The Human Genome Project: The 13-Year Quest to Chart the Mysteries of Human Genetics

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[@megaprojects9649]

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[@KarsonNow]

02:50 I would bet they are smaller... I mean look at computer hardware this days - It would be a good video about the CPUs or GPUs becouse of 5 or 7 nm structure size of transistors... It's really crazy, i mean actual GPU from nivida have a size of 826 mm²... And 54 billions of transistors... AMD Ryzen CPU have almost 4,2 billions transistors at the size of 80,7 mm²... Check Moore Law: en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor_count

[@thesilentone4024]

I can say I know dna 15% before after aa 17% I think lol how do we work omg lol. Well I got a question or a request um 1 is it ok to talk about NV water problems 2 can you do a video on vegas megaprojects that failed?

[@dominichanna8904]

I'm pretty sure we have crispr because of the Geno project. That's a pretty big invention because China has made lab twins and made it so they can't get HIV

[@itsonlycayle]

Rosalind Franklin?

[@pandorasbox4238]

Wasn't Crick high on acid when he saw it suddenly?

[@henriroggeman7267]

I think it would have been worth mentioning that James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins would have gotten nowhere without the groundbreaking work of Rosalind Franklin.

[@tarunsinghshekhawat8692]

Yes ,X ray diffraction of Rosalind Franklin based on this only Watson and crik gave structure of ds DNA

[@ericwright8592]

Cell Biologist here. Electrophoresis based sequencing is called Sanger Sequencing. It is immensely laborious. It was all we had for decades. Automated sequencing using Illumina platforms is called Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and is broadly known as "sequencing by synthesis". They work completely differently and afaik there was no sequencing by synthesis (as it is in NGS) involved at all in the original sequencing of the human genome, as it didn't really come around in its current form until about 2011ish. Now we can sequence a whole human genome in a few hours. There was actually a pretty intense format war similar to VHS vs betamax when NGS first became viable. There were 3-4 competing companies each with their own standard and proprietary technology. Solexa, Roche 454, Illumina, and maybe others. Illumina won out and is now the standard for sequencing

[@thetruthwillout9094]

Well done. The award for "I'm the cleverest person in the comments section" goes to you my friend! 👏👏👏 🥱🥱🥱

[@ericwright8592]

@@thetruthwillout9094 Just trying to make it clear that the two sequencing methods described in the video are totally different and were used decades apart and that NGS played no role in the original human genome project.

[@Justwantahover]

Can you please troll "Bible Research Tools" and tell him that genetics is based on evolution, not creationism. Creationists are led to believe genetics is based on creationism. But it's so easy to debunk cos I ask them, is genetics based on what's in the textbooks or what's only in creationist sites?. They come back with an encyclopedia full of pseudo genetics instead of answering my simple question. I ask the question again and yet more pseudoscience (in an unprecedented quantity) and they never answer my question. And they cleverly word it like they are in the "right" when they are in fact stumped. Clever persuasive creationist wording but no real science, just made up shit.

[@Phlya1]

A couple mistakes: Sanger sequencing is also sequencing by synthesis. Illumina is a very similar technology, just on steroids (and with some huge advancements in the chemistry and detection, of course). Also, Illumina sequencing is the same as Solexa, since Illumina bought Solexa and uses their technology.

[@notmaireelneim]

They have biologists in prison?

[@stevenewland8000]

I started my PhD at the Sanger center a year before it was completed and can still remember the party when it was published. A Few Nobel prize winners were present. Roslin Franklin was rembered by renaming the mrc section to the Roslin Franklin Center for Genomic Research

[@ignitionfrn2223]

1:45 - Chapter 1 - The human genome 3:55 - Chapter 2 - Early discoveries 4:50 - Mid roll ads 6:20 - Chapter 3 - Sequencing DNA 8:05 - Chapter 4 - The human genome project 12:00 - Chapter 5 - The finishing phase 13:15 - Chapter 6 - Completion 14:05 - Chapter 7 - Findings 15:50 - Chapter 8 - The future

[@DuxRyuPro]

Thank you so much 🙏

[@MissSimsalot]

Always only Crick and Watson get mentioned. Rosalind Franklin: am I a joke to you?

[@stuartclifton4764]

Came here to say this!!

[@jordanwilliams9300]

Same!

[@slcpunk2740]

@John Barber Only 1 Rosalind Franklin, 2 Watsons, 3 Cricks or 7,490,185,326 Tucker Carlsons.

[@CJOwen]

If you took all the blood vessels out of a person and laid them end to end... that person would die.

[@HarryNicNicholas]

if you took every child who fell asleep in class at school and laid them end-to-end in the playing field, they'd be a whole lot more comfortable.

[@Southsaudi]

You should do a video on the A-10 Warthog

[@mariusdamianbosoi7771]

Yes please

[@isiahhendrix5651]

I've been suggesting Eugene Stoner's love child the AR-15 for a while.

[@penguinista]

The Human Genome Project has already paid for itself in technological development that has sprung from it. It is easy to take for granted the advantages that come from having the whole genome and the technologies that were developed in order to complete it. We determined the genome of COVID-19 immediately, track it as it mutates, and develop RNA vaccines to the specific antigens we decide are important from protein modeling. All those things depend on technology that would certainly not be at the stage it is now without the Project.

[@MountainFisher]

With the Infomatics software of the ENCODE Project which was actually bigger than the Genome project. It involved thousands of scientists around the world using the Genome as a map. One thing they discovered is that there is essentially no Junk DNA, it all has functions.

[@wiltchamberlain9920]

I remember when they announced that they were going to work on it. It was like, “maybe someday they will be able to do this kind of thing. Don’t hold your breath.” And then, yeah, it was over a decade later that they finished, it still seemed like, “oh! They finished that already? Damn. That was quick.” It seemed like something that wouldn’t happen in my life when they started.

[@helmsscotta]

It got exponentially faster and cheaper as it went along.

[@JohnSmith77777]

I did my bit, I was worked on the mapping and sequencing of Chromosomes 9 & 10 at the Sanger centre/Sanger Institute for 4 years. I am proud we beat the commercial version run by Craig Venter & Celera who tried to patent every gene sequence discovered as they went along, then charge researchers a royalty fee on to work on a specific gene. The public projected updated & published our data every 24hrs for free, negating Venter's/Celera's ability to patent gene sequences..... In the end the Venter could not put his shotgun sequences together without using the mapping data we created at the Sanger & the public project, both projects published in the same data, the Public project in nature with both the mapping and the sequencing data, Venter & Celera in Science and having to give an acknowledgement that their shotgun approach cold not be assembled with out the help of the public projects mapping data (which was like a scaffold to hang the shotgun sequences on)...... the public finished sequence was acknowledged to be more accurate 7 with less errors that Vente'rs........... finally o be fair to Venter, the computer processing power was about 7-10 years behind was was needed for a whole shotgun approach. ...... These days , with so many DNA sequences complete, Shotgun, matching up & identifying nucleotide changes using processing power means a individual's DNA sequence can be processed in a couple of hours,.... I still love Gap4 and miss contig assembly.

[@amandajones8841]

The only thing Watson and Crick discovered was Rosalind Franklin's notes

[@jamesdreads7828]

massively under rated comment

[@anshagrawal6289]

They used the Xray diffraction data produced by Franklin and the other guy

[@penguinista]

It was unacceptable how she was treated, but if that was true she would have had the structure herself.

[@dianehansen5552]

Yes, her unpublished notes stated DNA was a helix, as many already suspected. She was not a chemist, she couldn't have taken the leap necessary to defining how DNA worked.

[@Football__Junkie]

Shots fired

[@BytebroUK]

I cannot believe you mentioned "Crick & Watson" and completely missed out "Rosalind Franklin". You lose two house-points.

[@EnraEnerato]

My thoughts exactly, I was highly disapointed.

[@Hollylivengood]

Thank you.

[@michaelaldam]

I was about to write the exact same thing!!!

[@dianehansen5552]

AND not forget Otto's role in helping many to fly by inventing the petrol engine.

[@EnraEnerato]

@@dianehansen5552 Isn't it called "Otto engine" and "Otto cycle" for a reason?

[@meson183]

In 1987 the BBC produced a wonderful historical dramatisation of Watson and Crick's discovery of DNA. It was called _Life Story_ (though it may also be known as _The Race for the Double Helix_ in other parts of the World). It stars Jeff Goldblum and Tim Pigott-Smith. It also shows how Rosalind Franklin was passed over for her part in the discovery.

[@matth8924]

I remember hearing about this when I was a kid in 3rd grade in 2003, so goddamn cool

[@whoshotdk]

Future alien xenoarcheologist: It's such a shame we don't have any DNA examples of this extinct hewmon species. At least we've got these tasty bananas though.

[@kathis4074]

"If you were to type 8 hours a day, at 60 words per minute, it would take around 50 years for you to type the whole human genom." Well, still faster than the time G.R.R. Martin takes to finish "Game of Thrones"...

[@stmounts]

If you were able to watch 6 KZbin videos an hour for 8 hours a day, it would take more than 50 years to see all of Simon Whistler's channels........

[@alyssa6876]

I remember all the hype when The Human Genome Project was first announced when I was a kid. There were supposed to be amazing advancements in medicine, cures for cancers, no more disease! (Typical media hype.) What came out of it was an amazing deep look and better understanding of what makes us tick and why. I was fortunate enough to see the kick off of it as a child and study the results at University as a non-traditional student (ie an adult with a family).

[@clemstevenson]

42. All that we have to do now is find out what the question actually was.

[@archlich4489]

"Think Deep"

[@clemstevenson]

@@archlich4489 Deep thought took 7.5 million years to compute the ultimate answer, so human DNA should be mere pocket calculator stuff.

[@robertguy9553]

Finally! Been mentioning this since the start of the channel. Thank you for doing this one

[@SecurityMonitorLizard]

I knew I saw your suggestion before. Great idea, dude. Thank you. P.S. my late doggos name was Guy.

[@matthewdopler8997]

I also suggested it once. It is a pretty amazing feat.

[@michaelbrown5219]

You missed out on the most important part. CRISPER is what’s making this map so important. It’s what gives us an ability to modify what we have mapped. You really should do a follow-up explaining how it works and the breakthroughs it’s already had.

[@TheNinjaDC]

"There were gaps in the DNA that needed to still be filled..." Frogs🐸: "My time is now!"

[@TheDesertraptor]

My PC was part of this parallel computing project. They said we'd cure all the world's ills once we mapped the human gnome. Still waiting on immortality. But I guess only the mega rich will get that special treatment

[@ianstradian]

Here is a scary thought: We developed the nuclear bomb and there were only three countries who had the power and expertise to do so. Two of those countries failed to complete this task. In 1972 the microchip was developed by only a handful of corporations. In 1998 the human genome project had only the best scientists in that field working on it. Today there are over 4000 corporate labs screwing around with the human dna code.

[@neilzukov2921]

Mega Project idea: The "Mining and Chemical Combine" in Zheleznogorsk, Russia. A Plutonium production plant. The entire facility was built 200 meters into the mountain, and contains 3 Nuclear Reactors (Basically the same design as РБМК, like in Chernobyl),1 АД and 2 АДЭ (АДЭ-2 provided power and heating to the workers city, Zheleznogorsk). The facility has its own railway and electric locomotive. Now the Plutonium production is stopped (since 95'), and the reactors were shut down. Now they produce MOX fuel for fast liquid metal Reactors (for now, БН-800).

[@Justwantahover]

The last nail in the coffin for creationism!

[@timan2039]

Never underestimate just how willfully ignorant some are willing to be.

[@mauriceupton1474]

Quite the opposite. If it takes computers.

[@vonirkinshtine]

I know this isn't one of your more popular videos. But, thank you for making it! Very fascinating!

[@JP-xg6ij]

"One of the greatest acts of acts of human exploration took 13 years to complete." Opening up a lifetime of possibility and research on topics we are yet to comprehend. Long live DNA.

[@deemariedubois4916]

Truthfully I will admit I don’t totally understand this but each time I do another study on it, I grasp a bit more. My interest is finding genetic mutations especially when dealing with cancer. Cancer doesn’t run in my mom’s side of the family but she developed such a rare cancer, no cure available, that her oncologist had only seen it one other time. Also it is still not known if it is cause environmentally or by a genetic mutation. I feel it was caused by a genetic mutation because if caused by exposure to cancer causing materials-like people exposed to breathing in asbestos dust-surely it wouldn’t be so rare. Mom never smoked, indulged in a screwdriver or a glass of champagne on very rare occasions. She was always fit, never overweight. She had 2 brothers and 7 sisters, none of whom have had any form of cancer. Mom has passed away now due to pneumonia which was actually a kindness because the end her cancer would have brought about would have been horrendous.

[@matthewdopler8997]

So happy to see this. I have been hoping and recommending this a while ago. It really is a impressive accomplishment.

[@613aristocrat]

It already has changed life for many people. For example, it's common around where I live for couples to get tested for genetic incompatibility, meaning how likely it is for them to pass on genetic diseases if they got together.

[@onepiecepedia]

Perhaps the *most important megaproject* in human history!!

[@Justwantahover]

The last nail in the coffin for creationists.

[@Lowmanification]

@@Justwantahover Dude, stop. If you want to pick fights with fundies go right ahead. We don't need to hear about it.

[@playlistsirois]

This one is my favorite so far! Really good

[@valinorean]

Great video! One thing that would have made an interesting addition would have been more of a focus on the "battle" between the Human Genome Project and Craig Venter (which was briefly touched on), and the fact that the completion of the human genome would not have been possible had the two sides not called a truce near the end of the project to complete it. Also, Craig Venter's mission to sequence the ocean would make an excellent Megaproject!

[@nubletten]

Directly to the topic and not so much bs like on other channel videos, i love it.

[@brett4264]

That long sequence of the same "letter", mentioned by Simon, is actually where aliens deleted some super power humans once had.

[@TheOmegaXicor]

why does it always have to be aliens, god, governments, etc with you people. Why can't it be time travellers, huh??? :p

[@id104335409]

I was hoping you will get into what interesting things scientists found after the mapping. Not just the banana thing.

[@alklazaris3741]

Like what?

[@hkheyasa8484]

@@alklazaris3741 that we didn't descend from adam and eve?

[@alklazaris3741]

@@hkheyasa8484 that's a given.

[@Beryllahawk]

I remember when the project was just getting started, and people were screaming about designer babies and genetically "tinkering" with everything about humans. Gene therapy wasn't even a term yet. And yeah, there was a lot of speculative media going apeshit. But, sad to say, the science fiction lovers among us were also losing their collective minds... and a lot of what they talked about was extremely vivid and tended to stick in the minds of readers, fans, etc.

[@jonathantrot]

as always well explained !

[@1TakoyakiStore]

What blows my mind are the handful of DNA evidence in murder cases during the late 1980's and early 1990's prior to the human genome project finishing. It's like knowing that you could make a video game prior to the Apple computer. Possible but still farsighted.

[@johnbaker8095]

Simon, not related to Genome project but I wanted to suggest a Megaproject. World's littlest skyscraper, the story behind it is very intresting and a good reason to check the drawing scale! Thanks for all the great Videos you do.

[@philippa5004]

Thanks for posting

[@One_High_Guy_420]

You used the phrase "Banana for scale" without saying it outright! I'm dieing!!!

[@Spinikar]

Disease can becuased by a single gene reminds me how one missing semicolon my whole app breaks.....

[@musamba101]

Thanks to that project, I have been able to trace my paternal ancestry to Brittany and my maternal ancestry to the Canaries. I started my genetic research in 2008. Genealogy alone never would have sufficed!

[@kyleocall]

Idea: A Megaproject video on how to make a Megaproject video

[@Mrgunsngear]

Thanks

[@MrSpartanicus]

Surprised you didn’t mention CRISPR, or did I miss it?

[@UFGgamings]

He didnt mention it but that's kinda reasonable because CRISPR did not result from this project.

[@MrSpartanicus]

@@UFGgamings but he did touch on the future of human genetics and breakthroughs... in that regard, CRISPR is huge. Either way, Simon, do a video on CRISPR!

[@dawn-from-the-lab]

Simon, you owe us a Rosalind Franklin Biographic now.

[@lizdyson3627]

Great episode

[@brett4264]

Thanks. That was interesting.

[@davidedward10]

Well, at least I know what to say next time someone tells me I’ve gone bananas 🤪

[@twocvbloke]

They can map it all they like, I'd still get utterly lost... :P

[@nadimali101]

Could we have an episode on the AC130 Gunship? The most iconic aerial gunship that ever has existed with its 105mm cannon

[@calska140]

It's development is kinda underwhelming. Its the same as the development for it's Vietnam forefather the AC47 and that is; get light cargo plane, jam some gnarly ship mounted anti air guns through the sides. Then when youve done that use it by having the pilot cut banked circles while the gunners defoliate the ground below.

[@nadimali101]

@@calska140 Good to note on

[@jeffreypeters8446]

Simon, can you do a deep dive into the cloning and sequencing of DNA? I know you said we would all fall asleep but some of us would be very interested in this! Or how about a video on how the Humane Genome Project now helps with creating vaccines (ie: COVID-19 vaccine)?

[@billpilling5725]

The finishing phase. Thats when we built Lelu.

[@helmsscotta]

We're still centuries away from Lelu.

[@SMunro]

Now when you say if we could stretch human DNA we could circle the solar system, does DNA have the tensile strength to build a Dyson sphere from it? We could put humans in solar orbit and use their DNA to build the Dyson Sphere.

[@cassieoz1702]

The genome is less a blueprint or set of instructions, and more just a list of ingredients.

[@adamreddaway2005]

I imagine the scientist getting up in the middle of the pub and shouting, "I have discovered the secret of life!" Then a nearby patron turns to the bartender and mutters, "I guess I'll try what he's having."

[@peter-radiantpipes2800]

Great vid

[@Markle2k]

"Some outside the scientific community labelled it as a waste of time and money because they couldn't see the immediate benefit" --The story of basic research. And no. Considering how we are communicating here, it isn't easy to see their "reasoning".

[@HeavenlyMandate]

*"Thanks to father's DNA, they were able to identify 16 of soldier genes."* Only true gamer knows the reference

[@joevalle2630]

Snake???

[@HeavenlyMandate]

@@joevalle2630 yis

[@albertjackinson]

The beginning of the video reminded me of an idea: What if that level of accomplishment is something we have as a species of we tackle climate change? I wonder what the history books will say about it...

[@highpath4776]

See Technology Connections on heat pumps, wont be the entire climate change game changer, but offers opportunites.

[@Kelly-jm8jx]

Like it. Thank you.

[@kamalnathkanthimathinathan1473]

Crisper technology will make big impacts. And yaa, it's take many many years to do so...

[@TheEvilCommenter]

Good video 👍

[@reefpi3567]

yess :-) finally. thank you.

[@robmerrell1745]

The company I work for did the IT support for Celera. They bought a new huge building, hired a ton of people, and then died pretty much overnight.

[@BlueBirdsProductions]

Well there you go guy who comments this on every single video you finally got what you wanted

[@DrewberTravels]

2:44 you just taught me more than 4 years of american high school.

[@andrewwagoner7093]

Has anyone put the DNA sequence into binary? TA = 0 and CG = 1 or vice versa to see what happens?

[@id104335409]

It assembles a computer virus.

[@Lowmanification]

It doesn't work like that. You are thinking of the base pairing between the helices (+ strand interacting with - strand), not the sequence of the strand itself. You would need to use two digits to define each base (A=00, T=01, C=10, G=11). Which value you assign to each base is irrelevant. Additionally, you will need to define whether you are looking at the + or - strand, since that will alter the final code you generate.

[@TealCheetah]

some of that stock footage made me lol

[@stoneman6399]

8:10 where do I find amazing backgrounds like these

[@jacksavage4098]

Would be wonderful if we could use this to fight and possibly eliminate genetic diseases passed along from one generation to another.

[@highpath4776]

Some would think that having a defect makes them more human, and that it would be wrong to remove it or outbreed it naturally or artificially. Indeed it could be that variation enables better survival in a changing world.

[@Qfungi]

best video so far

[@Dickie72002]

Used to go to The Eagle pub all the time.

[@carrizzle9586]

I didn't know that the Human gnome project was sponsored by Squarespace??? That just shows how important this topic is to this guy. The discovery of the Dollar-Helix is the key to life and that's how this guy is going to live forever. Smh

[@TheOne-xu5oy]

I understand the basics of genetics and that changes in the environment and other factors lead to mutations in DNA to adapt to the environment. Hopefully I did explain that correctly. But here is what I don’t understand: what mechanism is actually at play that causes mutations in genetic to bring about better adaptation? How does DNA know what changes need to be made in order to bring about the right adaptation to survive the environment? How did it know that this form, human or any other form for that matter, was the right form to create?

[@ZieMuffinMan]

hey me again, may not be right for this channel, but maybe side projects or geographics could cover the Appalachian Trail? Learn you some more of 'Murica!

[@Ccs4646]

Simon will you do a video on the Iowa Class battleships?

[@woosh101011]

missed opportunity to coin "Bananometer"

[@highpath4776]

If you could replace one gene with a better gene that would improve a human, What would it be?

[@ninjadingle]

Hey - any chance on a Mega Project on the C130 Hercules? 😊

[@helmsscotta]

That would require pictures of Arkansas. Probably not going to happen.

[@padawanmage71]

Oddly enough, Watson and Crick wouldn't have gotten anywhere with their DNA model, hadn't it been for the work of Dr. Rosalind Franklin. The famous Photo 51, that she took, was what Watson and Crick took and made their model. At least more recently, Dr. Franklin's contributions are becoming more and more accepted in scientific history texts, even going to so far as calling the model the 'Watson-Crick-Franklin' model. Seriously, how about a video on HER like and contributions?

[@KarsonNow]

02:50 I would bet they are smaller... I mean look at computer hardware this days - It would be a good video about the CPUs or GPUs becouse of 5 or 7 nm structure size of transistors... It's really crazy, i mean actual GPU from nivida have a size of 826 mm²... And 54 billions of transistors... AMD Ryzen CPU have almost 4,2 billions transistors at the size of 80,7 mm²... Check Moore Law: en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor_count

[@devzeppelin1911]

You should do the Panama canal

[@deanswift9132]

It’s easy to see how the beings that made us made a few slip ups - typos

[@newmoney402]

Do one on the project that raised the street level in downtown Omaha Nebraska

[@walterw8310]

best host on the internet

[@seanbrazell6147]

Every time I see a banana now it will be with an air of suspicion.

[@sasidharan97]

can you make a video on DNA sequencing

[@stagearc]

Please make a video about the Kowloon walled city

[@peterfilzek671]

3:00 Banana for scale lol

[@texan-american200]

Well it's a good thing that they completed the original human genome project before the Chicoms introduced their own edited version.

[@amaccama3267]

XPLRD is Fricken cool. I highly recommend.

[@Football__Junkie]

All this gel electrophoresis talk is giving me PTSD

[@StLouis-yu9iz]

Suggestion: Please do a video about the Gateway Arch and National Park in downtown St Louis, U.S. ty :]

[@mauriceupton1474]

Think about it. If it takes computers to unravel the genome, we were engineered. (ATCG, microbiological software)

[@PeteNalty63]

Can decades of potential work be accelerated by quantum computers?

[@j7ndominica051]

Did they also sequence Chimpanze, Slug and Banana to compare them to human? I hope they chose beautiful people for the project. What is the size of the data files for the genome? 1.5 gigs not counting for index/structure? That might stroke the ego of human complexity, but some of the code has probably become irrelevant and carried over from ancestors. Good, serious video. I will see Expored.