Why do we have to learn about the Krebs cycle?

[@Nanorooms]

To try everything Brilliant has to offer-free-for a full 30 days, visit brilliant.org/NanoRooms You’ll also get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

[@obsideonyx7604]

What's with the anti-keto propaganda at the end there?

[@GrapeFlavoredStudios]

I searched this video out to find your link specifically ! Hopefully they pay you for it lol. I love your channel man it's so cool.

[@Goldenbear6]

As a chemist, what amazes me is that nature uses aldol condensation in citric acid cycles when turning acetyl coenzyme A to citric acid. Nature definitely knows the best reaction to build C-C bonds.

[@KenJackson_US]

It's almost like some intelligence was involved.

[@goodluck5642]

@@KenJackson_USnahhh

[@TheBenevolent]

I love molecular biology and cell biology even though they keep kicking me in the nuts 😭

[@notsojharedtroll23]

But, what about the molecular and cell biologies of your kicked nuts???

[@aadithyahrudhay2269]

so true 😭 I feel your pain, as a computer science undergrad with a bioinfo minor, I love these subjects so much but my marks never seem to reflect that :)

[@ilhammahlilham]

@@aadithyahrudhay2269means you gotta love it more then ;)

[@Reixuria]

same with me and maths

[@vincentfreddoyle7555]

That’s called masochism💜 hope this helps 😔

[@islandfireballkill]

"Your intuition can be boosted several fold when your memory is doing the heavy lifting for you." Beautifully put. It's a lot of why I have some serious qualms with modern pedagogy that tries to reduce the importance of practice (homework) and memorization.

[@memeranque]

The why and the how. Been looking for this kind of learning experience. Please produce more content like this!!

[@Clockworkbio]

This is the whole ballgame-its entirely possible to create that intuitive understanding that really helps us “digest” (lol) these complex metabolic pathways.

[@Bonniebelle_00__]

This is how I’m learning now it’s fits my cognitive style better or cognition

[@CurioCity-Curiosity]

Chemist: just a couple of reactions will take place Biologist:

[@SixOhFive]

Not to mention both fields absolutely hate each other for some reason lol

[@moistschmeckles400]

​@@SixOhFive because chemists think that their work is so much cooler and harder. okay bucko call me when you start curing diseases

[@mahavir8148]

@@SixOhFive They don't actually

[@edgardodeleon7058]

Thank you for your amazing videos! I’m a graduate student in chemistry focusing on computational chem. You’ve inspired me to make some videos also explaining some hidden topics in chemistry for the near future!

[@emerald3324]

6:05 starts breathing frantically

[@supreetsahu1964]

Super stoked for the next vid!

[@TheTypeWriters-kq4pb]

Yeah, "stoked"! I'm just burning with excitement!

[@oldmango8606]

well done. just the right pace. Appropriate to watch multiple times to fully appreciate. thanks

[@thaiduongnguyen5066]

I am a person who really have a passion on molecular biology and chemistry. So this video absolutely hooked me. Can you do the Calvin cycle then???

[@Nanorooms]

Certainly! Maybe around the middle of next year. I have a lot of other videos planned in the meanwhile.

[@cesarosummary]

Great vid! I'm wondering, if we weren't meant to to run off fats, why does the body store most excess energy in the form of fat instead of glycogen?

[@crswoodferns]

(Commenting so hopefully I get notified too if someone else answers)

[@Salseeco]

😊

[@_chris_.3]

Because it’s more efficient to store energy in fats compared to carbohydrates. Fats have more energy per gram compared to carbohydrates ( 9 to 4 kcal respectively). Glycogen is also a fast acting energy source so that’s why it’s only stored for short term use in muscles as compared to fats making being stored in adipose tissue for longer term storage

[@Radjehuty]

This is a good question but this also forces you to look at a wider context for the purpose of fats themselves. It's rare that any one compound only has one singular purpose. Fats are the most energy dense substance we make. That also means more energy can be stored in a smaller place. Not only is this good for storing long-term energy, but fats also have the property of being effective insulators. We can store fats in areas that are strategic to prevent excessive heat loss or we can cushion vulnerable areas from wear and tear. We also need lipids to create cell membrane components especially for our nervous system. Lipids hydrolyze with serine to form sphingolipids which are essential for other biochemical pathways. Of course the downside to using lipids as energy is that it requires a more significant energy investment and lipids must be packaged to transport in the bloodstream. We also will need more protein intake because without glucose, we can't replenish Citric acid cycle intermediates for gluconeogenesis.

[@tikkitikkitembo148]

Dont mind me, just commenting so the algorithm gives me more of this and less slop

[@drscott1]

Very good. I would resist making broad statements about clinical outcomes however. A ketogenic diet can be very helpful in persons suffering from metabolic syndrome. Clinically, many persons with type 2 diabetes have been placed in remission with a ketogenic diet.

[@Sazoji]

ooh are we getting into r/p ratios and growth rate modifications? fuel source changes to optimize metabolism in bioreactors are important for driving reactions towards certain products. the economics of making an efficient bioreactor starts with the molecular biology, it's why there's such a push in synthbio for a minimal cell, no wasted protein!

[@dianasci]

Such a Perfect video! Thank u very much ❤

[@martinkikambuse2313]

Great video. Thoroughly explained. Metabolism, Bio- chemistry, Molecular Biology clearly stated. Insightful stuff.

[@jcmendezfitness3878]

I enjoyed the video. In Biochem 551 we learned that acetyl CoA can be turned to fat but some of it is turned to cholesterol and that cholesterol into Test and Est, which is mostly removed by the liver through Br into feces, but some can be removed in urine and even. Total A-CoA of that is minuscule but just is another pathway other than breathing out.

[@marvmalloww]

But whats the issue with Gluconeogenesis? In a state of diatary restriction authophagy is enduced through SIRT activation, AMPK activation, mTOR downregulation and Gluconeogenesis is upregulated as well. All of these mechanisms are linked to prolonged health and wellbeeing. Albeit Gluconeogenesis is not as efficient as Glycolysis, i think deltaG -16 joule/mol when I remember correctly, it has more benefitial properties in the world we live in today with an overextgensive offering of foods 24/7 as it maybe had some time ago, when food and energyperservance was more important ...

[@strayorion2031]

this feels like a 3brown1blue video but for biochemistry, glad we can finally have a channel with similar quality for our topics

[@GeoffryGifari]

Does the building up of fat occur in parallel to the breaking down of sugar? Or is there a "switch" in the cell that detects the critical amount of pyruvate and acetyl CoA needed to *start* building up fat

[@reguluscorneas3387]

Yes, there is certainly a switch that activates lipid synthesis..... as more amount of glucose is present in the blood and is converted into acetyl coA.... the enzymes of fatty acid synthesis (lipogenesis enzymes) detect that the received glucose was enough for energy production, and therefore start converting the acetyl coa to long chain fatty acids stored for future usage.

[@GeoffryGifari]

@@reguluscorneas3387 hmmm... but the lipogenesis enzymes are always there, regardless of Glucose/Acetyl CoA concentration?

[@AbdelrahmanAl-Okda]

This video is just beautiful, I love it so much! Thank you!

[@math4wisdom]

Thank you for this wonderful exposition! I appreciate the elegance with which you arrange your diagrams. They encourage my hunch that the Krebs Cycle is an instance of Bott periodicity. I imagine that Bott periodicity could be a template for order which over two billion years evoked metabolic pathways and ultimately life. I am curious what you think about that. Please let me know!

[@marcowirth1372]

Super explained for me as since lover what often questioning my self “how food aktualisiert become energy we can use at sport, worke or any other activities” but the information was maby to komplex to getting thou it at the first time i was thinking about this. Without any previous infos on this, exaped basic Highschool knowledge! But this visualisation made many things become clearer for me now! Your goal u like to talk about at the beginning of the video definitely proofed, 👌🙃 awesome video !!!!!!

[@woaitsbren]

This video was amazing. I'm learning about metabolism right now and this gave me loads of motivation to study haha

[@harrymallory7963]

Well, this was timely!

[@homomorphic]

Nice video, but could you add some coverage regarding the impact of fructose wrt AMPK resistance, decreased expression of ACADL and inhibition of CPT1 via the production of malonyl-CoA? Perhaps in a future video?

[@Clockworkbio]

The fatty acid stack at 5:45 was so gosh dang primo tho

[@YtubeUserr]

"If you don't memorize the Krebs Cycle, bad things will happen. And we don't want that, do we?" "Yes, I will memorize the Krebs cycle."

[@danny1504-g2d]

Thanks a lot

[@dip4fish]

Great Video, I would have like to see it 38 years ago

[@GameplayAndRelaxation]

Dude I love your presentation style

[@deviliongamer2527]

Excellent video! And by the way, what software do you use for your animations? Because they look very crisp!

[@hazelonnutella9599]

Powerpoint morph transitiom

[@gabitheancient7664]

if you talk about statistical mechanics I'll be so happy

[@northliu1196]

I learned it twice already this semester, here we go the third time!

[@andrewberardi6158]

Great content 🎉

[@EliwazMoonites]

What if there was a way to bypass this an charge the app from a better source then suggest from one thing only an a very tiny amount of that thing that's packed full of enormous amounts of energy for all cells ect. How strong would that food sorce be compared to regular foods?

[@caldermac2532]

Thank God for this woman and her courage to shed light upon this topic and her ability to calmly articulate the reality of how many committed relationships and marriages have been based on fantasy and a lie indoctrinated into so many people in our society.

[@williamfields8452]

So would you say its bad for a person to have most of their diet consist of a variety of fruit? i ask because most fruit seems to have Fructose, or is the level of sugars in whole foods to low to be considered excessive

[@KarlosEPM]

Hi. I'm an Md and bioengineer. In the bigger picture, fruits seldom contain a high enough load of fructose to be as harmful as say a soda/pop. They also contain fibres which slow down the uptake of the sugars. Naturally, some fruits have more sugar and less fiber (non-fibrous mangoes, grapes, ripe bananas) and can be deleterious if consumed in excess. But overall fruits are significantly better than plain sugars, and should therefore be regarded as nature's desserts.

[@abbadubenzwin5157]

Yah We remember that course at Scolar

[@c_42]

Really nice video!

[@cycl0pentadiene]

is the stereochemistry on your monosaccharides correct? it looks to me that you have the L enantiomer drawn for the glucose and fructose structures

[@Radjehuty]

you're correct, that was a bit of a mix-up for sure.

[@jolietam6469]

🔥🔥🔥 video, keep up the good work :3

[@ramanShariati]

Legend is back ♥️

[@lost_sundae]

Woo baby!! New video, let's goo!!

[@Herbert_Knavs]

Who says that its really an "extra" effort for liver to go over gluconeogenesys?

[@RENO_K]

Biology is the intersection of physics and chemistry where the result is life I love biology but I struggle with existential crisis's Whenever I learn something new in biology and how it ties back to the law of thermodynamics I start spiraling questioning where does physics end and life starts I get that everything is governed by it and it's an unbreakable rule, but it's just freaky how "life" already had it figured out It's so, eughghgh creepy in a way

[@MrDNWave]

Dont worry about the thermodynamic death of the universe and how life is a chanceless struggle against the ever increasing gain of entropy and loss of condensed energy. You and everyone we love will be long gone by then. I hope this helped :D

[@volcanic3104]

Loosely speaking, physics determines what is and isnt allowed. Life has had millions of years to optimize with respect to these constraints, so give yourself some grace if it seems a bit freaky. Life has had a couple million years head start :)

[@daliahellstrom8142]

Underrated

[@technicallittlemaster8793]

Are you using manim? May you share the code

[@RENO_K]

3b1b is so goated for creating manim

[@Nanorooms]

That’s the thing…. I did not use manim for this >:)

[@ChadKovac]

It's all about the ions tho, ultimately... Right?

[@christopherellis2663]

" energy packets"?

[@brandonblue2994]

Looks like the code blueprint for malloc.

[@depressedtoadmeow]

actually they are called crabs :3

[@StopWhining491]

Great opportunity for a board game.

[@anynamez7048]

"if you only ate fat and proteins, your liver would need extra effort to turn the amino acids into glucose" How do you know that? Lol. Also isn't it crazy how our body despite needing carbs (true), make the perfect amount needed at that time/place from fat and protein. Isn't that crazy? Hmm. And gluconeogenesis never turns off, even when gorging on carbs... Hmm..

[@AI-vs7sm]

@ anynames, yeah, he was going along there pretty convincingly, until he mentioned that glucose is necessary for brain function! CORRECT! Its so necessary that your body MAKES ITS OWN GLUCOSE, none needed in your diet. The liver makes and regulates the precise glucose level needed, and if you are starving, then, the liver would have to work harder to convert proteins into glucose! But, if you are not starving , but,not eating carbs,( since they are not needed and excess levels are toxic to the bloodstream, requiring insulin to get it out of blood as quickly as possible), then the liver makes KETONES, which are more efficient than glucose for energy, in the body and in the brain!Ketones! You know ,like in keto, or low carb ,high fat eating? OOPS!

[@Viewpoint314]

Holy Smokes!

[@dann_y5319]

nice

[@LuisAldamiz]

The brain also lives off ketones (fat) and, even if it would need some small amount of sugars (hotly debated), it's so impossible to get rid of that small amount in real life that it doesn't matter what you tell people about how low you should go in terms of carbs. A therapy keto diet tries to keep carbs below 10% (not 0%) and a regular one below 30%, real life paleodiets oscilate between 50% and 0% carbs (there are places like the Arctic where sugars are just not available and people lived perfectly well on a 0% carbs diet until civilization arrived), with most being in the 20-30% carb range. Anyhow, you didn't mention what happens to the excess glucose stored in the liver when it is too excessive, leading to fatty liver and possibly cirrosis, or how the insuline mechanism stores excess blood sugar of any kind as fat and how an overworked pancreas leads to diabetes, etc. All that is the infamous metabolic syndrome... when most of the excess carbs just don't even reach the Krebs cycle at all.

[@Nanorooms]

Yup, I didn’t want to mention hormones, deeper metabolic details or anything too beyond the cell just yet. This is only meant to be an introductory video to the topic. A video on that is definitely coming down on the lines. Thank you for mentioning these missing things here.

[@LuisAldamiz]

@@Nanorooms I understand but as you did mention the issue of "no carbs" (low carbs rather, I can't recall anyone asking for "no carbs" in absolutist terms, although it's clearly possible as the Inuit and other Arctic peoples have proven historically: their brains never stopped working, they just worked on fats and did fine) an objection had to be raised.

[@Radjehuty]

I'm not sure why we would use an isolated group to make an assumption about the entire species but even if we wanted to entertain that, we do know that people who eat nothing but fats and proteins don't have zero blood sugar. All we're doing by forcing an extreme ketogenic diet is forcing our liver to perform more gluconeogenesis because erythrocytes and our nervous system are so highly dependent on glucose. For erythrocytes it's obvious, they have no organelles and can only perform glycolysis anyway. For the nervous system it's more complicated due to the interplay between astrocytes and neurons. Regardless, blood glucose levels must be maintained so by refusing to take glucose in through the diet, the liver will do its best to compensate. Ketone bodies can certainly be used in neurons but keep in mind, those TCA intermediates aren't purely for energy production. Acetyl-CoA must react with Oxaloacetate. If glucose were non-existent, the only other way to replenish OAA would be the breakdown of proteins and shunt it in the cycle which is normally unfavorable.

[@LuisAldamiz]

@@Radjehuty - My liver pains less and occupies much less since I went imperfectly into low carb diet. Low carb basically saved my life after more than a decade of obvious and painful metabolic syndrome, which I also see in other people, who refuse to even experimentally try 6 months of low carb diet. Do you know how to make traditonal paté de foi? By force-feeding the geese with lots of corn. Do you know how they get the cattle fat for better yield at the slaughterhouse? By removing them from the pastures and having them several months only on seeds (carbs). Carbs make you fat and thus unhealthy in various ways, it's high carb diets which drive the obesity and diabetes epidemics, which destroy the livers and the lifes of people. How exactly that works at molecular level beats me most of the time but it seems it also beats most specialists. More holism is needed.

[@SabaAlshare]

❤❤❤

[@frank93907]

lol next it will learn people on how to have a soul which is technically there’s now 😂

[@Qwertype315]

Crabs cycle?

[@herrmanselcher1632]

Bro if you rerecord this without the breathing

[@kennethbransford820]

Not by accident peoples. Evolution = Self Assembling Atoms = Impossible = Revelation 4:11 “You are worthy, Jehovah our God, to receive the glory and the honor and the power, because you created all things, and because of your will they came into existence and were created.”

[@obsideonyx7604]

Are you sponsored by a sugar company? Cuz that's some heavy anti-keto propaganda at the end there.

[@kylemcguff5581]

Was anything stated that was false or misleading? Seems like a reasonable explanation about including carbs in moderation for most peoples' diet

[@TrevoltIV]

There’s a fine line between propaganda and truth

[@hozukimaru]

Lmao. Did you even watch the video. He literally said that consuming anything in excess, whether it is carbs, lipids or proteins is a bad idea. Everything should be taken in moderation.

[@obsideonyx7604]

@@hozukimaru lmao did _you_ even read my comment? Keto is about depravation of carbs, he criticized carb restriction, I criticised his criticism. I said nothing about ingesting anything in excess or criticised him for talking about intake moderation. Reply to things I say, not hallucinations.

[@kafkaesque4023]

❤❤❤