946]

Very well explained Nate. This is one that a lot of people have trouble with when first starting out with training. One thing I find is how many people will chastise the dog and get frustrated if they do the wrong thing (usually owner's mistake anyway, or because the dog hasn't learned the exercise fully) yet praise seems to be less forthcoming when dog is getting it right. I'm constantly reminding people to praise when in position or doing what is asked. Also, a lot of people seem afraid to use their voice/tone to encourage and motivate. They speak in one tone or don't connect to their dog at all.

[@NateSchoemer]

Thank you, Sue. :)

[@CamilleGG451]

Thanks Sue! As a "trainer-in-training" here, this was a valuable reminder for me so thanks! 😊 (Nate is my go-to trainer to recommend whenever I meet ppl who want to know who to learn from online!!)

[@suesmith7946]

@@CamilleGG451 I recommend him too. I really enjoy his videos. I only instruct at local training club but have instructed at 3 different ones over the last 35 years. I enjoy seeing new methods and ideas. Plus, you're never too old to learn! 🙂

[@sunnyfinnell7792]

Having a lot of issues with off leash training. He takes off. Would love to see some more on this topic 🙂

[@NateSchoemer]

Yes. I plan on making a video on that in the future. Thanks! :)

[@stephaniesicat]

@@NateSchoemer Yes please! And thanks for your very clear and concise training videos!

[@mosheCohenX]

Great video!!! I have learned a lot. Thank you. How can I find more Information about markers.how to teach them for example

[@GeorgeVivanco]

Thanks homie

[@NateSchoemer]

Thanks, George! :)

[@mike4132]

Great work Nate! I am a dog "trainer" + people coach for dogs and this was very informative. I've been doing a lot of these without really knowing what they are called. Any chance you can recommend a book about condition/positive/negative reinforcement. The deeper theory/explanation stuff I'm very intrigued by and would love to learn more. You got a new sub I'll watch every video you put out. Thanks

[@NateSchoemer]

Thank you, I really appreciate it. You can see a few dog trainer books that I recommend at the bottom of this page: www.nateschoemer.com/store

[@sagarbhattacharya1087]

Sir awesome! Can you teach me more about dog training ?

[@NateSchoemer]

Thanks! Watch the rest of the videos on my channel and order my dog training manual. :)

[@hawaiidolphinboy]

Aloha Nate. Awesome stuff. Hey can you explain the difference between Reward and Reinforcement? Just need more clarification as I hear you use them throughout your videos and I'm interpreting them as interchangeable? Many thanks...

[@NateSchoemer]

Reward is anything the dog likes. Reinforcement means to encourage a behavior to be repeated, whereas punishment means to discourage a behavior from being repeated. Positive reinforcement translates to giving your dog anything your dog sees as valuable, with the goal of encouraging the repeat of a behavior. Negative reinforcement is when pressure is turned on to get the desired behavior, and once the behavior is completed, the pressure is turned off. Leash pressure training and heeling sticks would both be an example of negative reinforcement. I hope this helps. Cheers! :)

[@pioapostoli3923]

Great video Nate! I’ve been using your technique on my Weimaraner and she is very good she’s going to be one year old next month. How long do you practice these techniques with the dogs? Thanks

[@NateSchoemer]

Thanks! It's recommended to train a dog for the entire life of the dog. However, most dogs can learn on the fundamentals within a month or so. :)

[@TheOne60388]

Could you please do an episode on training a herding dog?..

[@CamilleGG451]

Awesome content as always Nate! I just realized that I do something and don't know what category it would fit into: With little dogs I always say "Lift" before I pick them up 😆 (Trying to help little dogs by warning them vs just swooping them up all the time). So would this be a cue or a marker? Not that it really matters what I call it but I'm sort of wondering in dog training terms what would this be? The dog doesn't have to do anything so it's not a cue... A "classical conditioning marker" maybe?? Just curious... thx!

[@tetiananazarova518]

Nate! Thank you for all your videos. We are getting 2 German Shepherd puppies from the same litter (boy and girl) in 4 weeks. I would be grateful if you could make a video on how to raise and train two puppies, some tips and recommendations. Thanks a lot!

[@marekkruusenvald2610]

Your life is going to change. Hopefully you know what to expect

[@NateSchoemer]

I would recommend not getting two dogs from the same litter. If you want two puppies, get them from different litters. All the training is the same. Just follow the basic obedience series, starting on the first episode and working your way through. Cheers!

[@obsidianlimitless5539]

Just wondering, how many videos are you gonna make on marking. I watch all of them.

[@NateSchoemer]

Lol! Thanks! Yes, I had a lot of people asking questions about markers that wasn't as clearly explained in the other marker videos, so I figured it would be worthwhile to make another one. :)

[@SubWolffer]

Not only do I like the way you train dogs, I like your shirt! Where do you train?

[@NateSchoemer]

Thanks! I trained at 10th Planet Pasadena, but I just moves to North Carolina, so I'm searching for a new gym. Oss!

[@robertmcdowell4605]

looking for your recommendation on a "high value treat". Historically i used kibble, but my new ridgeback puppy doesn't seem too interested.

[@NateSchoemer]

If you're curious about what food, treats, or training products that I use, you can see them listed here: www.nateschoemer.com/store

[@jeenabordoloideka9034]

I have been training my 6 year old golden retriever since last 3 months. She knows the basic commands. Is it too late to teach her advanced commands like heel ? Love your videos

[@NateSchoemer]

Thanks! No, you can start advanced command and training at any age.

[@shaan9551]

can you do a vedio of training the dog to attack on command?

[@NateSchoemer]

Yes, I plan on making more of those in my protection training series. Cheers!

[@andresherrera3649]

If 'wrong' predicts leash pressure instead of pressure release then is it not positive punishment?

[@NateSchoemer]

Positive punishment is considering adding something unpleasant to prevent the repeat of a behavior. When we are using negative reinforcement, we are encouraged the repeat of the behavior. Negative reinforcement should not be perceived as a punishment. Hope that helps clarify this. 😁👍

[@colmadopanaderiazarella3615]

Good video Nate. Question I have how much money you charge for private lessons?

[@NateSchoemer]

Thank! You can see the services that I provide here: www.nateschoemer.com/services

[@rickytishler2676]

Hey Nate, I was wondering if you could clarify one thing about the “Free” marker that you use. In practice, are you putting the dog in a stay and then waiting until you want to release the dog to say “Free.” This was my initial interpretation, but just want to clarify because that is usually longer than 1 second. (I.e. “Sit”…pause indefinitely… “Free” and dog comes for reward)? Thanks in advance; I am a huge fan of your channel!

[@NateSchoemer]

Thanks! I use my terminal marker "free" most of the time when rewarding my dogs. I use the continuation marker if I want to reward my dog, but I don't want to release them.

[@rickytishler2676]

Another quick follow up on this thought. Do you use any verbal cues when releasing your dogs from the continuation marker stay?

[@alonsoparra8546]

How do you correct without the leash on

[@valerierider5506]

Could someone explain a little more about what to do if we say yes but then the changes what they have done? So if my dog sits and I say "yes" but then he immediately stands up or lays down do I still mark that as correct? When I train my dog he tends just to run through everything he knows.

[@israelwarshavsky8084]

Hi Nate So actually Yes=Stay Why you are not using the verbal command/word STAY?

[@NateSchoemer]

No, Yes does not = stay. Yes = reward. :) Here's a section from my dog training manual that will help. Firstly, there are the two positive types of markers: The first one is the continuation marker (I like to use the word “yes”). This is a word or sound that lets the dog know that they are correct and will be delivered a reward. It’s called a continuation marker because unlike the terminal marker, it doesn’t release the dog. Meaning, if your dog is in a command stay, you can use this marker without releasing the dog from the stay. However, if your dog is not in a command stay, then this marker just means they’ll be rewarded. Therefore, this often confuses people because of the terminology “continuation”. This is why it’s easier to understand by what it predicts: A continuation marker predicts a reward. That’s it. It doesn’t change the circumstances, so if the dog is in a stay, they remain in the stay, and if the dog is not in a stay, then they remain free from the stay. In contrast, we have the terminal markers (I like to use the word “free”). These release dogs from commanded positions as well as guaranteeing a reward. Ex.: If a dog was in a sitting position and you use your terminal marker, they are released from that position and will be given a reward (indicating the sit behavior is finished). You can watch this video to learn about how I teach stay: kzbin.info/www/bejne/qWbMdWubg51smNE

[@Marshall4466]

Can the vibrate function be used on a remote collar as positive punishment as I’m wanting to stop my 8 month lab from misbehaving in the house and having a lead on to pop the collar isn’t always practical as he gets it caught on things? I don’t want to use the stim of remote collar for this as it’s used for recall but want clear way to show my dog what he is doing is wrong like taking items that aren’t his and wondered if vibrate function would work better as he often runs off with the item

[@NateSchoemer]

A correction (positive punishment) can be anything the dog doesn't like. So in the end, the motivation not to receive the correction must override the motivation to do the undesired behavior. If you use a correction and the undesired behavior continues, then the correction is not high enough. Here's an analogy to help understand this concept. It's important to remember that every dog has their bank account (their correction level). Some dogs are very wealthy, and some are penniless, just like people. Let's say that you are speeding down the highway and a police officer pulls you over and writes you a 25 cent-speeding ticket. The second the officer leaves, you will start speeding again because the ticket wasn't high enough to get you to change your behavior. But let's say he pulls you over and writes you a ten-million-dollar speeding ticket, now it's so high that you will avoid driving altogether, and you will be very stressed out. On the other hand, let's say he pulls you over and writes you a $125 speeding ticket. That would be enough to get you to slow down, without causing you to avoid the behavior of driving altogether. This is what we must do with our dogs; we need to correct them at a level that is adequate to their bank account. If the dog doesn't stop the bad behavior, then you may have to increase the correction. Just be sure to correct the dog in the act. In addition, proper corrections should not create a fearful dog. Usually fear when correcting a dog is due to the owner being angry, yelling at the dog, or correcting too hard. When we use a correction, it's simple cause and effect. A correction should never be personal and you should never yell at your dog. Once the correction is done, then we praise and reward our dog when they're doing what we like. If your dog knows why he/she is being corrected and knows how to prevent the correction from happening, then you shouldn't create any fear. I hope this helps. Cheers!

[@jeremydecker6157]

Thank you for explaining the "no", "ah ah", and "wrong" markers. We hadn't thought of those as markers before in the same was as "yes" and "free". Looking forward to Thursdays event in Grand Junction, do you have a location yet?

[@NateSchoemer]

Thanks! :)

[@Endodontist-1]

I still can’t tell the difference between no and wrong in this video. Can you explain please?

[@bek4007]

Very important video it is simple rule to remember : marker ( commend) should be first,, action should be second. according to Pavlov . :) Thank you Nate

[@NateSchoemer]

Thanks, Bek! :)

[@bharathanildhanadan2436]

When will be video of ask to Tom Rose Q&A sessions uploaded I am eagerly waiting to know the answer to my questions 😍

[@NateSchoemer]

I have to wait for Tom to film the Q&A and send it to me. I can't make any guarantees when it will come out. Thanks for watching and commenting!

[@williamboshi1855]

Hi, thanks for the videos, I don't see the point of teaching the "wrong" marker if it's always preceded by leash pressure anyway ? I don't really understand the difference between your "wrong" and your "huh huh" markers. For now I'll remember both as the same light "no" which can mean to try again or stop doing some slightly unwanted behavior. I guess "positive/negative" are what the concepts are called with other dog training or in academia but as an average joe I understand better if it's replaced by "additive/substractive"

[@NateSchoemer]

Below are the markers and what they predict for the dogs that I train. You can use whatever words you like. Yes = Reward Free = Release and Reward Wrong = Leash Pressure No = Leash pop on training collar (correction). You can see an example of the wrong being used here: kzbin.info/www/bejne/iF7HdYxshrV4hKc

[@williamboshi1855]

@@NateSchoemer thanks for clarifying ; ). You said to use a platform to differentiate "yes" and "free" so I built one and thank you the results were really fast for that and to build the value of the "wrong"

[@Trollsonn]

So in simpler terms since I’m kind of confuse with these 2 quadrants. Regarding the “negative reinforcement” and “negative punishment.” You use the word “wrong” just to correct the dog then help the dog do the preferred action with leash pressure or leash que or leading it. Then after a lot of repetitions, when the dog understands you and can correct himself without assistance when you use the word “wrong” after making a mistake, showing it understands the preferred action. You no longer use the word “wrong” and start using the word “no” with a leash pop instead only since that dog understands whats preferred? So basically you only use the word “wrong” when you are only correcting a behavior the dog doesn’t understand yet. and is still learning, but once the dog understands and can correct himself when you say “wrong”, you then start implementing “no” with a leash pop if the dog still makes the mistake with knowledge of the preferred action?

[@jacklara2690]

I feel like a nasa scientist watching this.

[@NateSchoemer]

Lol! There is a science to dog training. Thank you for watching and commenting :)

[@janking3355]

Just a thought, why would I need a "correction" if I can just use a wrong and reposition my dog or tell them wrong and remove them from the thing they were doing wrong (like chewing on something). I think some heavy handed people could scare the daylights out of a soft dog and create more problems than creating a behavior that they would like the to do.

[@NateSchoemer]

Here's my response to someone else's question, that I believe will also answer your question. To train a dog to stay, I use negative reinforcement at first. This means that when the dog breaks the stay, I say "Wrong" and guide the dog back to the stay using a leash. The goal is to teach the dog that when I say "Wrong", they should return to the stay position. If you prefer, you can use a different word that has the same meaning. Once the dog understands that they should return to the stay position when they hear "Wrong", I move on to step 6 of my training process. Here, I teach the dog not to break the stay. If the dog breaks the stay again, I say "No" instead of "Wrong". This time, I use positive punishment (such as a leash pop or remote training collar correction) to discourage the dog from breaking the stay. Then, I re-command the stay position and assist the dog if necessary. In summary: Dog breaks the stay I say "Wrong" within the first second I guide the dog back to the stay using a leash Eventually, when the dog hears "Wrong", they return to the stay on their own Dog breaks the stay again I say "No" within the first second I use positive punishment to discourage the dog from breaking the stay I re-command the stay position and assist the dog if necessary. As you can see, "Wrong" teaches the dog to go back to the stay, it doesn't teach the dog not to break the stay. Always keep in mind that if you're using positive or negative reinforcement (key word "reinforcement"), you are encouraging the repetition of a behavior. If you are using positive or negative punishment (key word "punishment"), you are preventing the repetition of a behavior. I hope this helps clarify this, as these four quadrants can be confusing. Cheers!

[@ThisIsMe3699]

👍

[@NateSchoemer]

Thanks, Kevin!

[@weinosby]

how do i train my pup keep on sniffing while we are on walk

[@NateSchoemer]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/e2jdpaaiZZ6Xhas

[@pawsometalks8499]

I fail to CONTROL my labrador .He is of 15months.Is it possible to train him now ?

[@NateSchoemer]

Yes. You can start training at any age. Cheers!

[@DEFENDERTEJAS]

My self Tejas from India im dog trainer in india I want to join your school and i want to get trainer under you how can I connect you

[@NateSchoemer]

Thanks, you can see my contact info on my website. NateSchoemer.com

[@spiritualdarkweb1868]

A lot of information condensed into 12 minutes. Wow.

[@workingweimaranerfromindia1467]

Not understood anything.... Plz tell me giving a example

[@NateSchoemer]

Try watching it again. :)

[@workingweimaranerfromindia1467]

@@NateSchoemer yeah...

[@workingweimaranerfromindia1467]

@@ivanhacks yes... Y I will tell false

[@meetoo6393]

Is it ok to let a puppy thrash a toy around like he is killing it or is that just play?

[@NateSchoemer]

It's just play. :)

[@gotosleepcrittercontrol.7355]

Is a dog ever too old to learn marker training..?