Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution

[@quantumleap7964]

Consistently making the best physics videos in all of youtube

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment.

[@DrR1pper]

Well said!

[@rcolorado2364]

Completely agree @Quantum Leap, I just wish he released more videos, although If increasing the frequency lowers quality, I will take what I can get.

[@cuonomennitto2399]

Best I've ever seen.

[@raeliean]

@@EugeneKhutoryansky it’s a scientific fact

[@VYOM_AGRAWAL]

I’ve been watching your videos for a while and I am really impressed how you make sense of deep physics concepts! Please never stop making videos.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment. More videos are on their way.

[@VYOM_AGRAWAL]

And also the music you put in videos makes my brain dive into deep philosophy and as well as imagination , this makes me never forget any concept.

[@salmaniqbal6091]

@@VYOM_AGRAWAL His videos gives my heart and soul a very deep soothing spiritual impact

[@ooloncolluphid9975]

nice! my favourite fact is that it's actually chi distribution with three degrees of freedom. that is, if you take vx, vy and vz from a Gaussian distribution, the magnitude of the total velocity is root of sum of squares of these.

[@ihebbendebba2978]

literally the best youtube channel for physical visualization

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment.

[@Rebel8MAC]

These are the gold standard in the "fundamental physics concepts explained" genre of videos. Thank you. You've been responsible for helping me cement my understanding of so many different areas of physics

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment. I am glad my videos have been helpful.

[@रोहित1]

Wherever you upload a video it just makes me happy thank you 🥺 never stop it please

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

I am glad you like my videos. More videos are on their way.

[@Austin-Danger-Powers]

Mindblowing. Thanks for sharing 🙌

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks.

[@Nitish-Rathod]

You are amazing

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment.

[@luisangelpantojaarredondo4460]

A fan of all your animations 💙💙

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

I am glad you like my animations. Thanks.

[@manvendrasingh8920]

Greatest service to real science

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment.

[@maheshkumarsrivastava.505]

Continuously I eagerly wait for such videos. The knowledge which I gain from here is much precious to me and always helps me to understand the concept in a more convenient way. Only due to you I clearly visualise what I have ever studied in text books. Really much helpful videos to understand higher academics. Thanks a lot...

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliments. I am glad that my videos are helpful.

[@CrashTuvai]

This is the only channel which I have ever been a patreon supporter. Thank you Eugene for always making me proud to be one. My only wish is that there were ten of you producing videos instead of just one.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thank you very much for your support on Patreon. I very much appreciate it. I am glad that you like my videos.

[@engineerspot-umangmishra2405]

Awesome Eugene nicely explained Really you are unprecedented

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment.

[@ryanfranz6715]

Dude. You’re just my hero. As a human who is only capable of conceiving in 3 dimensions, you’re the only guy out there actually - consistently and with intention - creating these 3d animations which *ground* fundamental physics concepts in a way that isn’t immediately obvious from studying pure equations. You understand what the equations actually mean and you show us what they mean. You show us what the original architect was thinking, in a way the original architect could never have done themselves due the technological limitations of their era.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliments!!!

[@hussainainyya7444]

Thanks because you always make vedioes about the fundemental physics they are teaching us

[@noahssircharge]

Dude. a) your content is top tier. b) thank you for your time in providing this information visually. c) binging your channel immediately, so “not, not a thank you for the first thank you” 😉

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

I am glad you are enjoying my videos. Thanks!

[@Mysoi123]

Thank you very much, Eugene! Entropy is a concept that I believed I could never comprehend and truly grasp for many years. Without the assistance of your incredible videos, I would probably have never understood it.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks. I am glad my videos have been helpful.

[@guilhermesantos7355]

You always blow my mind, Eugene! Thank you for being borned lol!

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks.

[@_spartan11796]

Thanks as always for the videos!

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

My pleasure.

[@satvikvarun6386]

Could you pleaseee make a video on semiconductors and diodes ?

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

I have a video on that at kzbin.info/www/bejne/nqPTgX55ebGFhJI

[@Simply--Science]

thank you so much for teaching better than most of the universities for free

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks.

[@miladjl5790]

you are THE best dear Eugene. Thanks

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment.

[@kgayathri6936]

Fantastic the content just reached the heart

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks.

[@Financeification]

Your work is so good Eugene

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment.

[@dougieh9676]

Love these videos ❤️❤️❤️

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks.

[@ShredEngineerPhD]

Eugene, the background music ROCKS! :)

[@Jacob-zp5ci]

Hello Eugene, as always I am greatly appreciative of these videos you provide us for free. If I may make a request, I would love to see a video from you explaining the shapes and interactions of electron subshells that occur in chemical bonding. I know this is more applicable to the field of chemistry, but this is one particular topic of the physical sciences that I have always struggled to visualize. Visualization seems to be your specialty, and I believe you could help it finally "click" for me, as you have with various other topics in the past; assuming you're knowledgeable enough about said topic to expound on it in the first place. Thank you, I'm a big fan, keep up the good work!

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

I will add that to my list of topics for future videos. Thanks.

[@snufkin4374]

Thank you Eugene

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

You are welcome and thanks.

[@dudewaldo4]

When the quantum section started I was like, I already don't know how you count micro states in classical systems! So like is each possible set of positions and velocities for all the particles its own micro state? There's a big infinitely many, do you have to integrate over all of them somehow?

[@DrDeuteron]

in quantum you put everything in a finite box and each state has a fix volume in phase space (h**3)...so you sum over them.

[@framesofphysics]

Beautiful visualisation of concept

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks. I am glad you liked my visualization.

[@manishpandeyofficial7737]

Best explanation

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment.

[@tim40gabby25]

But those graphics already! Fabulous 👌

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks. I am glad you like my animations.

[@jlpsinde]

So cool! Love this.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks.

[@bruhholmes]

Did you hear about Lt. Col. Thomas Bearden? ( Rest in peace by the way ) this reminds of a bit of what he was talking about, maybe some videos soon around the idea of scalar electromagnetics?

[@hz1234]

I love this channel

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks.

[@VADemon]

The idea of radioactive decay at absolute zero came to my mind today. My first idea "wouldn't it stop?" was the sign of a misunderstanding of the concepts. - as a video idea

[@salmaniqbal6091]

I think the decay wouldn't stop .... The reason which is coming to my mind is that ... Half life of elements is independent of temperature.... Isn't it?

[@VADemon]

@@salmaniqbal6091 exactly. but I thought of temperature as if it put the entire atom in the excited state

[@davidmurphy563]

S = k log W, the greatest equation in all of science.

[@DrDeuteron]

It's the hardest to understand, compared with E=mc^2, F=ma, H:psi = E*psi, and so on....

[@freemanskush7910]

How is that the greatest?

[@davidmurphy563]

@@freemanskush7910 It's the linchpin between the macro and micro universe and the basis of pretty much all physics. It dictates the arrow of time; meaning tomorrow happens after today. It is why a waterfall doesn't fall up, it's why the cup of tea on your desk cools, it's why our engines turn and computers calculate, it explains why we get old and sick and why everything we own will fall to dust, it tells us every sun will die and it determines the fate of the entire universe. The man who proposed it was roundly mocked by his peers. The universe operates on certainty like clockwork not chance he was told and anyway, unless the universe was quantised it could never be true they argued very reasonably. He took his own life not knowing that Einstein had recently solved the Ultra-violet Catastrophe which had plagued science for decades and in doing so had determined that the universe was quantised. He requested the equation be engraved on his tombstone. It's now considered the truest statement in all science.

[@cipaisone]

At 4:07, you say that a system is in thermodynamic equilibrium when it’s entropy has reached its maximum value, given the constraints. I might remember it wrong, but I think the statement is only valid if you say that the system is isolated, that is it cannot exchange matter or energy with the environment. In general, again if I remember correctly (15 years ago, in some course of chemistry) , it is the entropy of the system plus that of the environment that has to increase…or equivalently one can talk of the free energy ( of Gibbs, or others, depending on what the system is in contact with ) of a system (for Gibbs free energy, the environment is represented as a sink of heat and pressure, but the system is closed ) reaching a minimum

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

I was referring to a closed (isolated) system. In general, it is the entropy of the Universe that increases.

[@PinakiSwain]

Thanks. Another excellent video in the entropy series.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks.

[@mEstbn]

Hi Eugene Did you watch the last Veritasium vid? It shows a clip of your videos about electricity

[@engineeringmaniac9696]

Can you make a video showing behind the stage to give us a glance on the content preparation especially the most loved graphics part.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

I have a video on how I make my 3D animations at kzbin.info/www/bejne/bHnPZpesdp1ri9E

[@engineeringmaniac9696]

@@EugeneKhutoryansky Am sorry I should've know about it. Thanks for your reply as always ❤️

[@Mysoi123]

Hi Eugene! So, the reason a quantum system has a thermodynamic distribution different from a classical system is also related to the idea of a negative Kelvin scale, correct? This means that when we add energy to the system, causing it to become more ordered, we say it has a negative temperature. However, at this point, it no longer obeys the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, right?

[@statuschampion4170]

Yes I'm study in Konale's class I like physically and mentally

[@CjqNslXUcM]

It goes straight from rock music to für Elise lmao

[@rochemist5975]

First few seconds of the video is played most . I thought I missed something about "few particles are moving" . So I again started from the beginning 😃.

[@jonasdaverio9369]

Hi, it was a nice animation, however, I don't see how it's a way "I've never seen", because that's pretty much how it was introduced in our physics class.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

I have never seen anyone else do a real time 3D animation of the velocity of each particle. But, I might change the title.

[@jonasdaverio9369]

@@EugeneKhutoryansky Fair enough, I interpreted differently but it makes sense too

[@keyyyla]

Fantastic!

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks.

[@LuisPerez-or6yo]

Excellent video as always! I have a question, why are the particles in a quantum system indistinguishable compared to the classic scenario? I could imagine that in a classic scenario if the particles have equal mass and shape. Would the particles also be indistinguishable? Thanks for the great video!

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

The word "indistinguishable" means more than that. I explain this in my video on the Pauli Exclusion Principle at kzbin.info/www/bejne/kJ3TY3qHaLR_m6c

[@Ccccccccccsssssssssss]

Thank you! I wish my PChem instructor was a clear as your videos are!

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks.

[@mte874]

Thank you

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

You are welcome and thanks.

[@andrewferris8169]

Do a video on local gauge symmetry

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

I will add that to my list of topics for future videos. Thanks.

[@jigold22571]

Absolutely Fabulous 🌞 💐

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks!!!

[@Tactical_DZ]

Thank you for the lesson.

[@disappointedbutnotsurprised17]

Not me accidentally zoning out and vibing to Für elise in the background lol.

[@warfyaa6143]

thanks alot

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

You are welcome and thanks.

[@GamerNau]

Hola! Thanks

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks.

[@bogdanfokin1913]

Wow, very interesting, thanks

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks.

[@nothinginteresting1662]

I don't know why, but that graph of particles vs velocity looks like an audio visualizer. Like the one you see in music players.

[@segment_riveter]

Интересное видео но кажется что мы только в начале понимания сущности термодинамики....хтя бы из того что можно смешивать холодное и теплое но не можем произвести обратное - разделение состояния на холодное/горячее без затраты энергии - тут легко смешать но разделять уже проблема..

[@Rationalific]

Really cool! Or hot...or whatever the temperature is!

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks.

[@Rationalific]

@@EugeneKhutoryansky 👍

[@nickdiamond7595]

How many awards has this channel won over the years? All, I would presume. I tried to follow one of the green particles as it bounced and ricochet throughout the box. Graphic representations have always been mesmerizing as well. Are we changing these results just by observing this video?😁

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliments. Though, I haven't won any awards for this channel. As Mark Twain said, "It is better to deserve honors and not have them than to have them and not deserve them."

[@salmaniqbal6091]

Another super beautiful animation video ..... That Maxwell Boltzman distribution curve looked a lot like the blackbody radiation curve... Can you please tell why is there so much resemblance in Maxwell Boltzman velocity distribution at different temperatures and blackbody radiation curve at different temperatures....?

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks for the compliment about my video. Blackbody radiation is on my list of topics for future videos. Thanks.

[@valor36az]

Amazing tutorial thanks for making this

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks. I am glad you liked it.

[@rogerscottcathey]

Good as always. There is subtle distracting background muzak I'd elect to leave out tho . .

[@fathimahanna4975]

💜💜All your animation videos are very helpful to understand concepts effectively. Could you make videos about equations of antennas and waveguides.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks. Antennas are already on my list of topics for future videos. I will add wave guides to the list. Thanks.

[@MentaIPatient]

Am I not wrong in that someone had to write the code for this program to work, which would mean that this isn't a model of what's actuality happening but rather the person who wrote the codes interpretation of what would or should happen. No computer can produce anything on its own without human input

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

The code just has the laws of physics as inputs. When we write the code and set the initial conditions, we may have no idea what the outcome will be until the simulation is actually run.

[@Neo-137]

This channel is like morpheus

[@anuragsinha3042]

1st comment. You're great Eugene Recently veritasium has used your current electricity animation in his video !! ☺️

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Two people beat you by a few seconds.

[@anuragsinha3042]

@@EugeneKhutoryansky 😂😂

[@GameOver-qk2ys]

What's you guys top 10 science communicators my feed is getting a lil dry

[@almanduku9043]

Cool, but last part I couldn't understand well. That bozon qnd quantum parts. Elektron energy levels etc. maybe my English wasn't so good to understand :(

[@loganx833]

Cool videos bro 🤜

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks.

[@hussainainyya7444]

Great, but where is the maxwell-boltzman distribution explaining?

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

That is what the entire animation with the bouncing balls is about, even though I didn't mention the name.

[@НиколайНиколаев-Потапов]

Cool. Thx!

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks.

[@sangeetanarendrasingh5416]

❤Thermodynamics ❤Eugene

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Thanks.

[@tototoday7609]

about monoatomic ideal gas.

[@_ilincic]

That works just becouse the particles are inside a box. What about other shapes?

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

It works with any shape.

[@DrDeuteron]

in quantum mechanics, a perfect sphere (S=0), *can't* rotate. That is, R(theta)= 1.

[@AjithKumar-tf9dv]

There is only one thing for everyone to do in this world. You look at yourself. The eye is our fall.

[@jaimelima2420]

Wow.

[@thugff296]

Thermodynamics plz

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

I have a video on Thermodynamics at kzbin.info/www/bejne/fYDViKyVrrN1rLs

[@berrybite88]

∆Temperature

[@uvenga]

Do you have videos about graphics o functions?

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

I am not sure I understand your question. I have a video on how I make my 3D animations at kzbin.info/www/bejne/bHnPZpesdp1ri9E

[@uvenga]

@@EugeneKhutoryansky sorry I mean videos like this kzbin.info/www/bejne/aHW1npmuoK2SjKs

[@mikel4879]

This is the perfect example of the difference between theoretical models and the true reality of the Universe. This model presented here is for kids with a not enough developed mind. If you don't understand what I say here ( or if you wrongly understand it ), then make the model to work for the whole real Universe comprising at the same time ( =simultaneously ) the universal real neverending micro and macro dynamics. Let's suppose that you coudn't do it. But even if you only try, you'll start the process of slowly-slowly understanding how in reality the Universe works.

[@AjithKumar-tf9dv]

Rocket knows everything when Spacil goes. Apply it everywhere. Aren't we one ........

[@raeybenyam416]

This is really great channel what i almost know about science is from this helpfull channel....but i have question about how electron and positron can be form from photon?does this violate pauli exclusion principle? Please can u tell me

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

I am glad my videos are helpful. Thanks. In reply to your question, the Pauli Exclusion principle only says that "identical" particles can't be in the same quantum state. For example, two electrons can't be in the same quantum state. But, an electron and a positron can be in the same quantum state, because they are not "identical" particles.

[@raeybenyam416]

@@EugeneKhutoryansky Thank you very much i have get what i needed to know

[@salmaniqbal6091]

@@EugeneKhutoryansky Beautiful reply.... Amazing

[@AjithKumar-tf9dv]

Education is from knowing that there is no knowledge. Am I interfering in all this?

[@an0idiot0of0use]

I come for the physics, but I stay for the colored spheres.

[@su_vigyatripathi9526]

💣🔥❣️

[@statuschampion4170]

I am Indian

[@thr0ne1997]

i think i'm gonna have a seizure nice vid anyways keep it going!

[@cern2220]

Omg

[@ffarkasm]

7:59 Disgusting detail.

[@mastermenthe]

K

[@SampleroftheMultiverse]

Boltzmann Distribution Hey Guys does this model look like it might describe the math in your lecture? Thanks for your well produced video. Your viewers might enjoy seeing my personal amateur science project. Sorry if it’s not a well produced video I need to do better. It might be a good visual aid that the math describes. See linked below. It uses a sheet of spring-like material buckled from the ends to form a Gaussian curve. The area under the curve represents the energy in the system. The sheet of material represents a field with the ends bounded. Seeing the mechanical effect may takes some of the mystery of what the math for your students. See the load verse deflection graph in the white paper found elsewhere on my KZbin channel. kzbin.info/www/bejne/raOlpKSfepWpfZYsi=waT8lY2iX-wJdjO3

[@ucngominh3354]

hi

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Hello.

[@YawnGod]

There are decent channels out there which show this, so technically I've seen things like this before. But then again, it's not about me.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

I have never seen anyone else do a real time 3D animation of the velocity of each particle. But, I might change the title.

[@brxnson]

This is the weirdest Minecraft video I’ve ever seen

[@JohnVKaravitis]

1:48 Wait, if every (indistinguishable) particle had the same energy, wouldn't that be maximum entropy? The greatest number of microstates == the greatest multiplicity == the greatest entropy. This occurs when every particle is no different than any other particle, no? Which is where the universe as a whole is going. If I had two EInstein solids, with Na and Nb oscillators in each solid, then distributing the total energy units "q" among all the oscillators in proportion to the total number of overall oscillators gives us the greatest multiplicity, no? Omega_total = Omega_A * Omega_B. What am I not seeing? Lowest entropy == lowest possible # of microstates == having one single oscillator with all the energy. 2:38 Not the correct definition of temperature. T^-1 = partial Entropy/partial Energy. 5:43 We don't apply classical thermodynamics to the quantum realm because of the energies compared to the discrete nature of the energy spectrum, which cannot be ignored.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

If you have two particles with the same energy, then when you swap their energies, you get the exact same micro-state that you had before (assuming that the velocity directions don't change).

[@JohnVKaravitis]

@@EugeneKhutoryansky Your reply does not address the issue.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

For a given set of positions and velocity directions, let us suppose that we can adjust the velocity magnitudes by redistributing the energy among the particles. There is only one way that all the energy can be in particle #1, there is only one way all the energy can be in particle #2, etc. There is also only one way that all the energy can be distributed exactly equally amoung all the particles. But, there are many different ways the energy can be distributed such that you get the velocity distribution shown.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

And that is the correct definition of temperature. The equation you mentioned is just a relationship between temperature, energy, and, entropy, under a given set of conditions.

[@JohnVKaravitis]

@@EugeneKhutoryansky You are mistaken. I refer you to Schroeder's "An Introduction to Thermal Physics." E.g., Figure 3.1 shows that entroipy is maximized when a system (Einstein solids, monatomic gas, two-state paramagnets) is at the point where the energy units are distributed such that, essentially, there is no spontaneous loss or gain of energy from one particle to any other particle in the system. This means that the temperature of the system at equilibrium is such that partial S_a/partial U_a == partial S_b/partial U_b == no particle/oscillator spontaneously gives up/absorbs any more energy. Thus, same velocity, thus, temperature does not change. For indistinguishable particles (assumed to sidestep the Gibbs paradox), this means that they each have the same amount of energy, thus, at maximum entropy. FYI, I am pursuing a Master's degree in Physics, and have my Thermal Physics midterm this Wednesday.

[@VJ-dv4ub]

i learnt about this in 11th class, but this was such a better experience 🤌, 3:45 this graph is giving me goosebumps

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

I am glad you liked my video.

[@boredgrass]

Best content turned into a music video that kicks people with impaired hearing out. Music more important than content?