Niall Ferguson on History’s Hidden Networks

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Have historians misunderstood everything? Have they missed the single greatest idea that best explains the past?
Niall Ferguson is the preeminent historian of the ideas that define our time. He has challenged how we think about money, power, civilisation and empires. Now he wants to reimagine history itself.
In October 2017, Ferguson came to the Intelligence Squared stage to unveil his new book, 'The Square and The Tower'. Historians have always focused on hierarchies, he argues - on the elites that wield power. Economists have concentrated on the marketplace - on the economic forces that shape change. These twin structures are symbolised for Ferguson by Siena’s market square, and its civic tower looming above. But beneath both square and tower runs something more deeply significant: the hidden networks of relationships, ideas and influence.
Networks are the key to history. The greatest innovators have been ‘superhubs’ of connections. The most powerful states, empires and companies have been those with the most densely networked structures. And the most transformative ideas - from the printing presses that launched the Reformation to the Freemasonry that inspired the American Revolution - have gone viral precisely because of the networks within which they spread.
‘When we understand these core insights of network science,’ says Ferguson, ‘the entire history of mankind looks quite different.’

[@kokolanza7543]

What an eye opener. The explosive growth and importance of networks. Presented brilliantly by Ferguson, and a good interviewer. Thanks - from someone with a very small network.

[@davidleonard8547]

One salient point, that comes to my mind, is that small influential networks steer larger networks. I'm sure the core of the Nazi party was always rather small, and that the orbiting nodes were less important, and had less say, in German politics the further away from that core they were. Very few large groups, like those "grass roots" people who habitually vote for the same political party their entire lives, actually think for themselves, IMHO, preferring the core to do it for them. They believe that they think, but they don't. They will support any view raised by a core member of their political ideology, rather than ever admit that anyone not of their preferred political party could ever have a good idea, a good policy, etc.

[@kiwitrainguy]

I've voted in fifteen General (nation-wide) Elections and voted for eight different political parties. "If it's good, we must have invented it. If we didn't invent it, then it can't be any good."

[@charlessevin7153]

America needs public intellectuals. Brilliant, insightful discussion here.

[@michaelbrickley2443]

America needs more people listening to intellectuals instead of Fox, CNN, MSNBC. Dr. Tim Keller has a wonderful habit of reading the OpEd from the Times and the WSJ to get an idea where things are going. One center left, one center right but neither one being known for extremism

[@bonumvmalum]

@@michaelbrickley2443 I think that America's intellectual impediment extends beyond fixity on partisan media outlets ---- I'm referring to the anti-intellectual badge-of-honor in so much of the US, in which denigration of expertise is a lauded position.

[@garychandler4296]

@@bonumvmalum DAMN, I'm not that far in nor care so much, but as another blue-collar slob, I found this amazingly enlightening. But that doesn't mean I agree with all the opinions. Since when does progressive network psychology dictate the ideals of the masses, although it's obvious that wars are begun without them (the masses).

[@bonumvmalum]

@@garychandler4296 Rather than responding to what I actually wrote, you appear to be tilting at a windmill.

[@annjuurinen6553]

It used to have them. Americans used to put them on TV and Radio. Now radio, TV, & newspapers are nearly all bitterly Right Wing, and Boring. They were bought lock, stock and barrel bought by Hedge Fund Managers and The Obscenely Wealthy. Subsequent failure of these vehicles should indicate how very inadequately any RW government performs.

[@RetiredRetread]

(53:45) Q&A1 (54:55) groupthink (56:40) networks & democracy (59:06) network size (1:02:50) Q&A2 (1:05:01) Russian influence on networks (1:08:38) networks as fickle (1:10:22) 1989 (1:13:50) Q&A3 (1:15:11) Islamic extremism (1:16:53) networks & regulation (1:20:50) close

[@trevorwinston5084]

Yet another masterful thesis presented by Professor Ferguson. "People, you've been writing about networks without understanding how they work."

[@rickyzaire8937]

I guess Im asking the wrong place but does anyone know a trick to log back into an instagram account?? I stupidly lost my account password. I appreciate any tips you can offer me.

[@brantleyorlando5789]

@Ricky Zaire instablaster =)

[@rickyzaire8937]

@Brantley Orlando thanks for your reply. I found the site thru google and I'm waiting for the hacking stuff atm. Takes a while so I will get back to you later with my results.

[@rickyzaire8937]

@Brantley Orlando it worked and I now got access to my account again. Im so happy:D Thanks so much, you saved my ass!

[@brantleyorlando5789]

@Ricky Zaire you are welcome xD

[@sjorskattenbelt4384]

Niall should pay some credit to the philosophical thoughts of Deleuze & Guattari. They wrote extensively on networks or rhizomatic thinking.

[@junglegym4670]

A lot of people here getting caught up in politics and his accent rather than his ideas, nobody reacts logically to ideas anymore. That's why the world is a little bit fucked.

[@rohitdodu]

a little bit ?

[@junglegym4670]

Yep, just a bit. Human's are pretty adaptable and clever, I like to have faith that we will get our shit together.

[@rohitdodu]

then I think i just might decide to share your faith

[@junglegym4670]

Good stuff, the more the merrier!

[@marcialabrahantes3369]

His accent is very interesting tbh (from American POV), but ideas are even better

[@funDAYsmiling]

I’m sure it’s in part my being Anglican Episcopalian that The Reformation is to me most interesting era in Western history, and one can see parallels to today. BAD UNPLEASANT things can and do go viral!

[@funDAYsmiling]

“It’s a low bar...” too true!

[@polyglot8]

Network-wise, Klaus Schwab is probably the closest thing nowadays to Kissinger (they even have the same accent!). Thirty-five years ago, when I was still a wide-eyed idealist, I saw in his office in Switzerland for around 45 minutes, ostensibly for an interview. During that time, he took several phone calls, and it was all "Yes, Mr. Ambassador," and "No, Mr. President," and the like.

[@i.m.gurney]

Data Management Science (D.DM.Sc) affects everything, a good example of it revising the methodology of History.

[@i.m.gurney]

@Victor Lopez , sorry, I would have to re-watch this video to recover my train of thought.

[@deneeravid1067]

I am so glad I stumbled across Niall Ferguson.

[@th8257]

He's always interesting, buy like human beings, he's often very wrong. His predictions about the pandemic have been massively off the mark, for example.

[@HaaraaldEriksson]

38:28 lol, the FANG joke totally cracked me up. :D

[@hasseaouled6032]

lol

[@kiwitrainguy]

These days it's FANGA: Facebook, Amazon, Netflix, Google & Apple. Poor old Microsoft doesn't even get a look in. I've also come to the conclusion that perhaps the "N" should stand for News Corp.

[@JoseLeon-mu3gg]

people really overlook the power of the "network" as an analysis category. It really challenges the "hard" concepts that prescribe shared interesets in an a priori manner such as those that sppeak of "subjects" in History

[@user-jh8kf8dn1z]

Agreed, this really struck me in War and Peace. Looking at even a great figure such as Napoleon through the analytics lens of “network” is really interesting. Bonaparte becomes a kind of metonymy encompassing all of the actors underneath him

[@artytomparis]

Fascinating. It reveals something of the reason for google etc. Their understanding and plotting of networks among world leaders and their minions, governments and spies must be vast.

[@Only1INDRAJIT]

Interesting to observe and predict the thought patterns of the anchor rana from his frequent winkings and blinkings especially whenever Kissinger (i mean niall) is speaking and he is not, his eyes are perfectly normal when he is speaking though.

[@sallys4474]

Brilliant intellectual. Networks have always existed.

[@roniquebreauxjordan1302]

Excellent

[@AuditorInvestor]

I jive with his personality - like his knowledge and independence of thought.

[@andrek.1399]

1:12 ( 1 hour & 12 min ). Anyone knows the name of this Polish researcher Niall is talking about? Thank you.

[@jacobsandre85]

The comments here are too funny. One calls him a Marxist, one calls him a Trump apologist, and others call him Kissinger-incarnate. Most people really do just see what they want to see, instead of listening to the points made and paying attention to what he actually says.

[@judithsmith8014]

Yep - perfectly put and it is how human nature works. Learning how to learn is a valuable asset and we learn sometime every time we listen to someone else and can then hash things over properly. You can't do that on here. Freedom of speech is so necessary to all our communications but some people find it offensive to their ideology. I prefer a book because you can easily go back and forth checking things and follow up on the foot-notes etc. Nevertheless we all have to recognize what our own values are and understand what we ourselves believe and hope for, don't you think Bull? Regards.

[@sharynewaddell6070]

The bar is very low here. No critique, just attack the speaker. Unclear why the commenters are so angry.

[@3506Dodge]

They don't know why they're angry either. They just need someone to project their unhappiness on.

[@theodoremccarthy7031]

@@3506Dodge No, we're frustrated because Ferguson is making some easily falsifiable claims and implications regarding American politics and there is no push back. granted this is an interview not a debate, but his host was willing to challenge him on other points. Sadly, it's clear that there weren't any people in the room who understand American politics well enough to call him on it.

[@3506Dodge]

@@theodoremccarthy7031 Push back, then. What does he have wrong? Tell us all about it.

[@theodoremccarthy7031]

​@@3506Dodge Well his take on Trump is badly flawed by the combination of his ignorance of American culture and politics and his biases towards seeing network influence everywhere. Trump was not a product of Facebook (or Russia). In fact most of the new voters he brought in to the Republican party didn't use social media. If Facebook and Google didn't exist, Trump would still have won using more conventional marketing focused exclusively on the swing states he needed to take the electoral college. Trump's election really shouldn't have taken anyone by surprise. He ran as a belligerent populist challenging a corrupt establishment, which is a classic American political archetype. He positioned himself as the Law and Order / National Security candidate on the immigration issue, which was a sure winner. Also, he played the media like a fiddle. He got tons of free airtime by courting controversy, which easily canceled out Hillary's ad buys. Trump's rise was preceded by decades of political churn which saw insurgent candidates defeat better funded establishment candidates. Typically, this happened bellow the Presidential level, but Obama's defeat of Hillary in the 2008 democratic primary showed that top level establishment candidates were vulnerable.

[@3506Dodge]

@@theodoremccarthy7031 Trump learned how to use social media to connect with those who were thinly connected to the networks Ferguson describes. The media is a network. the national security apparatus is a network. I think Ferguson understands american culture better than Clinton and the dems do. Trump was not well connected to global networks so he literally created his own separate network of global connections. He used that experience to network the unnetworked in America. How is that bad?

[@migueldecarvalho8012]

8:10 That's a great weakness of Academics: their need for recognition and regard for reputation. If that is above the pursuit of truth, then isn't it just another destructive form of vanity?

[@herbspencer4332]

Real networks rely on Personal Relationships that are minimized by Digital Comms; that's why Kissinger was so effective.

[@TilveranWrites]

Fascinating guy as usual, glad to see he's curious about interesting things people don't usually pay that much attention to.

[@czarnick123]

@34:00 He says "theres a wonderful paper" on the American revolution. Anyone know what paper he is talking about?

[@herbspencer4332]

Digital Group-Think can be minimized by banning the collection of personal data by the network company. If they are then uneconomic then they should become a national asset.

[@conniewalker-carter5835]

great

[@Dude0000]

How do we regulate these networks? Simple...the usual method. Trying different things and the best and/or most efficient way is used.

[@armandoargolvini920]

I notice that Niall Ferguson sometimes avoids questions. That indicates a certain weakness in his positions, a weakness he knows about but refuses to fix.

[@EmperorsNewWardrobe]

Which specific questions are you thinking about?

[@imrammakama5756]

Great !!!

[@simransidhu3444]

Fascinating interview RUINED by Niall concluding that free speech ought to be censored "because terrorism". His veneer of thoughtfulness and proclaimed hatred of hierarchy belie an admiration of authoritarianism and a definite fascist streak. Come to think of it, his description of the NHS as "Soviet Russia without nuclear weapons" was also attrocious.

[@volvanochaser1099]

Simran Sidhu How would you solve the problem of terrorist indoctrination, then?

[@simransidhu3444]

The Chartist, that’s a discussion about who ultimately benefits from “terrorist indoctrination”. Probably the same people who’d benefit from shutting down freedom of speech on the internet.

[@ianedmonds9191]

I think we need a separation from what needs to be done and How we should that thing. In an organisation it's often hazy and the higher you go up the network the more hazy it becomes, I'm not a stickler for requirements but I do need a measure of success. Luv and Peace.

[@MichaelAMacomber]

Am I the only one who finds the interviewer's voice grating and jarring?? Once I finish typing this review it quiets, 86, no mas for this schmo! Onto the next video in my que. Oh I pray its a cute cat video to cleanse and ease my energy from his shrillness. - meow -

[@jakesmith9987]

I love when people who know all about Freemasonry talk like they are just barely figuring it out.

[@Student4Life89]

i know that feel m8

[@katykristensen302]

A tent is the combination of network and hierarchy.

[@3506Dodge]

American tech companies have been very successful in South and Southeast Asia. China's model is not even appealing to other asian nations. Facebook is rapidly growing in India and Malaysia for example.

[@lalitharavindran]

Any background on Dr./Mr. Rana?

[@shingaingara9254]

Rana Mitter on Wikipedia is a start

[@nancykraus5127]

Even Rome was a massive network. A lot can be learned by studying why it collapsed. Serious corporate comparisons can be made.

[@brokenbulbs]

And when confronted with evidence that contradicts your beliefs, those existing beliefs become even stronger.

[@mattd8725]

Kurt Vonnegut decided that the vocabulary we had to describe "networks" was inadequate in his 1963 novel Cat's Cradle. He would say that a genuine network of people would be focussed around a central purpose while a false network has superficial connections. Both are different enough to deserve different terms.

[@mjcard]

Cat's Cradle was a truly good book. Too bad it has fallen into obscurity to a large extent.

[@romlyn99]

To Netflix and Chill... Has a meaning that maybe this professor doesn't understand. Netflix started out as a mail order DVD rental service and quickly moved to online streaming. It has revolutionized the entertainment business - so much so that Amazon are trying to copy their business model for their online streaming services. So in my humble opinion Netflix belongs in the acronym FANG.

[@artyomarty391]

I think the single question that can debunk this whole network theory is this: Is a large network the cause of power, or the result of power? Wouldnt one assume that anyone with power would have a larger network? The answer to this question might mean that networks are irrelevant

[@ypanso]

the crowd looks like the illuminati haha

[@chrisgardbard]

Honestly can't understand why everyone hates this guy. Really bizarre. Lots of references to his political opinions and his dress sense in the comments - really disappointingly infantile ad hom attacks without giving any counter arguments to the actual topic being discussed (historical networks)... He is a bit pompous, so what. Some of our best academics and figures are pompous twats, or have highly questionable personal lives. I think people hear trigger words like "Trump" and "hierarchies" and just put him straight into a garbage pile of buzzwords and memes. Engage in the actual material he's written, his knowledge of history is broad and deep.

[@tnh2049]

The podcast listen that I'm sharing presents a platform for which you can examine and observe the very types of nodes, edges, or more fully, networks for which Niall spoke of - this is it here: www.newyorker.com/podcast/political-scene/a-reckoning-at-facebook Enjoy :)

[@jakesmith9987]

Didn't Kissinger tell you about B'nai B'rith???

[@wazzup4u]

Size & hierarchy in networks Oliver Krebs & political ethnogenesis

[@jorgefernandezdelrio6088]

I think Rana Mitter is very wise yet very annoying. He's asking the right questions though.

[@imageinkdesign]

Begging for an ‘organized Hierarchy’ ?? You’ve got one. See : Adrian McQueen’s Even at the Doors

[@canyoubeserious]

It’s incredible how much time is spent by people in these interviews to say so very little.

[@keithjefferson2452]

True....his book is packed far more info.

[@lloydfrank8501]

Rana likes to blink a lot.

[@Haasenpad]

Niall does not speak about "hidden network" Bilderberg because he also frequents... ;)

[@gillbeatsisback01]

Haasenpad wonder why he started to underestand the importance of after Kissinger hmmm

[@gabbar51ngh]

Bilderberg doesn't allow you to.

[@keithcaulley3765]

What you have stumbled upon is the image of the beast

[@benrohr]

The interviewer is annoying as heck no? Like let the dude speak yo.

[@anypercentdeathless]

Totally.

[@yesm450]

He confessed to "jealousy"... more than once. And wore it on his face.

[@garfieldbraithwaite8590]

He is truly awful, did he think all of these people had convened to listen to him talk? What an idiot.

[@KentishKob]

Guff. Selling old historical methods with tech language - pitching to his own socio-cultural environment.

[@Horroryoga]

How did I miss the knock punch this guy dealt to Wall Street?! They must have healed fast.

[@newdawnrising8110]

Here Nail began to dream of being the next Kissinger.

[@mikecockerill3952]

Facebook didn't get a vote in the election. The American people voted in Donald Trump or perhaps, didn't want the alternative. Most of the electorate in America and elsewhere in the world aren't as shallow as to have their stance changed simply based on what is to be seen on Facebook or in traditional media come to that.

[@roniquebreauxjordan1302]

Networks

[@jeronimotamayolopera4834]

INFORMATION IS NEVER FREE.

[@zackwhite501]

This video is....

[@InTheLifeOfAnArtist]

Oh my God! What?

[@cody6469]

The very proof of the existence of God is the hatred of man toward him in blasphemy, the ultimate biting of the hand that feeds us...God or Jesus. Jesus said the world hates me because I testify that it's deeds are evil. Repent and believe the Gospel, sir, while God is giving you time.

[@BMerker]

For a massive (graph theory based) empirical network analysis of global corporate control, see journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0025995

[@annbrucepineda8093]

It’s interesting that Napoleon ended up marrying the cousin of Marie Antoinette?

[@TimBitts649]

Fergusson "Hillary Clinton outspent Trump 2 to 1"...LOL....he doesn't know a thing, what he is talking about. It was 10 to 1.

[@AndreAndFriends]

Tim Bucks so true. ( I thought it was like 100 X 1?) ...... and then Putin spend only $40k on this election. I hate to be Clinton (or one of their supporter) just watch what Saudi do to people that loses their money.

[@taehyunjung8344]

Silos putting on a leading position are ardently pursuing with dream to enlighten the others and set a network in a purpose to reign over. One of silos who overruns other competitors or files up a lot of fortunes in a short time is popular and is often exposed at the media as esteemed or symbol of successful. entrepreneurs.

[@jeronimotamayolopera4834]

LIFE IS NOT A ZERO SUM GAME.

[@Student4Life89]

what do you mean? Could you explain that statement further in specific detail?

[@allansnider6391]

B

[@higherandhigher5848]

I think that you are waffling dear Mr. Ferguson.

[@beaubarri]

Obviously considers himself to be 'so superior'.

[@annbrucepineda8093]

If a man has a companion like Niall Ferguson’s, he could not get away with waffling. She is gorgeous but also a brilliant woman in her own right, not a trophy wife, the kind American men usually choose. You need to see more of his videos. Unlike so many expert wafflers, Ferguson has something new to say every time he speaks.

[@philliphayden2727]

I've heard Niall speaking and debating a few times. He's brilliant, but this seems scripted which is quite disappointing.

[@Picsnglitz]

Remembering to say important facts doesnt a script make. :)

[@Jmriccitelli]

Noam Chomsky has been talking about networks and hierarchies for 50 years. Noam Chomsky was called a conspiracy theorist for 50 years talking about networks and hierarchies. Niall Ferguson writes a book about Networks and hierarchies and all of a sudden we are supposed to forget that the idea that the elites, bankers and industrialists, politicians and the military industrial complex are all of a sudden not part of a large Network in hierarchy, power, and the Masters of the institutions themselves? Niall Ferguson is simply a johnny-come-lately!

[@Soul-zl6bb]

N. Ferguson may rattle as he will, it makes no difference. He's a fraud. Suppose I am building an aeroplane. While I’m doing it, N. Ferguson is rattling that it won’t fly. I ignore him. I just keep on building my aeroplane, and it flies. The rattler keeps on rattling. So what? N. Ferguson may rattle as he will - don’t feed the troll. Paul Krugman said that too. N. Ferguson can’t stand that.

[@CabbagePatchBstard]

pfft. So he's the latter day Carroll Quigley?

[@insertacoin738]

why did niall go from a heavy scottish accent into an english RP one within 10 minutes of the talk

[@Million2009]

Putin said that about AI not networks.

[@dannylonglegs69]

Snapchat a threat to Facebook? You gotta be kidding me

[@heathermcfarlane6164]

the interview is a weasel...

[@arrystophanes7909]

At least a real weasel doesn't pretend to be anything other than a weasel

[@user-vr6io5xb9e]

Hmmm.. I wonder Ferguson’s degree

[@patcurry966]

Silicon Valley may not be interested in history but history is interested in Silicon Valley.!!!!!!.

[@jasonwright6823]

What does this analysis of networks say about the present Biden administration? Who is the Kissinger? Where is US foreign policy being decided and by whom?

[@vonroretz3307]

this is the Jubileum. The end of Luther's false Reich.

[@ciaoruthremigiaramirezchir8893]

BUENAS TARDES ! SENOR FERGUSON , ME DIRIGO A LEI , ME GUSTARIA HABLAR TANTAS COSAS , CON RESPECTO A FACEBOOK ?????? RECIBA TANTI SALUDOS DE PARTE DE MUNDIAL ETERNAMENTE E INSUSTITUIBLE , RUTH REMIGIA RAMIREZ CHIRIBOGA !@à]

[@garyrobbins9197]

This is some 6 years old.

[@beardedshadow]

Network? Sounds like semantics, to me. And is he really trying to insinuate that he's the God that discovered this?

[@kevinsavo718]

Brits are so British

[@alexlowemarketing6292]

what an appalling interviewer... blimey...

[@amcsibozgor6791]

"It's a low bar" completely puts to rest the criticism that he's too glamorous to be an academic. Why do we trust the opinion of anybody that can't match a shirt and tie for anything?

[@HardL]

Got American politics all wrong.

[@paulkcormier]

FAIL

[@GrumpyOldMan9]

Historians shouldn't be wearing suits.

[@Hadoken.]

What should they be wearing?

[@roncicotte]

A tweed jacket with elbow patches of course. :>)

[@JurijPopotnig]

He is a historiographer not a historian.

[@Suite_annamite]

Jurij Popotnig: Well, if they are historiographers - in other words, experts on the "history of history" - that would make them ultimate historians!

[@7777777roma]

GOD's network structure mathematical science of the universe = Love - GOD's Network = positive quantum physics vs negative quantum physics / Molechs

[@skulleliete]

boy his prediction about Jeremy aged sooobad.

[@mns8732]

Interestingly he doesn't understand, or it's not in his best interest, that networking is how we live: who controls the better network leaps ahead for a time.

[@tamasmarcuis4455]

I am told Ferguson once spoke with a very noticeable Scottish accent. He would apparently become quite nasty if anyone mentioned the fact. He is someone who swallowed deeply a lie in his youth or perhaps found a fiction he wanted people to believe in order to make it true. Part of that was his Scottish background should not exist. In his mind Scotland ceased to exist when it was swallowed whole by England. He saw any mention of anything Scottish reaching the present day and a chance it might exist in the future, as a threat to him personally. You can imagine the heaving bitterness he felt towards the possibility that Scotland would regain independence, because for him it has no right to exists. He wants to continue saying from Scotland the same way someone English would sat from Yorkshire. That attitude and a complete commitment to serving those in power says much about how you should approach anything he produces. His is a world where nothing happens or worthwhile is produced unless someone important, like HIM, is involved. He might on occasion condemn Steve Jobs but mostly he thinks men like that made things. Even though Jobs never created anything. Apple items are plugged together components, all of which were created by for the most part unknown individuals generally doing government funded research at a university. All the time people are making the bricks of civilisation others are forcing themselves into positions of power where they force this technology to be used for good or evil while they scoop up all the profits. Ferguson is blind to the reality his much beloved British Empire was the accidental effect of technological change, increasing birth rates, slow changes to the way people saw the world. No guiding cabal made the coast of North America open for colonisation in the early 17th century. Disease wiped the populations out after having traded with Europeans for nearly a hundred years. It was then other pressures hurled Europeans onto that coast before governments tag along after. Like the Basque fishermen who crewed Columbus's ships, who mostly had already fished off and landed on Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. The point here is ordinary people left no records. They were given no credit for anything they did or achieved. In later centuries men like Ferguson come along and assume that nothing ever happened unless "great men" or "groups of Great Men" or rulers directed things to be done. All merely because these men arrived later and seized credit and had power to make the records say as much.

[@mjcard]

Tamas Marcuis I hear what you are saying and agree but his focus is not on that, rather it's about the necessary function of putting the individual contributions into a system , a relationship that results in affecting a large swath of people. It's not necessary to ignore or downplay that phenomenon just because individuals didn't leave so much of a record of what they did. And I hear your disgust toward the hig fuss of power mongers but that doesn't eliminate the cruelty and ambition of every individual, whether documented or not. There isn't an angelic throng of harmless little people toiling behind the scenes.

[@bogartlayton5179]

The rebel tray generically invent because zoology unsurprisingly signal pro a silly stopsign. lame, numberless slipper

[@dickensmccain3129]

two words...BS

[@canyoubeserious]

Thirty seconds in and I can barely watch. The interviewer’s voice and demeanor is insufferable.

[@jakewalklate6226]

Really bad interviewer

[@diamondmeeple]

Niall is on the stupid climate train. Sad.

[@angusmcangus7914]

Yes , isn't it astounding just how many bright people who would rigorously apply critical thinking in their own fields fail utterly when it comes to that nonsense.

[@diamondmeeple]

@@angusmcangus7914 Only 4% of the CO2 in the atmosphere is man made.

[@angusmcangus7914]

@@diamondmeeple I thought it was 3%.