Rome's last stand in Egypt - Battle of Heliopolis, 640 AD - Arab conquest of Egypt

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🚩Big thanks to Eastern Roman History and Warhawk for collaborating with me on this video. Check out their awesome history content:
Eastern Roman History / @easternromanhistory
Warhawk / @warhawkyt
📢 Narrated by David McCallion / david-mccallion-815ab1a6
🎼 Music:
Instinct - Bensound
Impact Allegretto - Kevin MacLeod
Crypto - Kevin MacLeod
Epidemic Sound
Filmstro
📚 Primary sources:
Al Baladhuri, The Origins of the Islamic State, translated by Philip K. Hittil, Vols. II (New York: Columbia University, 1916).
History of the Patriarchs, Severus ibn al Muqaffaʿ, Alexandrinische Patriarchengeschichte von S. Marcus bis Michael I 61-767, nach der ältesten 1266 geschriebenen Hamburger Handschrift im arabischen Urtext, edited by C. F. Seybold (Hamburg, 1912).
John of Nikiu, The Chronicle of John Bishop of Nikiu, translated by R. H. Charles (London: Williams and Norgate, 1913).
📚 Scholarship:
Booth, P., 'The Muslim Conquest of Egypt Reconsidered' in Zuckerman, C. Constructing the Seventh Century, (Paris, 2013). 639-670.
Butler, A. J., The Arab Conquest of Egypt and the Last Thirty Years of Roman Dominion, Reprint 1978 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1902).
Howard-Johnston, J., Witnesses to a World Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).
#byzantine #documentary #historymarche

[@HistoryMarche]

🚩 Click betterhelp.com/historymarche for 10% off your first month of therapy with our sponsor BetterHelp. 🚩 Join over 4 million people who’ve met with a therapist on BetterHelp and started living a healthier, happier life.

[@danielsantiagourtado3430]

HUGE fan of your work ❤❤❤❤❤

[@ailediablo79]

One Omar was in Medina at the time and the focus was on Persia. Moreover by the time Amar son of Al-Aus came to the picture Omar and Muslim gov where too bussy. Egypt attack was early because Amar requested. He insisted he has a plan and that few thousands are enough. The force that went in first was very tiny all on horse back and where elites. It was a skirmish. Amar forces where 8k. 2k given to him by Omar and 2k of his own personal troops and he rounded up 4k volunteers, big % of new Muslims from Levant. The later reinforcement was 4 men not 4k. The 4 great ones the 4 strong. 4 of the top 8 best warriors and unite commanders in Islam: Qaqai (is a portrait dissing the enemy in battle, also has a strong commanders voice that shakes the battlefield). Each equal to a 1000 elite Arab warriors, each of the 4 are equal to the likes of LuBu in might and Aura. They also very tall, the shorterest is 2m tall , without being slower but very fast and quick. Also Omar wanted the army to be 12k as it is a key number divisible by 2, 3 and 4 ie a very strong structure. As of Prophet Mohammad words about 12k and multiples of 12 are strong unite when used properly. Amar plan was to stabliiish a foot, annoy the Byzantium forces, skirmish them, weaken them, test them, limit business and hold the line running around ambushing them and show you here to stay. Then after a while plus diplomacy and politics get the local powers and people on your side after showing them you can hold ground and could win high chance. Then gets tens of thousands for free and takeover Egypt. Alexander was annoying and hard though.

[@soroushtorabi98]

In 622 Persians had lakhmid, ghassanid and most of Anatolian lands in their hands. The Romans had also lost many cities to avars and they had reached almost near Constantinople from the north west. Sassanians had captured Chalcedon and reached Constantinople from the east .The map you made is incorrect

[@ailediablo79]

@@soroushtorabi98 They where very short live near Constantinople so maybe that. That one is a tiny error.

[@rfal883]

Hi, would appreciate it if you have a video on Yemen invasion by the Romans in 24 BC..

[@KGF-zf2qj]

Fun fact: During the march on Egypt, Amr ibn al-As, known as the cunning of the Arabs, received an important letter from Caliph Umar. Amr deliberately delayed opening the letter until he entered Egypt. When he finally read it, the message simply said: "If you are already in Egypt then continue with the blessing of god, but If not, halt your advance and return with your army."

[@GAarcher]

He actually knewed it anyways

[@mrsillywalk]

A story that is made up after an event.

[@KGF-zf2qj]

@@mrsillywalk All history is made up after the events

[@riche1601]

​@@mrsillywalk source?

[@Blu-111]

​Why was it made up if they won ??​@@mrsillywalk

[@abdullahshah9397]

A small correction concerning the map. By the time Amr invaded egypt, Mesopotamia was firmly in arab control. By the time of Umar's assassination, the whole of persia was conquered.

[@HistoryMarche]

Good point. Shame I missed that in production.

[@MohammmadAlshurman]

​@@HistoryMarche I would also point out that khosrow II was dead by the time the invasion of egypt started.

[@user-dx7eg4vc6q]

لا عليكم يا أصدقاء نحن سعداء جداً بما تقدموه​@@HistoryMarche

[@AliSyed711]

@@HistoryMarcheHow though? It’s so blatant and you should know this from the Yarmuk video.

[@hegantank6495]

no it wasn't, in 644 the persians were still resisting and would continue to do so for another 7 years

[@EasternRomanHistory]

It was a great honour to research and write the script for this episode. I received some help from the HistoryMarche team and helped story board the campaign and the big fights. I am very happy with the final result.

[@christopherevans2445]

It's a honor to watch your Channel too sir! Many thanks!

[@EasternRomanHistory]

@@christopherevans2445 Thank you very much.

[@HistoryMarche]

It's was a pleasure working with you. I hope we do more in the future.

[@chezgomit]

Cringe roman history vs based Makedonian history

[@streetscholar3539]

Superb as always 👌

[@alvirarahman1559]

Fun fact: Amr ibn Al-'As actually barely had 4000 men in the beginning of the expedition and was forbidden by Umar (R) to enter Egypt, but Amr ibn Al-'As didn't open the letter sent by Umar (R) forbidding him that, and went on with mere 4000 men. Upon arriving inside Egypt, he requested for more men, and was given 4000 more. Just before arriving in Heliopolis, Amr ibn Al-'As was given 4000 more men, totalling his soldier count to 12000 which was nothing compared to 20,000++ Romans he had to face. Amr ibn Al-'As wasn't even a military officer btw, he was just another Arab tradesmen, he just happened to know and understand Egypt because of years trading with Egypt.

[@hegantank6495]

how can he have not been a military officer if he was commanding troops?

[@kuronoch.1441]

​@@hegantank6495It might be his first or one of his first stints.

[@Faisal-pb5gu]

@@kuronoch.1441 Amr was one of the four main leaders of the Islamic conquest of Syria and a close friend of Khalid Ibn al-Walid

[@ghostd69]

If he was only trademan he wouldn't lead army in conquest

[@ChongYinKoon]

@@hegantank6495 If the Roman have someone like Domentianus to hold a fortified city, a merchant is more than sufficient to lead an army against the Roman.

[@WarhawkYT]

Once again, I had a great time collaborating with yall! I hope everybody enjoys the video!

[@saifmustafa665]

Nice video. May I ask what was your role in this?

[@WarhawkYT]

@@saifmustafa665 I animated it, you can check the description ;)

[@HistoryoftheUmmah]

Interestingly, the capital of Egypt was under the Rashidun Caliphate was al-Fustat. Cairo was later build by the Fatimid Empire. Many have the misconception that Cairo existed since the days of the Pharoahs.

[@user-mm3cs1kt5r]

You are right. Dw, those people are just ignorant.

[@ArabianQuirkSA]

True

[@reefmohammed3553]

No nobody misconception i am already know that in the time rashidun the capital name fustat means "Lounge" found by amr ibn al as and cairo was found by fatimid caliph al mu'izz

[@HistoryoftheUmmah]

@@reefmohammed3553 Yes Subhan Allah its good that you know, but many believe Cairo was built by Ancient Egypt.

[@ehababdelkarim5186]

Built over memphis

[@TotalFiction18]

Please continue your Hannibal series soon🙏 your work is always amazing and i think that series is your magnum opus, would love to see it finished someday

[@HistoryMarche]

That's the plan. I"m working on part 20

[@TotalFiction18]

@@HistoryMarche So happy to hear that, i know the wait will be worth it

[@araariadem7251]

@@HistoryMarche Oh thank god for that, and thank you very much for all your amazing work!

[@673-t3]

Amr ibn Al-'As then wrote to 'Umar ibn Al-­Khattab telling him that Allah the Almighty had granted them victory and opened Egypt for them. He told him as well that he reached Fayum and Abwat. He also asked for reinforcements because he concluded that the remaining army was not sufficient. 'Umar reinforced him with 4,000 men. At the head of each 1,000 was a man who was equal to a 1,000 men by himself. These 4 vigorous men were Al-Zubair ibn Al-'Awwam, Al-Miqdad ibn 'Amr, 'Ubadah ibn Al-Samit and Muslimah ibn Mukhlid. In his message to 'Amr, 'Umar said, "You had better know that you have 12,000 men and these twelve thousand will not be defeated because of their small number."

[@user-rq6ie3sh3v]

المسلمين في كل مكان في التعليقات😂 رضي الله عن الصحابة

[@mznxbcv12345]

This channel is not what it used to be. Patriarch of Egypt, Benjamin himself prayed for the victory of Amr over the Romans, and the use of inflammatory language is abound Amr Ibn Alasyy - ❌ Amr ibn Al-As - ✅ Invaders - ❌ Liberators - ✅ Sacked - ❌ Liberated - ✅ Frenzied shrieks - ❌ Proclamations - ✅ Rampages - ❌ Peaceful takeovers - ✅ Furthermore, the avatars used are anachronistic and there are several flat out historical errors; for example, 674 of continuous rule is contradicted in this very video by the fact that the sassanids had taken over Egypt a few decades prior to the events portrayed and these were NOT the terms of the treaty. People make a big deal out of the jizya forgetting that for the last several centuries the romans extracted a far greater tax poll. The Muslims/Arabs were spread out far too thin to weather a local rebellion had it been as oppressive as apologists claim. Unlike the mongols who ruled a large spat of territory by eradicating the local populace while themselves being few in number, The Muslims were so few in numbers, especially compared to the urban settled populations conquered; That it was by just administration that they ruled the territories. The tribute under the commander who took Egypt, Amr ibn Alas for example was 12,000,000 dinars, Khaukianos, the last Byzantine prefect of Egypt levied 20,000,000 gold dinars. To compare, in order to take Gaul Caesar eradicated an estimate of half the population, inaddition during Roman rule of Egypt, Egypt was not regarded as part of the roman territory but as an asset and personal property of the emperor himself, thereby providing for nearly 2 thirds of the roman treasury, on the other hand during Muslim Rule not only had the soldiers not been allowed to enter liberated cities, they were not allowed to buy land or settle either. In Egypt for example, the caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab restored the Coptic pope Benjamin I (622-661) to his seat after he had been in exile for 13 years under the Byzantine emperor Heraclius. With regards to the conduct of the commander who took Egypt, Amr ibn Alas with the Coptic pope we have this accounts written by Severus of Ashmunein a coptic priest and historian: "Then Amr turned to him, and said to him: "Resume the government of all your churches and of your people, and administer their affairs. And if you will pray for me, that I may go to the West and to Pentapolis, and take possession of them, as I have of Egypt, and return to you in safety and speedily, I will do for you all that you shall ask of me." Then the holy Benjamin prayed for Amr, and pronounced an eloquent discourse, which made Amr and those present with him marvel, and which contained words of exhortation and much profit for those that heard him; and he revealed certain matters to Amr, and departed from his presence honored and revered. And all that the blessed father said to the commander Amr, he found true, and not a letter of it was unfulfilled." -History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria Amr, upon the request of the Caliph Umar, asked the Patriarch Benjamin what was the best way of keeping the country in order and raising the revenue. The conditions laid down by the Patriarch were these: (1) that the taxes should be collected at the right time (the end of the agricultural season) (2) that no taxes should be demanded after the vintage; (3) that the canals should be dug out yearly; (4) that the dykes and sluice-gates should be kept in repair; (5) that no unjust or tyrannical official should be appointed. The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu writes about Amr "And he exacted the taxes which had been determined upon, but he took none of the property of the Churches, and he committed no act of spoliation or plunder, and he preserved them throughout all his days.", He writes in a later section regarding the city of Alexandria and that its previous unjust governor Menas had the pol tax of the city to be 32,057 gold dinars while Amr deposed him for a person loved by the people that had been exiled by Heraclius named John and had it set at 22,000. Regarding the appointment he writes "Now he had been appointed prefect of the city of Alexandria when Amr entered it. And this John had compassion on the poor, and gave generously to them out of his possessions. And seeing their affliction he had mercy upon them, and wept over their lot. Amr deposed Menas and appointed John in his stead." Ibn `Abd al Hakam (187 - 257 A.H/ 800-871 C.E ) writes that when `Amr was firmly established, he made the Copts pay a similar tribute to that exacted by the Romans, but it was to fluctuate in proportion to their wealth and prosperity. This can only mean that he continued the Roman system of land-tax: for the poll-tax imposed by the Arabs was a fixed payment, while undoubtedly the land-tax varied in accordance with the rise of the Nile and the general conditions of agriculture. Ibn `Abd al Hakam goes on to say that it was the duty of the village headmen to meet and examine into the state of agriculture, and to distribute the burden of taxation accordingly. They were in fact a sort of local commissioners for the assessment of the land-tax. Any surplus above the prescribed amount was to be expended on local improvements, and a portion of land in every township was set aside to provide a fund for the maintenance of public buildings, such as churches and baths. Any hospitality which the Muslims claimed of right from the Copts was to be taken into account (see History of the Caliphs by Al-Suyuti) While the Roman system of registration and of collection was partially continued, the taxation fixed under treaty by the Arabs was both less vexatious and less burdensome than that of the Romans. The treaty constituting under the first article a general security was given for the life, property, and churches of the Egyptians, who were also to be allowed the free exercise of their religion. For the payment of tribute and taxes constituted them a protected people ('ahl adh dhimmah',literally 'the people to whom one is bound to by honor of an agreement') with a status implying these privileges. The tribute was fixed at two dinârs per head for all except very old men and children, and the total tax was found to amount to 12m dinârs" Contrast that with the Al-Muqawqis, the last Byzantine prefect of Egypt who levied 2m dinars. That the early government of `Amr was animated by a spirit of justice and even sympathy for the subject population, can hardly be questioned. But this was not an isolated case, Wardan when ordered by the later Caliph Mu'awiah to increase the tribute levied on the Copts, he answered that it was impossible owing to the terms of the treaty. Al-Mawardi ( 364 - 450 H /974-1058 CE), a jurist says, `There is a dispute among jurists as to the amount of the jiziah. According to Abu Hanifah ( 80 - 150 H / 697-767CE) there are three different amounts: (1) from the rich are due forty-eight dirhems; (2) from the middle-class twenty-four; (3) from the poor twelve. These sums he gives as the maximum and the minimum, and he forbids governors to exercise their own discretion as to the amount.' It is impossible to read him without being struck by admiration for the extraordinary sense of justice and fairness which animates the theory and system of taxation he is describing: "Even when a protected people breaks its treaty by refusing payment of tribute, -it is not lawful to kill them -or to rob them -or to take their children, so long as they abstain from violence such rebels, however, must be given a safe-conduct and quit the territory of Islam; and if they refuse to depart voluntarily, they must be ejected by force.'" There are texts from the 800's CE debating whether, if one for example were to take a log of wood that was not theirs, make a column out of it and have it as a foundation of a house, later the original owner of the column comes back and demands the log to be retrieved into his custody and refuse monetary compensation ought the judge comply, tear down the structure and give him the log or ought he enforce a monetary compensation. this was 1200 years. Property rights were taken that seriously, you could not simply handwave it and enforce a monetary compensation as that property in question was not attained by proper channels, hence it' s ownership and how much ought be the compensation for it is judicated by its owner and no one else has the right to, not the governor or even the caliph. Stephen Langton, the writer of the Magna Carta (12th century, contemporary with the crusades for a reason) studied in the university of Paris which archives show had plenty of Arabic treatises in its procession, there can be no question about it being inspired by the "Sharia". God did bring down the Qur’an, Mohamed is his Messenger.

[@user-xr1en8fg2s]

As an Egyptian it is an honour to be part of the Islamic world

[@RedRose-cn8ln]

والله احنا اللي فخورين بمصر و تاريخها ❤

[@hemaatef556]

​@@RedRose-cn8ln لماذا تتحدث كأنك من بداء الفتح الاسلامي؟ عمرو ابن العاص و الصحابه هم من فتحو اراضينا اما انتم فلا فضل لكم علينا و لا علاقت لكم ب فتح مصر

[@Mickmickster]

Over 1 million subscribers, congratulations!

[@Promethium666]

I love your videos they are so incredibly well made, im gripped by your narration and entertained throughout the videos as history is one of my favourite subjects and you are one of my favourite channels on youtube.

[@Raidlit13]

3:31 This is why its more appropriate to call these the Muslim/Islamic conquests. Arabs were already familiar with these lands since they lived and traded at the fringes of Eastern Rome and Persia for centuries, some were even Christian or Jewish. What spurred them on to conquer was Islam.

[@samy7013]

I agree with you. Islam gave the Arabs not just a greater sense of discipline and cohesion, but more importantly, a sense of mission that they did not have during the Age of Ignorance, before the Prophetic mission of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. Stuck between two expansionist empires riven with all manner of strife, they did the best thing possible, and imposed the enlightened Pax Islamica.

[@sw1786]

Still arab conquest! Yes, in the name of Allah and Islam, but done by arabs only, therefore, called arab conquest.

[@sw1786]

Still arab conquest. Yes, in the name of Alla and Islam, but done by arabs only and therefore called arabs conquest.

[@user-vo1uc3bh7t]

I just wanted to take a moment to express my appreciation for your latest episode. It was truly magnificent! Your content is always so unique and engaging, and this episode was no exception. Thank you for your dedication to delivering such high-quality historical content. Looking forward to the next one!😀

[@mbathroom1]

Last time I was this early Egypt was Roman

[@Interestinguiniyyah]

I wish I was as early as Egypt being Egyptian

[@BarlasofIndus]

​@@Interestinguiniyyahdreams

[@Interestinguiniyyah]

@crzahmed9707 tbh I was taking the piss. It's racist and wrong to deny that Egyptians are Egyptian. Nationality is a social construct and it evolves over time

[@mbathroom1]

@@Interestinguiniyyah yes

[@ibrahimmohammed3484]

رضى الله عن عمرو ابن العاص و الحمدلله على نعمة الاسلام و رحمة الله على الفاتحين 💜💜💜

[@user-qo7hq9ur9w]

😂😂😂😂

[@Mym794]

آمين يارب العالمين...شرفنا الله بالاسلام...عليه نحيا وعليه نموت بإذن الله ولو كره الكافرون

[@ShadowOfAnEpicSaxmanExclusive]

Wish you release more content and that i could pay to be patron! Its always a GREAT DAY when HistoryMarche releases a video

[@constantinexii8182]

I think a series on the Komnenian restoration would be a very good project, as for me that period of history is one of the most interesting ones and I'm sure many agree

[@SolidAvenger1290]

I think HM could combine some of their older videos. They already did a video on Komnenos I a few years ago.

[@odd-ysseusdoesstuff6347]

I like how this invasion was explained: Roman Egypt was none conquered by sword, it was through the infighting, indecisiveness, and the low morale of the Romans. The Arabian Sword was just the icing on top.

[@sammainman9464]

plus most Egyptian Coptic sided with the Arabs since they were oppressed by Rome and the Roman Catholic church an Orthodox Coptic monk who lived in that era named Yuhanaa (John ) of Nicosia wrote on his book History of the Ancient World that a most Coptic did that and noted that some even converted to Islam even Before the Muslims were able to take full control of Egypt because of the tyranny of the Emperor and the harassment he caused to the Orthodox.

[@MaSa-bp5qe]

Yes. The Egyptians and Arabs who lived in Egypt requested from the Muslims to liberate them.

[@1sultan189]

That’s coping. Romans tried to fight the Arabs and they lost despite outnumbering the Arabs. The early Islamic conquest was simply unstoppable for the most part as simple as it is.

[@veran6219]

@@sammainman9464 Not true at all. copts did not side with Muslims at all and there was no Islam - Islam/Quran was not written even after invading Egypt - how a nation would ask another nation to invade them ??? what would be the reaction of Romans who were ruling the country towards Copts if they requested such thing???!!!! silly thinking and false propaganda Islam is not a religion, it is a political armed movement to control Arabic tribes and united them

[@veran6219]

@@MaSa-bp5qe Lies. Not true. no body requested Muslims to liberate them, evil propaganda- what would be the reaction of Romans who were ruling the country towards Copts if they requested such thing???!!!! silly thinking and false propaganda

[@danielziga4912]

"An Egyptian called John" - made me laugh so hard

[@somebodysoon]

Yeah these were common names during the Greek administration.

[@ohlangeni]

Could have said "a Greco-Roman Egyptian named John". The real Kemetyu (ancient Egyptians) has fallen to the Assyrians of Cambyses 1,300 years before the Arab conquest.

[@Mohammadkwt]

More like yohanah for the local name unlike the latinized one, John.

[@nisrmasry2134]

We have a very famous Egyptian star of social media. A Coptic Man whose name is : John El-Masry (John the Egyptian).

[@yousseftalal4520]

@@ohlangeni Assyrian and cambyses? I can predict your iq by that comment, Egyptians still live to this day and they are the direct descendants of their ancient ancestors, ok hotep?

[@KHK001]

Amazing work HM! as always.

[@HistoryMarche]

Glad you enjoy it! Thanks so much for watching and commenting. It's heartwarming to see old subscribers are still around!

[@andrewkasma9457]

I was beginning to wonder when the next one was! I look forward to all these videos

[@perioguatexgaming1333]

The intro is basically summarised in the quran in chapter Rum. Where it was prophesied that the romans will win against the Sassanids.

[@Arima.p]

🤮🤢

[@daarom3472]

predicted*

[@History_Teller1250]

​@@Arima.p ?

[@guzelataroach4450]

Yeah cause ir was written after it happened duh

[@History_Teller1250]

@@guzelataroach4450*Before

[@ridvirgo1994]

Must get up early tomorrow for work but this is important too.

[@Sanj1n]

Another Saturday, another excellent history marche video.

[@davidhughes8357]

Great collaboration = Great documentary. Thank everyone for the hard work!!!

[@joshlesure3196]

Excellent video! I always enjoy learning about this period in history.

[@RodrigoBorgia]

As always this was a great episode. That little "sidestory" with the two commanders fighting in duel was great.

[@yaqubonnet]

Another great episode!

[@jamesrushmoore7999]

Cool level of detail in this one. Political intrigue, disastrous leaders, the duel!

[@saifamrkhail3515]

Well done, thank you HistoryMarche.

[@Markjr778]

Always love your historical battles about Rome

[@danielsantiagourtado3430]

Your roman videos are awesome! Thanks For this ❤❤❤❤❤

[@HistoryMarche]

Glad you enjoy it!

[@danielsantiagourtado3430]

​@@HistoryMarcheAlways do!

[@nathyboi21]

When a 1v1 has no winners

[@parkeroof4705]

What do you mean? The Muslims won in this war lol

[@ghostd69]

​@@parkeroof4705 He talk about duel in video there was 2 fought in duel altough muslim general won but he afterwards died due for his heavily injuries was hitted by his opppenet

[@thathistoryfam794]

So a tie perhaps?

[@oneshotme]

I very much enjoyed your video and I gave it a Thumbs Up

[@Mitch-kg1ch]

I love Roman history so much it’s hard to listen to their humiliating defeats. Anyone else ? 😂

[@jackshannen809]

Same here man, whenever I see a video about Rome or Byzantium I automatically rute for them. I swear it hurts me to see them lose 😂

[@adam1_1_1]

Well ,this is life 😂

[@christopherevans2445]

Damn this Channel is good.... Never lets you down

[@Asset_007]

@HistoryMarche During Battle of Yarmouk and in the Conquest of Egypt, "Umar" was the Caliph not 'Abu Bakr'. I am sure you would correct the mistake.

[@bigsarge2085]

Always learn from your videos!

[@Battal_Gazi]

An advice; dont learn history only from Social medya. Use books, many real books

[@chasechristophermurraydola9314]

Congratulations on the over 1 million subscribers.

[@syedharis1906]

whole Roman empire to Demantanius : "Why are you running?"

[@jonbaxter2254]

WHY ARE YOU RUNNING!

[@mehmetulker3630]

Perfect explanation with the advertising 👌

[@chasechristophermurraydola9314]

Happy may the fourth be with you history Marche.

[@user-ug9yi4zr6r]

This Arab general is unappreciated

[@SolidAvenger1290]

I agree. Unfortunately, most Western sources tend to frown upon or at times downplay the history & military capabilities of the Arab world. The Arab strategy, alongside indirectly some of the incompetence/overconfidence of Byzantine leaders on the other end, set the stage on what happened at Heliopolis On the surface, it reminds me at least partially (some subtle resemblance) of Hannibal's early tactics many centuries ago against the Western Roman sect from Hispania to Trasimene until the Battle of Cannae Hannibal, in some regard, would have approved of the tactics the Arabs used against Byzantium.

[@justevil100]

Most of them were. Being any sort of a powerful Muslim general was / is a dangerous proposition for their health.

[@JOGA_Wills]

Aren't they all? The two who conquered Spain were jailed as a reward

[@adamelghalmi9771]

@@JOGA_Wills bad leadership sucks

[@yousseftalal4520]

@@JOGA_Wills that story is not strong enough, most agree they just died on the way to hajj

[@RabbaniRosli]

Considering that Egypt was the breadbasket I’m surprised the praesentalis army was not sent there. Also seems like Heraclius was the only competent general on the Roman side my goodness.

[@amirulhakim4149]

Thanks for your efforts for making this video. Keep it up.

[@YeeeeGreg]

Fantastic video!

[@FreeFallingAir]

Im at work, gotta sneak this in!!

[@HistoryMarche]

If the boss comes in just say: "But there's a war in Egypt! Look!"

[@FreeFallingAir]

"The Roman's are getting pushed out of Egypt sir, I'm sorry this is urgent. "

[@jlih6271]

I never knew there was a Babylon, Egypt

[@HistoryMarche]

Yep, it's an old Roman fortress. I presented it on the map as a city because it was significant during this period.

[@ibrahimmohammed3484]

حصن بابليون the last fort against the muslim army then the egyptian Christians claimed that the fort was built on top of old church so the muslim openers gave it back to them

[@seedo201]

Its a roman fortress now in Cairo. Under a church nowadays. I heard that its called Babylon because of ramsis the second having Babylonian prisoners there. Not sure if its true

[@KonTheGreat1786]

great history content once again...we are lucky to have you...just finish the series with hannibal too...please ❤

[@jamesrushmoore7999]

Man, this was a great video. I went down a rabbit hole on the hobnail boots (caligae) 😂

[@DestroyerOfSense000]

It is easy to assume that the Arab conquests of the Roman East and Sassanid Persia were a walkover, the two rival superpowers being exhausted and critically weakened after thirty years of total war. But it was not, as this video demonstrates. The Romans fought tooth and nail to hold the Levant and Egypt, as did the Persians for their territories. The Arabs could very well have been driven back into their deserts if they did not fight as tenaciously and expertly as they did. The Arabs, Romans, and Persians all deserve more respect for their valor than they often receive, for they fought like lions.

[@junudallah6406]

They don’t assume , that’s just their way to cope

[@ghostd69]

lets get striaght fact no matter what 2 empire went through they still owned most known of world and had larger of army who were more experinced and trained and organized with good advanced equipement and weapons than arabs who were tribal farmers and herders came from desert and villages weren't trained and equiped well with their poorly desert equipement which they were weak than them by military capabilites. Roman and persian wars was lasted for centuries not just 25 years so how come they were suddenly became weak with arabs? If their war caused to be weakened it wouldn't last for for centuries during their final war. 2 empire were faced worest suitation in 6th century where roman and persian went into major many wars fighting each other in 6th century from 500 to 592 Roman alone involed in 4 wars aganist germanic kingdoms and persian and other states. Roman and persian had been fighting each other in many countless battles and persian even had civil wars 589-591 and was getting rebellion 591-596 lead by Vistahm yet they still at their powerful didn't get weakened after few years they were fully prepared to declaring another war which it was final war occured in 7th century between roman and persian. arabs even had internal conflicts and ridda wars till 633 while bezntyine persian wars was already ended 7 years ago before arabs conquest. You dont get exhuasted from war was already ended for years. Same situation when both empire finished their 6th century wars they needed 8 years to be fully prepared to wage their final war in 7th with some battles compared 6th century of wars doesn't make sense they weak people are just relied in modern sources and google where it giving excuess to justiffy loses of both empire front of tribes. Old sources didn't mentioned they weak we have even an eye witness source such as chrincole of kuzistian 645 mentioned arabs defeated 2 powerful empire

[@ghostd69]

the war was already ended 7 years ago before caliphate conquest so how they were exhuasted?, when roman and saasaind had wars for centuries no one weaken each other but suddenly became weak because arab comes? Roman and sassaind had worset situation they went into 5 wars in 6th century fighting each other yet they remain powerful not getting weakened they needed 8 years to wage their final war 7th century which fully prepared not exhuasting. Its sad how people llike you still relied in modern biased sources that trying to make excuess to justiffy their loses. Fun fact ancient sources never mentioned both empire were weakened when arabs fought them. We got an eye witness from chrincole of kuzistian dated 645 he literally mentioned arabs defeated 2 powerful empire. Chrincole of latin and bezntyine and syraic were imperrssive how arabs defeated 2 empire without saying they were weak. Both empire had superiority numrical army along with better and military strengh than caliphate and better equipement and experince while rashidun army had smaller than them combined of tribesmen and herders came from desert with their poorly desert equipement and lacking of experince. The only reason arabs managed to defeat both empire because they had strong faith and fighting in highly spirit and moral and gaining vicoteries thanks to their great general like khalid ibn walid who were military mind genuis and tactican general

[@asirry3144]

Arabs fall into a civil war the first minutes Muhammed dies

[@user-us7el6ss2l]

The Sannasids at one point even proposed an alliance to strike back!

[@Uzair_Of_Babylon465]

Great video keep it up you're doing amazing things 😁👍

[@HistoryMarche]

Thank you so much 😁

[@danielsantiagourtado3430]

​@@HistoryMarcheyou're the Best ❤❤❤❤❤❤

[@chasechristophermurraydola9314]

@@danielsantiagourtado3430you said it

[@mohammedsaysrashid3587]

It was an informative and wonderful historical coverage work about the last stand of the Roman empire in Egypt at ( 640 AD ) confronted Islamic caliphate army .How Egypt felt in the Islamic Rasheddin caliphate (empire) . Thank you for an excellent( history Marche) channel for sharing that magnificent work.

[@pakistanzindabad-mohibhaider]

Excellent work.

[@Ibn-Abdurrahman]

The companions of the Prophet knew how to fight the strongest empires on earth

[@Jade22Roller]

He raised such a powerful men

[@sayerscreed]

Love the videos but when is the 2nd Punic War series going to continue :(

[@HistoryMarche]

That's the plan. I"m working on part 20

[@Scout887]

29:50 imagine the atmosphere and adrenaline rush, dueling an enemy champion in midst of a battle, cheering and shouting from everywhere.

[@bhudapunzon6859]

El mejor canal para aprender historia e inglés a la vez! Gracias ❤

[@aze94]

1:15 By the time the battle of Yarmouk took place, Abu Bakr had been dead for years. Umar was the Caliph at the time

[@mwhd629]

There’s so many other errors on that map, Mesopotamia is still shown under sassanid control while it was conquered before the levant. And there’s Baghdad shown on the map while it didn’t exist yet back then

[@zoubairnouar7238]

great work as always

[@brokenbridge6316]

Nicely done video

[@jiazhiong8273]

your voice on the commentaries are really cool and fitting 👍

[@N-Noori]

Great 👍 Video. But when Hannibal? It's been a year we didn't see him on a battlefield.

[@HistoryMarche]

Working on it, should come soon.

[@recepsanver5877]

As we all know, one of the most important factors that determine the outcome of wars is morale and not leaving the battlefield. Of course, the political situations in Eastern Rome are important. I think the real question is, how and with what motivation did these people achieve this, while all the armies of the period trembled against the Persians and Romans? Assalamualaikum brothers and sisters.

[@rayvee2837]

Am I the only one who dreams of having a strategy game with this animation concept, is like a EU 4 mixed with Total War.

[@ademali8199]

Awesome video

[@md.shariqulreedoy5096]

How Sassanid Empire existed while the Egypt willingly turned into a Caliphate area?

[@MAli-rr9km]

🤔, I also noticed it, Persia was conquered before Egypt,.

[@sheikhss7250]

That was my question too 🤣

[@user-rq6ie3sh3v]

And whoever told you that he did it willingly, I for one am proud of our history, which is full of conquest and full of conquests. Within a few decades, we ruled from China to France!

[@neckbeard3187]

it feels illegal for me to be this early

[@HistoryMarche]

It's never too early for some medieval slaughter :)

[@coyote4237]

Thank you.

[@hannanhub1717]

another great presentation

[@haithamalakhras2554]

There were no Roman collaborators in Egypt The original people of Egypt were occupied by the Romans They helped the Muslims because the Roman rule in Egypt was unjust to them

[@zainulmuqsit877]

It’s AMR IBN AL AAS .not ASEEEE

[@Mairajbhai78]

Love this channel

[@dsk3465]

Do you make your maps or do you get them from the internet

[@krisxx9732]

Bro Muslims in 640 to 900ad are just unstoppable 🔥💀💀

[@Battal_Gazi]

Same for Ottoman Empire... 1300-1700

[@l6ss]

​@@Battal_Gazi Hin du pp aren't Muslims!! They w orshipping Vis hnu! Just different ways!

[@MA-fm9tm]

​@@Battal_Gazi😂😂 osman

[@user-us7el6ss2l]

Until they became unjust and collaped unfortunately...

[@TheWokeTraveller]

Actually those 300 years represent the first 3 generations of Muslims whom Allah honoured and favoured in the Quran. Interesting fact..

[@StoicFlame]

The narrator spoke constantly with negative tone about the muslims, and with a proud, supportive way, everytime he mentions the romans.... And why the images of muslim leaders were represented by a recent costumes of arabs in 19th & 20th century.... This narration and imagery is politically motivated and this wasnt the case of this channel couple of years ago at all. check his video from 6 years ago: Battle of Yarmouk, 636 AD (Part 2/2) (same timeframe, but accurate images of muslims, and no antagonizing tone at all) Someone told this channel: "Hey you making our enemies look very good with these historical facts, we need you to paint them as the antagonists from now on "

[@spudbeans22]

i mean look at the state of these once powerful, rich , vast countries in north africa now…

[@paprskomet]

You are very paranoid, do yo know it?

[@chill5721]

@@spudbeans22yeah thank to European colonialism, they were on top of the world with Islam

[@nazeem8680]

Examples?

[@raditz9676]

Whoa, two battles today! Yaaaaay!

[@yaqubonnet]

Another amazing episode!

[@masonkim7]

the presenters' voice adds so much oomph to the video

[@BoredRanter-oy9gg]

Is it just me or has anyone else noticed that Amr Al Aas imitated the invasion strategy of Khalid by having the byzantines commit and pin down large numbers of their troops to one side of the country first before invading the emptied other half of the country so he can capture it with fewer troops?

[@I_ML7]

Yh they were both geniuses, and fun fact they were friends and they became muslims in the same day.

[@reftop5065]

Amr fought many battles under the command of Khalid for years

[@lazarus7860]

BRO FINISH THE HANNIBAL SERIES!!!! You guys left us hanging big time.

[@crazydiepro2945]

never disappoints

[@danielsantiagourtado3430]

For the algortithm 🍻🍻🍻🍻

[@Verbindungs]

Probably one of those moments in history which can be considered pivotal. And one of the big 'what-ifs' in history is what would have happened if the Eastern Roman Empire and the Sassanid Empire didn't bled out each other just before the outburst of the Muslims. Would they have been able to stop them together? How would the world look today if they did?

[@ntluck1592]

Probably not as big a difference as you think for the Arabs had also been warring for 30 years before the conquests began. Their numbers were never large either, yet what won the day for them was their zeal and excellent leadership

[@user-kg3qg9rk3m]

Whoever reads my ridiculous comment thinks that the Arabs were better off... Why don’t you admit that the Arabs were also warring tribes and kingdoms as well?

[@Verbindungs]

@ntluck1592 That's why it is a what-if. I don't know the answer, and neither do you.

[@itzikashemtov6045]

@@ntluck1592 People often forget a very important factor in every Arab conquest, The line "They joined the Muslims" which means a large chunk of dissatisfied groups of people joined the enemy, Which is actually a rare case in history. And the major wars of Persians-Romans contributed a lot.

[@Michael_the_Drunkard]

​@@ntluck1592"The Arabs would have won anyway because it was inevitable" Don't make us laugh.

[@dukesilver702]

I love HistoryMarche

[@nanot.1984]

Glad to see HistoryMarche finally over the 1 million sub mark, heres to many more 🎉

[@woodpaul441]

Why are the 2 city maps in the same video of nikiou so different. Is this a massive oversight? First one at 22min mark. has many rivers meeting at nikiou as an important center, with the second map at the 27 min mark and battle of nikiou with it off set of the Nile and only a single river.

[@Abu-Mustafa9375]

As an egyptian I am very proud of amr bin al aas and the Arab army Egypt will still arab and Muslim for ever Arab Republic of Egypt 🇪🇬 ❤

[@user-vf6mt9is1t]

شكرا جزيلا على مجهودك 🌹

[@MaherLucifer]

Continue more Arab stories and Hannibal, those 2 are your GEMS of the channel

[@gangstasawuce99]

One of the best channels in KZbin

[@user-mm3cs1kt5r]

Also, Egyptians loved Amr Ibn Al Aas more than the Romans and the Egyptian people allied with him against the Romans and they were the key for all his victories against the Romans. Even Coptic Christians loved Amr a lot. They were his spies against the Romans and they were opening the gates for him, giving him secret locations. God rest his soul. He was a great man. He was kicked out of leadership of Egypt by Uthman rw because he was drunk on power and refused to take jizya from the Christians and he was going on the way to take Egypt and separate it from the caliphate.

[@J_FGCC4474]

Separate it from the caliphate! foolish...

[@user-mm3cs1kt5r]

@@J_FGCC4474 Don't hate Uthman rw for it. He did his best to keep Egypt in the Caliphate. Look up, "Amr Ibn Al Aas' letters to Umar and feud with Al Sarh." On Google. You'll find it.

[@Truthbetold367]

Fun fact: The Quran prophesied the start of this video (when the Romans were brought to their knees but ended up victorious against the Persians). It was a victory destined for the Romans. The reason was that the Persians were polytheists and made fun of the monotheism of the Romans when they were devastating them. It was in the opening verses of a Chapter of the Quran called “Rome”. Verify it for yourself. A lot of people called the prophet crazy for his statement because at the time, Roman victory seemed next to impossible. Had the Prophet have been wrong, Islam wouldn’t exist today, but he worships the one true God, the merciful God.

[@ambreentariq1423]

"Merciful". Sure buddy, tell thst to all the man, women, and children that were killed in the needless conquests of Persia, Rome, the Indian subcontinent, etc. Your "god" is anything but peaceful.

[@calm123]

Roman were not Monotheists compared to Muslims, God knew Romans were gonna win regardless it's why he told Prophet early

[@jafarrahmane275]

​@@ambreentariq1423what about the musilm who died in those conquest..oh sorry ur playing victim card😊

[@ambreentariq1423]

@@jafarrahmane275 Those Muslims wouldn't have needed to die had their leaders not launched their wars.

[@jullia1955]

😂😂😂

[@drylomgamer1319]

just mentioning that Great Old Bulgaria was on the european map since 635, but great video, i didnt know about this last stand, glad to learn something new

[@gundarsmiks4889]

I like connecting with yourself!! :)

[@mango2005]

I dont think its a coincidence that the Middle Eastern and North African provinces fell so quickly both to the Sassanids and then to the Arabs. They had a lot of discontented minorities like the Monophysites, the Nestorians and in some places the Jews, who were persecuted by the Byzantines. The Muslims were promising not equality but toleration if people paid the Jizya tax. Donatism still persisted to some extent in North Africa too.

[@Oski.hajjar]

if i am not mistaken i have read in different sources that the taxes were not changed when the muslims controlled egypt

[@user-rq6ie3sh3v]

إنت مسيحي مصري صح😂 يا حبيبي المسلمين فرضوا الجزية ولا أعلم أنهم وضعوا ضرائب وفرضوا الزكاة على المسلمين

[@ErasenTinta]

I really hope you can continue Vikings series soon, it's amazing

[@Quandle_dingle_3]

Bro it's been 1 year still waiting on the next Hannibal video