Muslim Conquests: Eastern Roman Perspective DOCUMENTARY

[@KingsandGenerals]

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[@texenna]

I think that you shouldn't show the face of Umar RA. As it would be difficult to depict him properly and could be viewed as disrespectful. Although I understand that it was a minor mistake. Something like a seal of his which would be commonly available would be much better such as the one used in the "Rise of Islam" series. Other then that the video was really nice and I look forwards to see more videos on the near east.

[@texenna]

Sorry if there appears to be 2 comments. I clicked for 1 and somehow it created 2 if so then I apologize.

[@Abu_Nasser_Al-Ghamdi]

It was a miracle that the Byzantines continued throughout these centuries while they had borders that were burning all the time, enemies from the north, south, east and west, in addition to the fact that their lands were not connected but rather scattered islands! Although I am Arab, the steadfastness of the Byzantines throughout these centuries really deserves respect.

[@hydrolifetech7911]

They have the impregnable fortifications of Constantinople to thank for that. Even when they faced devastating incursions, they merged from Constantinople to counterattack and rebuild

[@ronb7189]

@@hydrolifetech7911 Constantinople was important but without a secure hold on Anatolia, the Empire's main source of manpower, wealth and food, the Empire would have withered and collapse much like it did during the second half on the 14th century until its conquest by the Ottomans. Constans II doesn't get enough credit got laying the foundations for what will become the thematic system which would allow Anatolia to remain secure in Byzantine hands despite the much greater military force of a united Caliphate army under the Ummayads and early Abbasids.

[@bpcgos]

Yeah ,there is a reason on why Ottoman wanted to call themselves Sultanate Of Rum (Rum = Rome)

[@cantthinkofaname3257]

It was exactly because they were scattered islands that they were so hard to concure. The Byzantines (mostly Greeks at the time that the video describes) had an extensive marine trade network which brought an obsurd amount of gold in their pockets. The islands fanctioned as trade stations and also producers of excellent sailors. To top it off, concuring so many little islands is very hard, unless you are a pretty hardcore sea-ferring nation/empire yourself, which the Arabs were not. The Aegean Archipelago in the hands of a sea oriented peoples is a nightmare to concure. Combine that with the fancy, rich, big, strong capital (Constntinople) and you got a pretty sturdy state.

[@Abu_Nasser_Al-Ghamdi]

@@cantthinkofaname3257 Yes, that's true, but I still feel sorry for all the Byzantine emperors. It's clear that they suffered from headaches more than other kings. I don't know how they slept in those difficult conditions 😵‍💫

[@Findinavia]

The quality of these videos is one of the reasons men think about the Roman Empire every day

[@jonathandumigan8041]

You win the internet for the day!

[@Chomperoni23]

Legit

[@KravRage]

This and Historia Civilis.

[@seanguyle2809]

😂

[@abdurahman90982]

Muslim men think about Ottoman Empire everyday lol

[@VoyageurCountry]

Kings and Generals makes history come alive

[@Abunatek777]

yessssssssssssssss

[@pyrrhus3445]

And during the crusades both arabs and greeks saw the franks as barbarians

[@adamelghalmi9771]

the franks weren't that bad, i mean the caliph sent charlegmane an Indian elephant lol

[@wewenang5167]

@@adamelghalmi9771 well only Charlamange...all his descendances were barbarian, ask the Greek what they did to them xD

[@psssshhh7730]

@@adamelghalmi9771 Didnt charlegmane also kill alot of frank barbarians to make them less barbarian-esque?

[@MrDibara]

​@@psssshhh7730 _Well, he clearly wasn't very effective, longterm-wise._

[@psssshhh7730]

@@MrDibara Heh, amen.

[@roihanfadhil2879]

Next Suggestion: Muslim Conquest from Sassanid Perpective.

[@KingsandGenerals]

Unfortunately, it is probably impossible to make. I don't think we have any Sassanid sources of the period left. "Iranian perspective" should be possible, dropping to the list.

[@Liquidsback]

"It's all gone, gone diddly-on" Shapur Flanders.

[@FNA27601]

Sassanids didn't keep many records and whatever was left of those records were probably destroyed in the hundreds of years of invasions from all the different groups that conquered persia most devastating being the Mongol conquests.

[@lordsucuk9316]

Everytime I am reminded of what happened to the great Library in Baghdad my heart shatters a little more...

[@carlito4151]

bro

[@mishmishitashan]

The Rashidun Caliphate's capital was Medina not Baghdad. It functioned as the caliphal capital during the early conquests and was later supplanted by Kufa, Damascus, Harran, and then Baghdad almost 130 years after the beginning of conquest. Minor but strange oversight from a usually informative and well-sourced channel!

[@Abu_Nasser_Al-Ghamdi]

كونك ذكرت حران فالواضح انك متعمق في التاريخ ماشالله عليك ، قليل فقط من يعرفون ان حران اصبحت عاصمة الدولة الأموية لفترة وجيزة 👍🏼 لكنك سهيت عن مكة ، حيث كانت عاصمة الخلافة الزبيرية لمدة ٩ سنين وبالتالي يكون ترتيب العواصم كما يلي : المدينة، الكوفة، دمشق، مكة، دمشق، حران، دمشق، الكوفة، بغداد

[@abdelrhmanhussin287]

Caliphate Ali the last one of them transfere it to Bagdad but Abu Baker and Omar and Ottman yea it was in Medina

[@exuaf]

@@abdelrhmanhussin287 not baghdad. It was Kufah

[@Abu_Nasser_Al-Ghamdi]

@@abdelrhmanhussin287 Caliph Ali moved the capital to Kufa, not Baghdad. The city of Baghdad was not built until the Abbasid era. It was built by Caliph Abu Jaafar al-Mansur. We are now talking about the arrangement of capitals from the era of the Prophet Muhammad to the fall of the Umayyad state only.

[@karimmezghiche9921]

​@@Abu_Nasser_Al-Ghamdiسامراء أيضا كانت عاصمة الخلافة لبعض الوقت

[@maddogbasil]

*The Islamic conquests of that era must've been so mind-boggling for the average Mediterranean peasants* *Imagine living in The Mediterranean for over a thosuand years, and all you've known is rome until a new civilization from right next door just takes over everything* *even more strange was the religion, Christianity took centuries of work to eventually grow within the empire and the arabs simply took a couple decades for their religion to literally out-compete Christianity and much of the pagan world*

[@AssyriacUnitarian]

It was more surprising how the development of a bunch of Arab nomads became such a powerful force within just a century. The Muslim(regardless of race) were described as a minority in their own empire. This would be the same as how the Germanian tribes took over the Roman empire

[@SafaM-ne8zm]

the Muslims also conquered the entirety of Persia at the same time. such a conquest is unparalleled in human history. they ruled over 80% of the worlds population while being a 1% minority​@@AssyriacUnitarian

[@Helldiver211]

And within 10 to 15 years Not getting conquered by the Persians but by the Arabs who were thought as illiterate and idiots

[@johnoparinde2682]

@@AssyriacUnitarianin the medieval world I feel like it was kind of the norm for elites to be the minority in their empire.

[@ronb7189]

@@Helldiver211 Arabs much like the Germanic tribes of the 5th century, were heavily used by the Byzantines (and the Persians for that matter) as soldiers, they were a highly militarized people but were far, far too divided to pose as a serious threat until the rise of Islam. Many of the provinces in the Levant relied on the friendly Arab tribe for defence against bedoin raiders.

[@SinningsValor]

Another great video by King's and General's. Keep up the good work! Im glad I've been a member of this channel for just over a year!

[@kristiangustafson4130]

The decline of urban life in the Eastern Roman Empire began even under Justinian, with the first Plague pandemic. See Michael J Decker, "The Byzantine Dark Ages", 2016

[@DieNibelungenliad]

I bet it recovered. The distance between the Plague of Justinian and the Fall of Constantinople is longer than the distance between the Black Death and today

[@e.l.b6435]

@@DieNibelungenliadIn the 10th Century it did

[@kristiangustafson4130]

@@DieNibelungenliad its the decline of urban life around the Empire I am speaking about, not to the end of the Empire. The video highlights the change in the economic demography of the empire through the period of the Arab conquests (not the later Turkish). My point (or, rather Decker's) is that these changes *were already underway from the plague of Justinian onwards.* The Empire before Justinian was still very much an Empire of cities. Between the Justinianic plague and, say, the nadir of the Empire's fortunes in the mid-9th C, the cities all shrank, trade contracted and the economy became far more rural, agrarian, and focused on animal husbandry. Skilled trades moved to the few remaining large cities-- Constantinople, Thessaloniki, Trebizond.

[@kristiangustafson4130]

@@DieNibelungenliad oh, and the Byzantine GDP did not recover from the crash of the Justinianic Plague until the mid-11th C. See Branko Milanović, “An estimate of average income and inequality in Byzantium around year 1000”, Review of Income and Wealth, vol. 52, No. 3, 2006.

[@adamelghalmi9771]

@@DieNibelungenliad from the 800s to early 1000s it recovered tremendously, things were looking up for it. then came the turks.

[@synthWizkid]

I really really love this channel. It's helping me through a tough time ❤

[@KingsandGenerals]

it is gonna get better

[@rccrforeverfrrdfortuneshav9823]

@@KingsandGeneralssame here

[@mahamudwarsame6134]

One of my favourite videos u explained and illustrated this soo beautifully

[@Shahanshah.Shahin]

Although we don't have many Sasanian sources left about the Islamic conquest, we do have texts like the "Ballad of Shah Vahram," a piece of Middle-Persian Zoroastrian literature from after the Islamic invasion (some scholars argue it was written very soon after the invasion). It represents the hopes of the Zoroastrian Iranians for the return of a messianic figure from India who would drive away the Muslims and restore the native religion to the land. Additionally, the entire Sasanian court's exile to China, alongside Prince Peroz III, and the attempts he and his descendants made to regain the lost Empire over the next century are significant. Iranian independence movements, such as those led by Babak Khorramdin, Sunpadh, and Mardavij Ziyarid, briefly reclaimed half of Iran in the early 10th century. There are also accounts of the Zoroastrians fleeing to India from Khorasan during the Umayyad rule in Iran; a 16th-century source called "Qissa-i Sanjan" talks about their epic journey from Iran to India. I remember you did a video on Peroz III and the anti-caliphate alliance with the Tang five years ago, but a new one with extra details and updated imagery would be great to see.

[@leosolorzano3472]

Sorry, I asked if Iranians were romans that settled in China (an hypothesis). Forgot that Romans only controled the Levant (and for a very breif moment, Baghdad). Sorry for the mistakes.

[@abdelrhmanhussin287]

Added to that during Umayyad Destiny there were alot of instablity as Persions were look to arabs as they are slaves and also other arabian families was against Umayyed like abbased and Ali's Grandsons and in fact Persions started a coup against Umayyad and they put Abbased in rule leading by Abu muslim alhorasane

[@YAZ13786]

Islamic expansion and it was not Iranian independent movement, it was his attempt to regain his empire 😄😄😄

[@Hugh_Morris]

​@TimboJumbo Yaqub Saffarid almost liberated Iran in the 800s too, and he was a Muslim but hated foreign Arab Caliph rule

[@Hugh_Morris]

@TimboJumbo yes, I said he almost liberated them. He marched an army on Baghdad but was defeated.

[@radicalmedia1984]

The narrator makes these videos epic

[@eafstudios6436]

Interesting video. Would love to see this channel do a series on the Byzantine-Sassanid War at some point.

[@KingsandGenerals]

The script is written. It is gonna be one relatively long standalone episode.

[@roihanfadhil2879]

​@@KingsandGeneralsIt would be nice if those was made alongside a video series about the rise of Sassanid.

[@Anglomachian]

I thought I remembered they did a series on the eastern Roman-Sassanid wars, at least the one preaching the Arab conquests.

[@onemoreminute0543]

​@@KingsandGeneralsYES!

[@barryboushehri1707]

@@KingsandGenerals Thank you K&G. Eagerly waiting for it.

[@TCCL227]

Thanks!

[@momojafar9385]

Khalid ibn Walid (R.A) said: "I bring you men who desire death as ardently as you desire life."

[@Techtalk2030]

Wheres your khalid now? 😂

[@amrmohamed1387]

In paradise, enjoying not only hus glory for the sake of the almighty but also his atmost blessings in the afterlife and laughing at the ignorance of the likes of you ​@Techtalk2030

[@Techtalk2030]

@@amrmohamed1387as his people get turned into kabob back on earth?

[@inoovator3756]

That’s a horrible mindset to have

[@The_Midnight_Bear]

So Khalid was an ISIS tier lunatic. Nice to see nothing changes about Islam.

[@abdulhadizakkour507]

Baghdad did not exist during the Rashidi period. It was established during the Abbasid period almost two centuries after the Rashidis

[@BarlasofIndus]

It existed as a small village

[@qsdfgmlkjh4320]

DELICIOUS QUALITY CONTENT

[@KingsandGenerals]

Thanks!

[@noone4700]

This was absolutely fantastic! Kings and Generals are untouchable

[@mahedihasan2762]

So the Byzantines called that province Palestine too!

[@aburoach9268]

and how ironic that caliph Umar settled the Jews there

[@barrett206]

thats because after the Bar Kokhba revolt the romans renamed the province of judea to Syria Palaestina

[@ragael1024]

Latin Palestine, from greek Philistia, a ppl originated from the Aegean islands that had a sort of kingdom there when the jews conquered the place. they are mentioned in the Bible, but disappeared from records when the babylonians conquered Judea entirely and incorporated the philistines.

[@ragael1024]

@@aburoach9268 the jews were banned by Herakleios to live in Jerusalem because the jews literally surrendered the city to the sassanids, due to the fact that persians have been, historically, much more tolerant of the jews than romans have been. so when Herakleios finally reconquered it, he persecuted the jews in retaliation and kicked them out. a fate jews have had throughout history, being welcomed somewhere then kicked out later on.

[@inoovator3756]

Because they wanted to remove any Jewish connection to the land, imperialists will stay imperialists

[@RndThg]

Just a small note. Sometimes you tend to to use arabs and Muslims to call the same group. Which is not technically 100 percent accurate as Islam is a lot wider than the Arabic culture.

[@pattonramming1988]

Well given the historic roots of Islam within Arabia it makes sense

[@semperfidelis9083]

This channel answers historical questions i never thought to ask. amazing narration and even more amazing animation.

[@bigsarge2085]

Interesting as always!

[@superyamky]

Finally a roman perspective on the muslim conquest

[@alexor081]

Whenever I read the scripts written in the original Greek language, especially that of Pachimerys, during the last centuries of Hellenic-Roman greatness, I always find it fascinating. Writing down the horror that might eventually come to your door (there was always hope) these are the circumstances that make people write exceptionally and do wonderful things.

[@Nailamouhoub]

What a herro you are talking about comparing to Greek, Romans, Vikings Muslims were by far more tolèrent

[@vch309]

@@Nailamouhoub satire

[@ronjohnson6916]

Interesting stuff. Didn't expect to get much from it but I found I enjoyed it a lot.

[@apollosdomain]

Can you make a video on the short lived Gallo-Roman, Kingdom of Soissons.

[@DavidRose-m8s]

The Ottomans benefited by Knowledge gained from sophisticated cultures to the east. The Eastern Romans however were blocked eastwards, and had the European dark ages to the west, and north so were an island under constant attack. The miracle was that they lasted as long as they did.

[@JAGzilla-ur3lh]

It really must have been shocking, watching this nobody barbarian culture suddenly get its act together and become a juggernaut overnight. Suddenly half your territory is gone and you're still trying to figure out what even happened. Good job giving us varied perspectives and reactions across a few centuries, K&G.

[@adamsnow4979]

The Arabs were by no means barbarians lol even before Islam

[@RandomUser-b5k]

​​@@adamsnow4979there wasn't even a barbarian culture to begin with. It was just a term imperials used to dehumanize the lesser developed societies for political purpose

[@Nailamouhoub]

The way you call them barbarain show me that you d'ont know anything 🤷💀

[@JAGzilla-ur3lh]

@@Nailamouhoub I was speaking from a rough and somewhat comical approximation of a contemporary Roman perspective. I have plenty of respect for Arab and Muslim culture, which was very sophisticated in many ways and extremely influential in the creation of modern Western civilization.

[@Nailamouhoub]

@@JAGzilla-ur3lh it's okay ❤️

[@cdsgamer77]

Always amazing videos 💙

[@EM-tx3ly]

Rashidun 🏴 Ummayeds 🏳

[@YouTube.Vanced]

saudi 🤡🤡🤡

[@mishal5918]

I have to commend you on this video, it is truly insightful and facinating.

[@badrhelmy80]

01:53 Palestinian provinces 😍 Palestine, it was always Palestine and forever will remain Palestine 🥰

[@mohammedabdulnasseralrubas7438]

thank u for the amazing video.

[@ismailxk13]

Wake up babe new kings and generals banger just dropped

[@robbabcock_]

Very nice video!

[@Hayati-uz3yw]

When will there be foreign subtitle options on the channel?🙂🙂

[@Ricogator84]

It's important not to confuse manorialism with feudalism. Tenants paying a landlord in crops and labor to live on their land is just one aspect of how we generally perceive feudalism. The fractured, hierarchical power system of lieges and bannermen found in the west was not a hallmark of the ERE. Of course, the emperor still had to contend with landed noble families, but power ultimately flowed from the top.

[@ekmalsukarno2302]

Hi, Kings and Generals, can you please make a video on the Malacca Sultanate and another video on the Bruneian Empire. Please accept my request.

[@ericsandrade]

LETS GOOO In love and awe of ur content. Studying AI development in uni, hope to one day bring my knowledge to benefit your work.

[@UnleashedOdinV2]

Only this channel could make getting invaded sound pleasant

[@dragusinstan1234]

bc its jewish propaganda

[@freshflesh3292]

"Conquest"

[@LokendraSingh-ug3xq]

yea, good muslim invaded bad christians and everyone happily accepted Islam and lived happily ever after

[@pxrposewithnopurpose5801]

its exciting seeing both perspective

[@VictorianEra.]

I do wish you used BC and AD as you used to.

[@RubberToeYT]

Such an interesting part of history, great video

[@sidp5381]

Well done as usual. I’ve been meaning to say this about your Ottoman series which I have enjoyed a lot. I’m really glad that you guys are re-updating the series with graphics however, I personally feel that the three part series on the long Turkish war is pretty much up-to-date and very good quality feel like you guys should not remake that video since that would just be more resourcesused and said should attach to the new section

[@KingsandGenerals]

We'll see when we get there

[@proigalV]

Respect the content

[@julio85lycos72]

Wooow amazing video! Maybe we may have the prospectives of the Sassanids on the arabs...before/during/ after the conquest. Zoraastronian prospective it is linked but it continue to these days in Iran and India. 😊

[@KingsandGenerals]

Really difficult to make a video. Sassanid sources of the period are lost, unfortunately.

[@deiongoldsmith515]

Id love to see a video on roman combat medics and their medical services in general or byzantine medicine. Love these videos

[@cubbelicommando]

Suggestion: Turks from Roman Perspective

[@FancyBurrito47]

Good one! Another suggestion I'd love to see: Romans from the Turks' perspective

[@TG_MOGATEAM]

​@@FancyBurrito47Already done

[@FancyBurrito47]

@@TG_MOGATEAM Oh ok, I'll check it out then. Thanks :)

[@AssyriacUnitarian]

The way Europe sees the Turks weren't as through their religion. But through their ancestor who came an invaded Belgium just a few century before. Known as The Mongols.

[@afd1040]

@@AssyriacUnitarian Turks came before Mongols and were known before mongols

[@Mr.Frizwall]

The words of "Equals as rivals or friends"sound cools.XD

[@NABUCHADENZZAR]

Next video suggestion: Documentry over Yaqub ibn lyath al saffar

[@TahaAlhimyary]

من هو هذا 😊

[@-RONNIE]

Thanks for the video

[@abbasidtheologian4411]

Adopting pagan practices into Christianity by the Byzantines is crazy ... You'd think there would be some sort of resistance in order to preserve their faith

[@IbnRushd-mv3fp]

Bro this is the 600's put the fries in the bag...

[@muksimulmaad7413]

Bro this is the 600s even muslims straight up adopted byzantine philosophy and practices as if it was a part of the religion during from umayyad-abbassid era

[@mlgdigimon]

@@muksimulmaad7413they never did? All they did was translate Ancient Greek texts, and comment on them

[@abbasidtheologian4411]

@@muksimulmaad7413 philosophy and religion are not the same.... Plus philosophy is an issue of dispute in Islam amongst scholars... Whether is it permissible or impermissible based off what was said.... That's nothing like adopting pagan holidays and practices and making them legitimate in the Christian religion... Big difference, not even remotely the same

[@abbasidtheologian4411]

@@IbnRushd-mv3fp so what... Scrub the toilet

[@marcomilani4966]

Ever thought of doing a long format general history of the Byzantines? I think most of the material for it is there already but of course is going to be a lot of work to adapt and edit, you might even need to split it in parts

[@KingsandGenerals]

I honestly wouldn't know what a good format is. It is 1000 years give or take. Our army video was around 3 hours and that was after 2 hours worth of ideas were cut for production reasons.

[@marcomilani4966]

@@KingsandGenerals yes probably too much for a single video even long format. Maybe you need a few of them and they wouuld partially overlap with other series, I see the challenge. But would be nice to have their story from their perspective in full someday

[@franciscojorgesousaandrade]

Things I learned from this documentary about Muslim conquests from a Byzantine perspective. 1° The channel is improving its budget with new animations and graphic designs, I liked this more comic style of drawing. 2° For the Eastern Romans, the Arabs were like the barbarian migrations of the Germanic peoples 2 centuries earlier and that after initial attacks, they realized the alarming danger and the meteoric success of the caliphate and saw that it could end the empire just as the Germans did with the western part. 3° Although competing religions with Christianity such as Zoroastrianism and especially Manichaeism, which deserves a video, already existed, the emergence of Islam, which at its base shares Christian and Jewish elements, was a new creed that could be a strong competitor in the conversion and expansion of society's networks. 4° The surprising Byzantine adaptation in relation to the first Muslim conquests, I think that the Eastern Romans did not have the luxury of spending a lot of manpower and resources in the regions of the Levant and Egypt, contrary to what was discussed in the video, they fought more firmly in Anatolia, as the region was considered the heart and vital point of the empire, Unlike Sassanid Persia, which after civil wars insisted on spending manpower and resources against the Arab invasions in Mesopotamia and was not content to stay behind the Zagros after losing Ctesiphon, they did not preserve their resources to establish a more stable and militarized border and ended up leaving only Dabuyid as a center of resistance in Iran.

[@KingsandGenerals]

We will talk about these topics and beyond in the coming months and years

[@4y7v10]

Funny how byzantines thought that arabs were barbarians while arabs managed to surpass byzantines in science and economy

[@toasted_donut2308]

Don't think more man power in the south would have helped much. Egypt and the Levant are mostly deserts were the Arabs thrived militarily and it was also already filled with nomadic Arabs who were more open to embracing their own kind as overlords over the Greeks. Anatolia however is more mountainous and fertile where the Greeks held the advantage. It was already impressive that the Arabs managed to conquer Iran's similar landscape even if Sassania was already on the brink of collapse.

[@4y7v10]

@@toasted_donut2308 levant is not desert, it's mostly green fertile land with big population centers such as Lebanon, Damascus, Aleppo, Homs, Jerusalem, Ect...

[@sasi5841]

​@toasted_donut2308 "arabs embracing their own kind as overlord" Nationalist propoganda has poisoned your mind. That type of thought process didnt exist until 19th century. Before the 19th century, people identities were based according to the following from most to least important: What is their religion > what family they are from > what town/city/village they are from > what language they spoke > what class they are from. The idea of a nation or nation-state did not exist.

[@ph4rohhumuli]

Ive been watching your videos and recently ive been imtrested in your muslim empire videos, keep it up

[@arassadeghi3998]

5:12 "a text which prophesied a future in which the Sasanian Empire, conquered by the muslims would rise again and create a rift in the islamic world." This infact happened during the regin of shah ismail safavi, iran became a shia majority nation and the islamic world divided for ever.

[@mlgdigimon]

This is called a stretch.

[@iamleoooo]

No. Safavids are turkoman with persian culture. And so did the Afsharid and Qajar dynasty.

[@arassadeghi3998]

@@iamleoooo Stop to steal our history, iran is not a persian country, plus safavids, qajars and afsharids were azerbaijanis (My ethnicity), not Turkmens

[@Mr.KaganbYaltrk]

Could you please do a video about great Seljuk empire

[@Shahanshah.Shahin]

They already did that

[@xHASSUNAx]

One important thing to highlight is how the Lebanese and Palestinian Canaanite and Aramaic speaking peoples were integrated within a Greek speaking world and have been for over a millenium, and had absorbed Latin culture and language for almost 700 years at that point, as well as ruling over various Arab tribes. The Ghassanids were Christian Arabs who protected Byzantine borders. Rome was ruled by Semites and Arabs as well with the famous Severan dynasty. The Byzantine view on the Islamic expansion must've been an extremely mixed reaction just like how your video eloquently said

[@hassaanalisiddiqui3827]

Make a video on Aurangzeb

[@BarlasofIndus]

Indians Hindu conservatives would loose their minds

[@muhammad7205]

Alamgir RH

[@zoeking8320]

Snazzy writing and production 😊😊

[@kadirbozkus-ss3sm]

You could make this same topic with Byzantine-Turco relationship as well, it might be an interesting idea to cover.

[@AAAA-lt9hq]

There have been books written on Byzantine/Turkish relations in Constantinople near the time of the fall (usually with Christianized Turks). I forget the name of the books. Often ethnic groups were separated into sections of the city.

[@Bill7754Bill]

For sure one of the most fascinating times in history.

[@affankhan6031]

can you cover the backgrounnd of pakhtun people more commonly referrred to as afghans

[@xagr9172]

Your videos are great, with just the right amount of detail.

[@Swahitganesh_1007]

Talk about south india and its Legacies

[@Westernmovie12]

P@jeet

[@PHULSAPPORTSAAR]

​@@Westernmovie12 P@jeet❌ Poo ni**er✅

[@PHULSAPPORTSAAR]

Saar plij😭😭😭 talk abaut Endea🇳🇪🙇🏿‍♂️ saar.plij give us your attention saar plij make me happy🤗🤗🤗.

[@Swahitganesh_1007]

@@PHULSAPPORTSAAR I'm not asking for attention I just want to know something about south india without any political bias ( Especially ideas of Sangi thaiyoli) not here for attention seeking if you want to bully some thaiyoli go find any other attention seeking thaiyoli from comment section of other youtube video which milk view purely based on reacting to cringe worthy movie

[@SidhantDhagare-gw3fj]

​@@Swahitganesh_1007 your calling your own countrymen thaiyoli in front of non Indian trools.

[@francoserrano8909]

Great video

[@emilianohermosilla3996]

Just when I had stopped thing of the Roman Empire for a sec 🥴😆

[@hannanhub1717]

very good insight into that era

[@AAAA-lt9hq]

If Spain were a gradual success for Western Christendom, the loss of Asia Minor was the Reconquista in reverse. Were the Latins more interested in cooperating with the Byzantines against the eastern invasions instead of trying to convert the Byzantines from Orthodoxy to Catholicism, history might have turned out differently. Speros Vryonis, Jr.'s "The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century" is a standard work on the topic. The Eastern Empire did a pretty good job of repelling the early Islamic invasions while Western Europe was recovering from the fall of the Western Roman Empire and fighting among itself after the Germanic migrations. That is, until Byzantium's war with pre-Islamic Persia and the Justinian I era plague greatly weakened both the Eastern Christians and the Zoroastrians, allowing the Muslims to sweep the area quickly. Emperor Heraklios (Heraclius) was actually quite able and recovered the True Cross in 629. Unfortunately, he was not able to defeat both the Zoroastrians and the Muslims, allowing the latter to sweep Africa and outflank the Christian West via Spain. Had there been a Charles Martel in Byzantine history aided by Latin Crusaders as early as the Battles of Manzikert and Myriokephalon, maybe history would have been different. Generally, the Latins wanted to set up crusader states or loot the area and go home. It was the Byzantines who had to live beside and fight like their Muslim neighbors, leading the Latins to distrust the Byzantines.

[@groundzero5708]

Lol crusaders could have turned byzantine empire into one helm of a big crusader state .unlike virgin byzantine who had turkish mercernaries intheir army to fight latins

[@AAAA-lt9hq]

@@groundzero5708 Byzantium was Western Europe's first major colonial undertaking. The Byzantines resorted to Turkish mercenaries because Byzantium was destroyed BY the Crusaders during the 4th Crusade in 1204 because they wanted money. This split Byzantium into several rump states, from which it never fully recovered. The Empire of Nicea is considered the main successor state that reconquered the city because the Crusaders were inept. If the Latins and others like the Catalans had remained focused on their common enemy instead of trying to loot/convert Byzantium, Eastern Europe would have turned out much differently. I don't think the Latins could have held on to Asia Minor because they couldn't even hold on the the small kingdoms they set up along the eastern Mediterranean. The Latins were too far away and too divided. By the 15th century the Ottomans were united with near unlimited manpower (boosted by Christian converts), and they adapted European methods of warfare like cannons and siege equipment quickly. Meanwhile, Europe was engaged in wars among itself and having religious conferences like the Council of Florence/Ferrara to try to convert Byzantium. Byzantium's problem is it was always having wars between its heirs to settle succession disputes, a waste of time and resources. It is true that John VI Kantakouzenos allowed Osman's son Orhan to come to Gallipoli and marry his daughter in an alliance, allowing Turkey to remain in Europe to this day. But again, had the Latins remained united against the invaders and not greedy for Byzantine wealth and conversion, maybe they could have held on to Greece. Many Turks were also Christianized and were present at the fall of Constantinople fighting on the Byzantine side. The Greek and Turkish populations by this point had been exchanging and intermarrying for centuries, unlike the Battles of Manzikert and Myriokephalon in 1071 and 1176, when the Turks were still in the east. Still, we can see how far west the Turks came in just 100 years. It didn't help that others like Stephen Dushan in Serbia were coming to try and take Byzantium from the north, and others were coming across from Italy to march across northern Greece. Donald M. Nicol's "The Last Centuries of Byzantium" is the standard text on this period (1261-1453). Mark C. Bartusis's "The Late Byzantine Army" is also useful in providing information about late Byzantium, which is usually ignored for the sake of the late antique/early medieval eras.

[@artemshishko9981]

With CK3 DLC expansion “Roads to Power” coming out in like 3 weeks, can y’all pump out more Byzantine focused vids? I need to keep the hype alive until till then

[@yansideabacoa6257]

Still nothing more on the Gaza Genocide

[@mihaiionita5648]

The background music is quite relaxing, where can we find it if we want to listen?

[@CombatRing]

The wise words of Nicholas Mystikos echo true to this day. We have more than one great civilization, more than one great "sovereignty" on this earth, and cooperation between them is best for all of humanity, "even if no necessity of our affairs compelled us to it." If only we had more who think like him today.

[@BlackadderFunk]

Seems like an obvious oversight but the northern Anatolian cities are incorrectly labeled with the modern Turkish names instead of their more accurate Greek names: Trebizond / Trapezounta and Kastamon

[@baserv3849]

In the text by the Patriarch Mystikos, did he really call Eastern Roman Empire 'Byzantium'? I thought the word Byzantium was created around XVIII century

[@IonutPaun-lp2zq]

Byzantion was a term rarely sometimes used just for the capital, not for the entire empire.

[@_Mayoriano_]

He called themselves "Rhomaioi" in the original text, but as u know, the west is obsesionated with the B-word.

[@muksimulmaad7413]

It was a romantic term to refer to the eastern roman empire Confusing stuff it also got adapted later on during the 1800sish Using byzantium to refer to the eastern roman empire is very ancient

[@supermavro6072]

there was no suchthing as Byzantine.

[@olbiomoiros]

Byzantion was used during the Byzantine period, but it only referred to Constantinople, the empire was Roman as were its people.

[@dinodoode2479]

Great video, thank you K&G!

[@lerneanlion]

May I know how did you guys obtain the knowledge about the Comdominium of Armenia under both the Roman Empire and the Islamic Caliphates? After all, all I saw everywhere are just Armenia being split into Thema Armeniakon and Arminiya between the Empire and the Caliphate respectively. P.S: If the Galactic Republic should abandon the territories outside of the Colonies and adapt in the same way the Roman Empire did after the Early Muslim conquests, will it make the galaxy a better place by allowing more states to emerge?

[@tejiriagboro885]

How can you not mention iconoclasm. I was one of the defining political/religious issues the byzantines dealt with in this period.

[@KingsandGenerals]

Because there will be a dedicated video

[@VoyageurCountry]

​@@KingsandGeneralsBam!

[@onemoreminute0543]

​​@@KingsandGeneralsI hope you use the most up to date research on the topic. Iconoclasm only really emerged as a traumatic response by the army to the battle of Pliska after 811. They wanted to find a way to explain such a catastrophic defeat when under Constantine V they had previously been successful against the Bulgars. They believed the reason for this success was iconoclasm, which was a theological position Constantine had loosely held during his reign. They pressured following emperors to thus adopt iconoclasm until 843, and after that point a generation of butthurt, iconophile monks laid the blame for the policy at the feet of Leo III and Constantine V.

[@GrapeDudeProductions]

Loving the Byzantine Empire videos

[@sagaramskp]

Earlier you used to depict Rashidun Caliphs who are the companions/comrades of Prophet without their pictures but with calligraphic names . Why revoke that policy?

[@texenna]

Probably a mistake I left a comment too, they have many workers working on many different videos.

[@Agent_7007]

Nobody cares about their policy

[@muazzamshaikh2049]

It's not a policy, it's his choice.

[@PrimeroVorian1]

Thank you!

[@daniele.tbarrett1630]

The gospel of the 12 apostles... maybe happing now since over 1 million Iranians have converted to christianity and continues to grow

[@7imbu]

Today people either convert to agnostic, free mind spirituality or convert to Islam. Chisrtian is dying religion.

[@barrett206]

@@7imbu learn proper English

[@muzamilraza49]

I always hear this from Christians but can any one of you give me proof for your claims?

[@arrielradja5522]

​​@@muzamilraza49 they are converting but it's such small numbers that saying it as evidence of a great change is quite foolish. It's more appropriate to say that the Iranian population is becoming more and more secular, not what the main commentor had said

[@muzamilraza49]

@@arrielradja5522 Yeah every Christian KZbin channel tells me Iran is a Christian majority in secret without any proof and it makes me face palm🤦‍♂

[@chrislusk3497]

This video needs updating. Most scholars now accept that the initial Arab conquests were not Muslim conquests - they were opportunist conquests that exploited the exhaustion of the two regional superpowers (Byzantine and Persian Empires) after the very destructive long war between them (602-628 CE). Islam did not become widespread among the Arabs until several decades after the initial conquests. A key piece of evidence is the continued minting of coins with Christian symbols in Syria for several decades after the conquests, and the continued minting of coins with Zoroastrian symbols in Persia. Islam did not emerge as a distinct new religion until about 685 CE.

[@KingsandGenerals]

Who are these "most scholars"?

[@chrislusk3497]

@@KingsandGenerals en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islam

[@KingsandGenerals]

That is a wikipedia link. Name the scholars in question. Show how they are a majority now.

[@arandompharaoh5549]

Kinda wished we had the Pagan perspective, but I get it, no sources

[@BarlasofIndus]

Well , which pagans? Of Hejaz? Of najd? Yemen?

[@AeliusCaesar]

We have stories of 'Beni Quraiza' , ' um Qirfa' , 'Beni nazir' 'and the battle of Khaibar'

[@mlgdigimon]

@@AeliusCaesaryou mentioned Jewish tribes

[@AeliusCaesar]

@@mlgdigimon I meant Thier Stories

[@anoniem3070]

@@AeliusCaesar they were jews not pagans and you're mentioning nothing but hostile jewish tribes towards muslims that couldn't succeed

[@LM-pd6wj]

Make a video about the twenty years of anarchy, specifically

[@panos96pap]

why use CE instead of AD?

[@KingsandGenerals]

To get this comment

[@panos96pap]

@@KingsandGenerals i thought the channel was about history.

[@texenna]

bro got roasted 😭

[@KingsandGenerals]

Open any history book written after 1960

[@texenna]

@@KingsandGenerals was referring to panos btw

[@joshuab2437]

Please do a video on the Paulicians!

[@KingsandGenerals]

Planning to

[@joshuab2437]

@@KingsandGenerals The Paulicians are my favorite group in that area. Looking forward to that video!

[@mohamedhazim1545]

1:55 did you say PALESTINIAN provinces???? 😊 Masha Allah.

[@BarlasofIndus]

What else

[@marschallhistory3286]

Ja die das Gebiet Phönizien wurde nach dem großen Jüdischen Aufstand. Von den Römern in die Palestinische Provinz umbenannt. Um die Identität der Juden auszulöschen damit es nie wieder so einen Aufstand gibt. Der ja vorallem durch die Religiose und generelle Kulturelle Abgrenzung der Antiken Juden gegenüber anderen Völkern motiviert war.

[@inoovator3756]

That’s what the Romans called the province after they expelled the Jews there and renamed it from Judea

[@sapphyrus]

I like how these videos about Byzantines are ramping up towards CK3's Road to Power DLC.

[@mikolajtrzeciecki1188]

4:55 Interesting how do modern Copts see this today?

[@moluther2826]

Egypt is ruled today by secular military rule.

[@quiquemarquez3211]

​@@moluther2826Difficult days for them under Al sisi, no tolerance or respect from that man and his cronies. The Egyptian economy also resents the dictator given the numbers it gives.

[@aryan.2384]

Hi, King and Generals can you please make a video of Indian Gupta king Chandragupta II that conquered bactria in 367AD. Not many people know him but he was potentially top 3 Indian conquerors of all time.

[@pakshirajan8585]

Please make a video on Lalitaditya Muktapida of Kashmir

[@Westernmovie12]

P@jeet

[@pakshirajan8585]

@@Westernmovie12 ©uck

[@Thragg-e8j]

@@pakshirajan8585 Vikramaditaya part 2.saar lalitaduttiya vishnuchungam conquered central asia saar🙇🏿🇮🇳💩.poojeets create fake empires🤣🤣🤣

[@Algenro]

Can you make a video about sassanian axumite war?

[@BarlasofIndus]

The what?

[@Alborzhakimi7010]

@@BarlasofIndus search it up…

[@user-zq1nz7qv7o]

The Aramaic word for God is "Alaha" too sounds familiar? Written without the confusing vowels it is written A-L-H ܐ ܠܗܐ (alap-lamed-he) as found in Targum or in Tanakh (Daniel, Ezra), Syriac Aramaic (Peshitta), reduced from the Arabic original (of which Aramaic is a dialect continuum as will be explained) it is written in the Arabic script 'A-L-L-H' (Aleph-Lam-Lam-Ha) add an A before the last H for vocalization. The word God in another rendition in Hebrew ʾĕlōah is derived from a base ʾilāh, an Arabic word, written without confusing vowel it is A-L-H in the Arabic script, pronounced ilah not eloah. Hebrew dropped the glottal stop and mumbled it, aramic mumbled a little less and it became elaha. Infact both are written written A-L-H in Arabic, it is pronounced i in Arabic and not A because it is an Alef with hamza below (إ أ ) They are two different forms of Alef. And it mean "a god", it is the non definitive form of A-L-L-H, in which the Alef is without a glottal stop/hamza,(ا), but this kind of nuance is lost in the dialect continua. infact "YHWH" itself is an Arabic word as discussed by Professor. Israel Knohl (Professor of Biblical studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem) in the paper" YHWH: The Original Arabic Meaning of the Name." jesus as his name is often misspelled due to the lack of the ayin sound in Greek, which was rendered to Iesous, coupling the nearest sound to ayin, same letter found in 'Iraq', which sounds entirely different in Arabic form 'Iran' in Arabic, with the -ous Greek suffix that Greeks typically add to their names 'HerodotOS', 'PlotinUS', 'AchelOUS' and later mumbled into a J. The yeshua rendition of Isa (his name in the Qur'an) PBUH which is purported to be the name of Jesus is KNOWN to had been taken from greek. Western Syriac also use "Isho". Western Aramaic (separate from Syriac which is a dialect of Eastern Aramaic) use "Yeshu". Western Syriac has been separate from Western Aramaic for about 1000 years. And sounds don't even match up. Syriac is a Christian liturgical language yet the four letters of the name of Jesus «ܝܫܘܥ» [ = Judeo-Babylonian Aramaic: «ישוע» ] sounds totally different in West vs East Syriac, viz. vocalized akin to Christian Arabic, Hebrew, Aramaic «ܝܶܫܽܘܥ» (Yēšūʿ) in West Syriac, but pronounced more akin to Muslim Arabic Quran character name Isa in East Syriac «ܝܑܼܫܘܿܥ» (ʾĪšōʿ). The reason for this confusion is their dropping of phonemes. Only someone that has no idea what the letters are or how they sound would have a name ending in a pharyngeal fricative like the ayin, if it were to be used in a name it would have had to be in the beginning, thus the Arabic rendition is the correct one. An example in English is how the appended -d is a common error amongst the English pronouncing Gaelic names. The name Donald arose from a common English mispronunciation of the Gaelic name Donal. Just how it is with donal becoming donald and the two becoming distinct and the original being regarded as something seperate so too did Isa PBUH turn to Iesous turn to jesus and when they tried going back to the original they confused it for yeshua ( ysu is how it is actually written) for Isa PBUH ( 3'eysah ) Schlözer in his preparation for the Arabia expedition in 1781 coined the term Semitic language: "From the Mediterranean to the Euphrates, from Mesopotamia to Arabia ruled one language, as is well known. Thus Syrians, Babylonians, Hebrews, and Arabs were one people (ein Volk). Phoenicians (Hamites) also spoke this language, which I would like to call the Semitic (die Semitische)." -Before Boas: The Genesis of Ethnography and Ethnology in the German By Han F. Vermeulen. He was only half right though, Arabic is the only corollary to "proto-semitic", infact the whole semitic classification is nonsensical as will be shown. "protosemetic" Alphabet (28), Arabic Alphabet (28), Latin transliteration, hebrew (22) 𐩠 𐩡 𐩢 𐩣 𐩤 𐩥 𐩦 𐩧 𐩨 𐩩 𐩪 𐩫 𐩬 𐩭 𐩮 𐩰 𐩱 𐩲 𐩳 𐩴 𐩵 𐩶 𐩷 𐩸 𐩹 𐩺 𐩻 𐩼 ا ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ك ل م ن ه و ي A b t ṯ j h kh d ḏ r z s sh ṣ ḍ ṭ ẓ ʿ ġ f q k l m n h w y א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כ ל מ נ ס ע פ צ ק ר ש ת Merged phonemes in hebrew and aramaic: ح, خ (h, kh) merged into only kh consonant remain س, ش (s, sh) merged into only Shin consonant remaining ط, ظ (ṭ/teth, ẓ) merged into only ṭ/teth consonant remaining ص, ض (ṣ, ḍ/Tsad ) merged into only ḍ/Tsad consonant remaining ع, غ (3'ayn, Ghayn) merged into a reducted ayin consonant remaining ت, ث (t/taw, th) merged into only t/taw consonant remaining The reason why the protoS alphabet here is 28 and not 29, is because the supposed extra letter is simply a س written in a different position, but it was shoehorned to obfuscated. In Arabic letter shapes are different depending on whether they are in the beginning , middle or end of a word. As a matter of fact, all of the knowledge needed for deciphering ancient texts and their complexity was derived from the Qur'an. It was by analyzing the syntactic structure of the Qur'an that the Arabic root system was developed. This system was first attested to in Kitab Al-Ayin, the first intralanguage dictionary of its kind, which preceded the Oxford English dictionary by 800 years. It was through this development that the concept of Arabic roots was established and later co-opted into the term 'semitic root,' allowing the decipherment of ancient scripts. In essence, they quite literally copied and pasted the entirety of the Arabic root. Hebrew had been dead, as well as all the other dialects of Arabic, until being 'revived' in a Frankensteinian fashion in the 18th and 19th centuries. The entire region spoke basically the same language, with mumbled dialect continuums spread about, and Arabic is the oldest form from which all these dialects branched off. As time passed, the language gradually became more degenerate, Language; When one looks at the actual linguistics, one will find that many were puzzled by the opposite, that is, how the other "semetic" languages were more "evolved" than Arabic, while Arabic had archaic features, not only archaic compared to bibilical Hebrew, Ethiopic, "Aramaic" contemporary "semetic" languages, but even archaic compared to languages from ancient antiquity; Ugaritic, Akkadain. What is meant here by Archaic is not what most readers think, it is Archaic not in the sense that it is simple, but rather that it is complex (think Latin to pig Latin or Italian or Old English, which had genders and case endings to modern English), not only grammatically, but also phonetically; All the so called semitic languages are supposed to have evolved from protosemetic, the Alphabet for protosemitic is that of the so called Ancient South Arabian (which interestingly corresponds with the traditional Arabic origins account) and has 28 Phonemes. Arabic has 28 phonemes. Hebrew has 22, same as Aramaic, and other "semitic" languages. Now pause for a second and think about it, how come Arabic, a language that is supposed to have come so late has the same number of letters as a language that supposedly predates it by over a millennium (Musnad script ~1300 BCE). Not only is the glossary of phonemes more diverse than any other semitic language, but the grammar is more complex, containing more cases and retains what's linguists noted for its antiquity, broken plurals. Indeed, a linguist has once noted that if one were to take everything we know about languages and how they develop, Arabic is older than Akkadian (~2500 BCE). And then the Qur'an appeared with the oldest possible form of the language thousands of years later. This is why the Arabs of that time were challenged to produce 10 similar verses, and they couldn't. People think it's a miracle because they couldn't do it, but I think the miracle is the language itself. They had never spoken Arabic, nor has any other language before or since had this mathematical precision. And when I say mathematical, I quite literally mean mathematical. Now how is it that the Qur'an came thousands of years later in an alphabet that had never been recorded before, and in the highest form the language had ever taken? The creator is neither bound by time nor space, therefore the names are uttered as they truly were, in a language that is lexically, syntactically, phonemically, and semantically older than the oldest recorded writing. In fact, that writing appears to have been a simplified version of it. Not only that, but it would be the equivalent of the greatest works of any particular language all appearing in one book, in a perfect script and in the highest form the language could ever take. It is so high in fact, that it had yet to be surpassed despite the fact that over the last millennium the collection of Arabic manuscripts when compared on word-per-word basis in Western Museums alone, when they are compared with the collected Greek and Latin manuscripts combined, the latter does not constitute 1 percent of the former as per German professor Frank Griffel, in addition all in a script that had never been recorded before. Thus, the enlightenment of mankind from barbarism and savagery began, and the age of reason and rationality was born from its study. God did bring down the Qur’an, Mohamed is his Messenger.

[@trashaccount8859]

Congratulations you discovered the abrahamic religions have the same god

[@dudeboydudeboy-zj8kd]

video ideas for rome : the kingdom of rome, and the roman wars with the etruscans, samites, sabins, latin league, volscian, aequianm and hernici.

[@junaidfist]

Kings and Generals Two mistakes: 1. Showing faces of Great Islamic personalities such as Umar Ibn Al Khattab, we do not know what they look like so where you got this picture from is beyond me. Looks like AI 2. Umar ibn Al Khattab's treaty with sophronious was that Jews could visit but not settle in Jerusalem. This was carried on by muslim leaders all the way to the end of the Ottoman Caliphate. Please correct

[@classeontop7403]

Ottoman Empire*

[@junaidfist]

@@classeontop7403 The Ottoman Sultans held the title Caliph as well So we can call it Empire or Caliphate

[@mahdiadib9295]

"After the conquest, Jewish communities began to grow and flourish. Umar allowed and encouraged Jews to settle in Jerusalem. It was the first time, after almost 500 years of oppressive Christian rule, that Jews were allowed to enter and worship freely in their holy city.[126] Seventy Jewish families from Tiberias moved to Jerusalem in order to help strengthen the Jewish community there.[127] But with the construction of the Dome of the Rock in 691 and the Al-Aqsa Mosque in 705, the Muslims established the Temple Mount as an Islamic holy site. The dome enshrined the Foundation Stone, the holiest site for Jews. Before Omar Abd al-Aziz died in 720, he banned the Jews from worshipping on the Temple Mount,[128] a policy which remained in place for over the next 1,000 years of Islamic rule.[129] In 717, new restrictions were imposed against non-Muslims that affected the Jews' status. As a result of the imposition of heavy taxes on agricultural land, many Jews were forced to migrate from rural areas to towns. Social and economic discrimination caused substantial Jewish emigration from Palestine. In addition, Muslim civil wars in the 8th and 9th centuries drove many non-Muslims out of the country, with no evidence of mass conversions except among Samaritans. By the end of the 11th century, the Jewish population of Palestine had declined substantially and lost some of its organizational and religious cohesiveness.[130][131]"

[@trashaccount8859]

We don't know the face of no one in that period ,but it's a video

[@Melkorleo103]

Another amazing video guys. I have a question. How do you create thes egraphics and art, like the one in 9:19?

[@KingsandGenerals]

Photoshop

[@snowman6408]

Islamic empires had more level of tolerance for other religions than others empires

[@groundzero5708]

😂😂😂

[@mohammedhagag8841]

@groundzero5708 😂 What's funny and the biggest evidence that made the Jews enter Jerusalem was that there was a Jewish finance minister in the Abbasid state

[@drvp_3477]

What abt the almohad caliphate? He ordered jews and christians to convert or die