It’s crazy that this video is 14 years old. It’s older than my sister and yet it’s still helping me today. Talk about an evergreen KZbin video 😂
@kiron9725 күн бұрын
its 16 years now broh
@ferntheinkling25 күн бұрын
@@kiron97 woweee
@DaniellePharmD12 жыл бұрын
I am in pharmacy school and this helped me so much - not sure if embarrassed or extremely thankful. Going with extremely thankful - simple, easy to understand, and a great review.
@Inside.uranus2 ай бұрын
Wait, u guys do this in grad school? We have this rn in 12th grade (in india )
@Agentleader110 жыл бұрын
This is way more than what I learned in Biology.
@BotRetro7 жыл бұрын
I know it's an old comment of yours, but this is more of a biochemistry / molecular biology than classical biology. In university or college you have to remember this process every few semesters.
@@rfcalm I'm learning this right now for cell and molecular biology.
@eVill420 Жыл бұрын
@@rfcalm this is absolutely biology, my molecular biology professor linked this video as an addition to the course
@alisonray138311 жыл бұрын
The polymerase sits on the template strand which runs 3->5 because it makes the complementary strand 5->3 The polymerase sits on the tata box in the promoter region due to the transcription factors that wave it down. The enhancer region which isn't mentioned a whole lot could be the determining factor if polymerase begins coding the transcription unit. At the end of the unit is a terminator sequence that makes a hairpin consisting of mostly C+Gs that end with four uracils and uracils being the weakest bond allow the polymerase to detach. The video doesn't talk about post-transcription events that happen in eukaryotic cells.
@ImortalPkin10 жыл бұрын
Would be a lot better if the process was split into, initiation, elongation and termination. A lot of things were missed out :/
@ImortalPkin10 жыл бұрын
***** Thats not correct, BOTH transcription and translation have Initiation, elongation and termination steps.
@BBBuckley5 жыл бұрын
@@ImortalPkin Yeah that's true
@ImortalPkin5 жыл бұрын
@@BBBuckley Holy mother of God, i wrote this 5 years ago when i was studying for my degree haha. Keep studying its worth it in the end. good luck
@thescotts13264 жыл бұрын
@@ImortalPkin damn bro. what are you doing today hahaha
@filzuhilal32253 жыл бұрын
@@ImortalPkin woah ! What are u doing today
@Stinukli14 жыл бұрын
This is a very, very fleixble way of getting a foundation of genetic knowledge. It is an extremely short method, including vital biological information. Thank you!
@POPsongsADDICT10 жыл бұрын
missing point: RNA polymerase has to transcribe the polyadenylation signal sequence (5'-AAUAAA-3') before transcription is terminated
@mydas111 жыл бұрын
Where do you even begin to figure this stuff out as a scientist? Amazing!
@knightfall_550Ай бұрын
this is so much easier to understand than all the new videos that have come out about transcription. thank you so much
@pramodghuge7840 Жыл бұрын
Animation like this 15 years ago is commendable 👍
@EpicFiction13 жыл бұрын
seriously the only video on transcription you will find on youtube thats any good.
@Lizeth435179 жыл бұрын
You forgot to mention the last important transcription factor, TFIIH. TFIIH unwinds the DNA, then phosphorylates RNA Pol II at its CTD site which activates RNA Pol II
@happytripper029 жыл бұрын
+heartliz The only things hotter than the Planck temperature are Kugelblitz and women who are interested in science
@ratatat123568 жыл бұрын
m'lady
@xXAISPXx8 жыл бұрын
+Genthios _ Sometimes...
@rosslynch73758 жыл бұрын
didn't understand a single word but okay x.x
@arieltroha385310 жыл бұрын
this video makes me uncomfortable
@lica44917 жыл бұрын
Ariel Troha yes
@zaidw.dagher69676 жыл бұрын
Ariel Troha so true
@abdullatheefilikeshinchan13916 жыл бұрын
yes
@aleezamirza89686 жыл бұрын
lmao same
@vectorfanpage31064 жыл бұрын
Ikr
@Blueknightex15 жыл бұрын
Great, this saves up a lot of time instead of just reading crap that you get lost into! =) thank you so much. My Bio exam is tommorow so hopefully it goes well. DNA roles is the hardest for me!
@xycik1123 жыл бұрын
How was your Bio Exam?
@syedabid9767 Жыл бұрын
@@xycik112 you expect him to remember that after more than a decade?
@xycik112 Жыл бұрын
@@syedabid9767 yes
@syedabid9767 Жыл бұрын
@@xycik112 lol. I also gave my biology exam today. It was great. Although I couldn't answer what Metakinesis is...
@xycik112 Жыл бұрын
@@syedabid9767 don't worry, I'm doing a PhD now and I hardly remember anything from uni
@smarflut8 жыл бұрын
I'm french, i'm learning transcription and these explications were very usefull, more than others french video! Thx very much !
@redbandicoot392810 жыл бұрын
Biology is still blowing my mind ffs 0.0, this is complete madness lol
@thescotts13264 жыл бұрын
fr
@awsomeJane9 жыл бұрын
at this level of detail, it should mention that in the transcription of prokaryotic DNA, the termination is as simple as shown here. The RNA polymerase comes to a terminating sequence, and the RNA and the polymerase both detach. However, in eukaryotic DNA transcription, after coming to AAUAAA sequence, which is where it is signaled to stop, it is only cut free after coding 10-35 more nucleotides. Moreover, RNA polymerase keeps coding for like hundreds after it.
@tobedocter62079 жыл бұрын
+blake93 Thank you for the information :)
@bozicatomcic910811 жыл бұрын
Transcription as a unique process doesn't finish like that, it continues to translation after which you will got proteine. Those two processes are parts of one big process called: synthesis of the proteine.
@dr.nirranjanaavenkatesan Жыл бұрын
Thank you ssooooooooooooo much where I got understood this concept the day before my 1st year mbbs exam
@yunamamaful15 жыл бұрын
RNA transcription also requires a helicase. In eukaryote cells it's TFIIH, which both "melts" the strands and then phosphorylizes the polymerase on its C-terminal domain.
@roastie2210 Жыл бұрын
I couldn't find some answers in the books, thanks for this. this helped a lot.
@Miltongarden14 жыл бұрын
Textbook Cell Chemistry. A, B and C are enzymes. 1,2,3,4 are a series of chemical reactions believed to be taking place throughout life - glycolysis. a,b,c,d,e,f,g, and h are the small molecules involved in glycolysis. 1) Enzme A triggers a reaction between molecules (a) and (b) to form (c). 2) Enzyme B triggers a chemical transformation of (c) into (d) 3) Enzyme C triggers a reaction between (d) and (e) to form product (f). 4) Enzyme X splits (f) into two molecules ( g) and (h).
@Spacemonkeymojo15 жыл бұрын
The TATA box is the promoter sequence that is highly conserved in eurkaryotic cells, the Pribnow box is the promoter sequence that is highly conserved in bacterial cells.
@waralex212 жыл бұрын
The intro scared the hell out of me. I was watching this vid around 12 am for our Final exam in Biochemistry tomorrow. Anyways, cool video!
@LolaMcManus19 күн бұрын
fr
@Ladylyla12 жыл бұрын
Seriously, I'm a frikkin biologist but when stuff gets all messed up in my head i come here to clear it and i understand it better again.
@MrHoooollaaa9 жыл бұрын
This is what I was searching for! Most videos are to unspecific. I'm learning for my genetics exam.
@felipe95472 жыл бұрын
People in 2021 here!! I loved! Thank you!
@jesselajeunesse48578 жыл бұрын
Actually it's TATAAT box. This video over simplifies some important aspects of this process.
@Soysauce_Stunts11 жыл бұрын
the RNA polymerase is moving from 3' to 5', or the other way around? It isnt really specified in the video.
@othmaneelrhanbaz61228 жыл бұрын
thank you very much. even if we study this in arabic, your videos clarifie the ideas very well. thanks again and again!! from morocco
@akary14 жыл бұрын
bioman123 did a pretty good job of explaining how they find each other. Molecules in the cell bump and jiggle and drift all the time. When they bump in such a way as to cause a reaction, a reaction occurs. This is a bit like kids in a mosh pit. They move fairly randomly around the crowd. When one friend finds another, he lifts him up to crowdsurf. If one finds his girlfriend, they hold hands. Substitute chemical affinity for friendship, and think of lifting the friend up as a reaction.
@jaimaurya499 Жыл бұрын
So useful... It's like a rollercoaster the RNA Polymerase in a way if that helps.
@razredge0713 жыл бұрын
Wow, who would dislike this? Anyway... thank you! thank you! thank you! I had a hard time trying to visualize this based on the pictures in the textbook and the words were vague at best. This made it much easier to understand.
@Nobiii17Ай бұрын
I see this in 2024😂
@PreetiBishnoi-zy6us24 күн бұрын
Same 😂
@MDTouhidulIslam-m7o20 күн бұрын
I am also😂
@FaizaFentaw-g3b3 күн бұрын
Me too
@cragdogfanclub14 жыл бұрын
@KarlHeinzofWpg RNA polymerase will transcribe whatever is available for transcription on the DNA, so a repressor region is found before the promoter region. If a complementary molecule, such as galactose in the lac operon model, is attached to the repressor site, transcription of that gene will not occur. So by having certain genes blocked and others unblocked, only parts of the genome are expressed. In 3D, the DNA has a special shape at the promoter region for a certain gene.
@Miltongarden14 жыл бұрын
3) This does not take place in a vacuum. All the spaces between the molecules and the enzymes is filled "solid" with water molecules and other substrates - all dancing the "heat dance", jiggling and jiving, jumping back and forth, getting in each other's ways, bumping and colliding.
@kaybee17498 жыл бұрын
I'm extremely confused... is this the process of making the RNA primer?? Does DNA polymerase III come in after this???
@kaybee17498 жыл бұрын
OOOOH lololol I've been confused 4 hours. I thought transcription was DNA replication 💀💀💀
@yunchoi99778 жыл бұрын
This is very specific information, so I could not understand clearly during the lecture. But now I can see everything!! Awesome! thank you so much! It helped me to understand much better :)
@carzygirls83004 жыл бұрын
Published before 12 years ! Nd I'm watching now. I like it
@1627anat8 жыл бұрын
you mentioned ENERGY in form of ATP must be added. Which protein of the machinery uses these ENERGY? do you mean TFIIH (helicase)?
@Snerts14 жыл бұрын
to Kythos, DNA helicase has already unwound the double helix so just one strand can be copied (into a single-stranded RNA molecule). Looks like the sugar-phosphate backbone isn't shown to just focus on the bases
@rathorepinky_02344 жыл бұрын
I'm watching this video in 2020....its amazing 😯❤️
@Ur0pinionDoesntCount13 жыл бұрын
learned more in 2:51 than in several hours of class wooow
@letsbrick28092 жыл бұрын
wow 10 years... hows it going xD?
@mib58968 жыл бұрын
What about enhancers and regulatory molecules? Don't they activate RNA polymerase II? In this video it shows that ATP just binds and activates it
@bioman12314 жыл бұрын
@Miltongarden It's a fact that this can be done with pure proteins and that leaving any one protein out changes the reaction. So we have a decent idea of which proteins are needed to transcribe a gene. We then verify this by deleting/mutating the genes for these proteins in an organism and seeing the effects. From pure proteins to living cells, the science is solid.
@Marni12ox13 жыл бұрын
@TheJavaria The nucleotides don't have any any role in the transcription process. However, the set of 3 nucleotides, a codon, code for amino acids, which happens in the translation process.
@Graficcha13 жыл бұрын
@madmoody79 The H-unit is what I'd guess is the red lump in the vid, it attaches to the DABPoF(the small green thing attached to the polymerase) complex (somewhere there's an E around as well but I'm not sure what that's for), H it works both as a helicase (helps unwind the DNA) and a kinase (activates the polymerase), once transcription has initiated E and H detach again c:
@FredrickSylar14 жыл бұрын
WOW!! The book I'm using explained it in a totally different way!!!
@Miltongarden14 жыл бұрын
No reply? Well then, shall continue. In the early days of chemistry it was discovered that in living cells there were "enzymes" (actually large protein molecules) that acted as catalysts. By their use many reactions, that would not normally occur at all, or occur very slowly, could be mabe to occur quite suddenly. Little by little the idea grew that this was the very essence of life, that life was chemical reactions, each mediated by a different catalyst.
@patrick12342114 жыл бұрын
@Kythos They're just showing the template strand(non-coding) which is used by RNA polymerase to form a mRNA strand
@shattered200415 жыл бұрын
It's giving up a Phosphate. Therefore being reduced from a Tri-phosphate to a Diphosphate.
@blankihita13 жыл бұрын
@SmashingKinpumps That's because there are 2 other videos of the same company that continues the idea. The titles are mRNA Processing and mRNA Splicing, and they mention them there.
@gumshower11 жыл бұрын
I know that, but nevertheless, termination of transcription was not discussed in this video. The video didn't talk about a hairpin loop in prokaryotic mRNAs and the polyadenylation signal in eukaryotic genes, both of which terminate transcription.
@RoseSheeps14 жыл бұрын
Your RNA polymerase is like a child's toy train - very cute.... :-) Extremely clear video, many thanks!
@ZaraMikazuki15 жыл бұрын
This is so helpful as far as general transcription goes! Thanks :D Now back to studying for that bio final I have tomorrow...
@xwarior15 жыл бұрын
TATA-box is about 10 nucleotides uppstream of TSS(transcription start site). T he ribosome attaches to the TATA-box (also known as pribnow box) OBS! This transcription is found in eukaryot cells not prokaryot....
@lrissunflower8 жыл бұрын
Is RNA always single stranded ? And which strand of DNA is used as the template?
@abualishakik10578 жыл бұрын
Yes, RNA is always single stranded. There is no specific strand to use as the template, any of the strand can be used.
@thestarbuckssong13 жыл бұрын
mind blown after reading my book for an hr. makes so much sense now
@ashleykim14653 жыл бұрын
WOw nine years ago
@anythinggoes45887 жыл бұрын
Better than my lecturer, thanks!
@KarlHeinzofWpg15 жыл бұрын
Question... What regulates the choice of gene to be transcribed? For example, a red blood cell produces the protein hemoglobin. Out of all the possible genes contained along the complete DNA strand within the nucleus, how do the transcribing mechanisms "choose" the proper site? Why doesn't the red blood cell produce a different protein, like lactase for example. There must be something in each cell that regulates the choice of gene to be transcribed. Can anyone point me in the right direction?
@STUDY-ei4cr4 ай бұрын
Oldest video ever seen..16 years ago😮
@DMomsFan19 жыл бұрын
this is waaay too specific for what I'm learning
@XxShoBoyxX9 жыл бұрын
+gymnastdancerstuff this is not specific enough for what i'm learning.
@DMomsFan19 жыл бұрын
Shola Bello I'm doing 1st year bio so its not very specific
@msantiana9 жыл бұрын
+Shola Bello same
@DMomsFan19 жыл бұрын
+gymnastdancerstuff I'm back, now this video isn't even close to being specific enough
@lordmasterization8 жыл бұрын
+Shola Bello Same, this is a basic overview in Biochemistry/Molecular Biology
@Miltongarden14 жыл бұрын
@ bioman123. I am not a chemist and so I do not understand all this advanced technical stuff. Most of what I quoted came from a book that was published in 1980. However, saying that things happen in a certain way because they have evolved to do so is a bit like saying that birds fly through the air without explaining that they have wings which enable them to do this. So what is the equivilent of the wings with enzymes and substrates. HOW do they find each other?
@StriveForExcellence211 жыл бұрын
This is a really nice video of RNA transcription, especially for Undergraduates. Thanks.
@clash38213 жыл бұрын
isnt this wrong though? the RNA pol keeps going after termination right? releases the pre-mRNA and continues but everything transcribed after just gets digested
@johnx93184 жыл бұрын
Perfect delivery! Thanks.
@MsLmo9013 жыл бұрын
Is this proces the same in eukariotes and prokariotas?? Witch one is this one?
@aminoacid734311 жыл бұрын
that's 3mins of my life i'm not getting back....
@uzair96714 жыл бұрын
@@sadafaltafhussain4292 lol
@Twerpjuice Жыл бұрын
This video is so camp i love it
@0kokttttt4 жыл бұрын
Archan sir is the best teacher
@zedooncadhz11 жыл бұрын
To any undergrads reading this. For the love of god start revision early. You can just chill and take your time going through stuff and slowly making sense of everything then
@drummingspain2079 жыл бұрын
I find this totally fascinating and am able to understand WHAT happens. But, can someone tell me HOW? I mean, how do molecular machines know what to do? Where the code / signal / communication that drives their function? Do scientists even know?
@tonyziz9 жыл бұрын
Chemical interactions drive the factors in the right place, these factors then drive other factors on top throw electrochemical interactions and so on. It's not completely clear though. This is a really good question
@weylin69 жыл бұрын
+Drumming Spain iirc most of that shit is just bouncing around at random. you gotta imagine that all that empty space is completely PACKED with these molecules. If one drifts by and it fits, it starts the process, or a step of it. Correct me if I'm wrong though, I'm curious about it too.
@divineillusion13 жыл бұрын
@taylorkaitlyn Its is actually the gene promoter, It is also called the pribnow box, it usually consist of the 6 nucleotides TATAAT . Maybe that is why its call the TATA box ?
@Xplorer22810 жыл бұрын
How the hell did this shit evolve?
@amandahalee10 жыл бұрын
if you give it A LOT of time
@SnoopyDoofie7 жыл бұрын
3 billion years isn't even close enough time to evolve.
@doubledoggo56687 жыл бұрын
Only a BILLION years of evolution... that's all
@CreatineMax6 жыл бұрын
The only people who believe evolution occured are God haters... Some how a language that determines protein creation randomly created itself according to biologist. LUL
@Miltongarden14 жыл бұрын
The theory was "proved" quite logically by 1) postulating a hypothetical series of reaction which might lead from some "precursor" molecule to the more complex molecule, and 2) finding among the various celular extracts an enzyme which would "catalyse" each "step". They never realized that the paralleling of such sequential reactions in the labotatory might be nothing more than artifactual.
@ThinkerResearcher11 жыл бұрын
This reminds me when I had worked in a lab as an intern (as an informatics engineer ) I had to do a program that would help to represent RNA splicing, and a program that would simulate a nonsense-mediated decay in various situations to determine which conditions would lead to splicing errors. I had no knowledge in DNA or RNA yet, and I tell you, my hair almost became white from the stress. Sorry scientists, your stuff is too complicated, I'll stick with computers for now.
@Alberturkey5410 жыл бұрын
But when does the unwinding happen? RNA polymerase can't bind to double stranded DNA right?
@RemixWs10 жыл бұрын
unwinding , unzipping , transcription in that order
@Alberturkey5410 жыл бұрын
Yea they skipped it all.
@tooswxxt10 жыл бұрын
RemixWs Yeah this is just transcription. The helicase unwinds it
@Alberturkey5410 жыл бұрын
How does the massively condensed, multi-layered folding that makes up the chormosome structure get tunred into a single strand? It can't all be helicase? Helicase would unwind the chromatin but the rest? ....
@QueenOfCarthage10 жыл бұрын
Alberturkey54 I think the DNA is only folded up when the cell doesn't need it or when the cell is preparing for mitosis. Otherwise, the highly active regions of DNA aren't packed as tightly. Also, topoisomerases help to uncoil the DNA before helicase gets to unzip it.
@theduduk13 жыл бұрын
help, what exactly does RNA polymerase do, does it break the hydrogen bonds between nucleotides as well as help synthesize mRNA?
@desidudes7810 жыл бұрын
Doesn't ATP get oxidized to adp? It says reduced in the vid
@zachpederson110 жыл бұрын
adp is the reduced version of ATP. ADP through oxidation phosphorylation turns back into ATP
@GsKillz81814 жыл бұрын
Where's the 5'-Gppp caps. Or the ploly adenylated tail?
@lilBrownBoy119 жыл бұрын
I'm a senior in Ap Bio and this helps. 👌👌👌👌
@AstarothCY15 жыл бұрын
Not really, not in transcription. You're thinking of splicing, which comes after transcription is completed.
@bioman12314 жыл бұрын
@Miltongarden Because we don't have the technology to photograph these kinds of biological molecules inside of cells. The computer animations are generally, but not always, based on structures determined for individual protein complexes purified away from the cell.
@mdynasty60715 жыл бұрын
i dont think they meant reduced as in redox reduction. it just meant that ATP lost a phosphate and became ADP.
@MuhammadAdilSabir13 жыл бұрын
you uploade best animations.....
@pavellambracht58239 жыл бұрын
what about the sigma factor that direct pol to Tattaa box?
@tonyziz9 жыл бұрын
Sigma factors exist only in prokaryotes. A Factor that has a similar function is the b-finger (an alpha loop of the N-terminus of TFIIB) and the whole TFIIF which stabilizes the pol II-DNA complex
@pavellambracht58239 жыл бұрын
thx
@arunvenkit53736 ай бұрын
This video was made when I was 3 years old but I'm watching it as a college student!
@Ellienor182 жыл бұрын
Is the blue thing the promoter?
@gothickid1315 жыл бұрын
great this helped me to pass my biology test....but TATA box?
@venom82714 жыл бұрын
jo man theres something missing you forgot thos letters things. sorry for my expretion but i dont know the name of these letters
@RakuenOne14 жыл бұрын
@jellybelly903 technically splicing is not part of transcription and is usually told as another chapter
@Chazfem13 жыл бұрын
@usimate What you said about introns is true for eukaryotic organisms only. This video is the simple explanation that is learned first and is true for prokaryotes i.e. bacteria & archaea.
@Miltongarden14 жыл бұрын
@bioman123 Well no, I did not know much about the law of mass action. I just read a bit about it. I have already explained that I am not a chemist and that most of my earlier comments came from a book. The person who wrote the book is/was a biologist but obviously I am not. Enzyme 1 cannot act on substrate 1 if it cannot find it and how can enzyme 2 care about anything? It is just a lump of protein.
@SaraMlkw15 жыл бұрын
wut determains which genes of DNA make the DNA template and then goin into transcription??? Thx nice vedio..
@AjnaKotobide13 жыл бұрын
@fines12345dom12345 Are you really sure ATP isn't involved? Consider the case of the enzyme RNR before answering. The video is not "bullcrap". It provides a reasonable outline of a complex process, at a scope and scale that is well delivered within its < three minute duration. It doesn't go into detail about the ATP/ADP, but that mechanism isn't relevant for a description of transcription.
@curlyhairmessingwithworld3 жыл бұрын
One more thing out of many Who unbound the dna helix to start transcription ??
@pavankumarks13063 жыл бұрын
RNA polymerase
@Raptopolice7 жыл бұрын
What is happening.
@jfeegel10 жыл бұрын
this shit is so different than what i am being taught
@RuShMaShiNe14 жыл бұрын
theres just one mistake at 2:00 its not the "Reduction" of ATP... its the Oxydation of ATP to ADP and Pi