Bacteria | Structure and Function

[@org_calle]

okay, it's almost ridiculous how Zach can teach ANY subject and make it engaging... you guys are a blessing 💕💥🙌

[@jakenbacon5322]

Right?! if microbiology seems fun there must be some dark sorcery involved.

[@madmedicos3759]

That's why he's NINJA🙇

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lololol so reaaaal

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Watching in 2024 in my second year medical school and am really surprised after getting used to him in Physiology, biochemistry and anatomy am like, what doesn't this guy know 😂 thanks alot Ninja nerd, u save our CGPAs😊

[@DLN47]

Zach, I passed my PANCE. Thank you very very much for all the help you and your team has provided. It is not easy for a 45 year old who was a homemaker for 20 years to get back into learning. But Thanks to you I did it.. Thanks a lot.

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HUGE congrats! The PANCE is no walk in the park. What an amazing accomplishment! 😀

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Congratulations! Happy for you Mister 😊

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You deserve it ❤ .. Congratulations 🎉🎊

[@Patrick-dl9vt]

🎯 Key Takeaways for quick navigation: 00:20 🧬 *Introduction to Bacterial Structure* - Basic overview of bacterial structure. 04:57 🏗️ *Appendages: Flagella* - Flagella's primary function is motility. - Structure: Basal body, hook, filament. - Configurations: Monotrichus, Lophotricus, Amphitrichus, Peritricus. 08:59 🩸 *Appendages: Fimbriae vs. Pili* - Fimbriae are shorter, thinner; Pili are longer, thicker. - Fimbriae formed from bacterial chromosome; Pili from plasmid. - Functions: Fimbriae for attachment, Pili for bacterial conjugation. 18:03 🔬 *Specialized Structures: Endospores* - Endospores in Clostridium and Bacillus species. - Purpose: Resistance to harsh environments (heat, UV, chemicals). - Process: Replication, segregation, formation of spore. 21:52 🧬 *Bacterial Endospore Formation* - Bacterial endospore formation involves several steps: *- The mother DNA membrane surrounds the daughter DNA within the forespore.* *- A double-layered membrane forms around the engulfed daughter DNA.* *- Mother DNA degrades by specific enzymes.* *- A peptidoglycan layer is added between the double-layered membrane.* *- Calcium rushes in, creating a drier environment in the endospore.* *- A keratin coating is added for resistance to harsh environments.* 25:21 🧪 *Cell Envelope: Capsule and Slime Layer* - The cell envelope consists of layers, with the outermost being the capsule or slime layer. *- Capsule: Organized polysaccharide coating, acts as a virulence factor, promoting infection.* *- Slime Layer: Looser polysaccharide network, allows adherence to surfaces.* - Significance in clinical medicine: Capsules make bacteria more resistant; vaccines target encapsulated bacteria. 31:41 🚧 *Outer Membrane in Gram-Negative Bacteria* - The outer membrane is exclusive to gram-negative bacteria. *- Phospholipid bilayer with porins and lipopolysaccharides (LPS).* *- LPS structure: Lipid A (endotoxin), Core polysaccharide, O antigen.* *- Lipid A can stimulate a severe immune response.* - Gram-negative bacteria examples: Pseudomonas, E. coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella. 36:23 🧱 *Cell Wall Structure and Function* - The cell wall provides structural integrity and determines bacterial shape. *- Peptidoglycan layer composed of NAM and NAG sugar molecules.* *- Transpeptidase enzyme links glycan backbones, forming peptide chains.* *- Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer than gram-negative bacteria.* - Cell wall components include lipoteichoic acid (stimulates immune response) and teichoic acid. 42:57 🧬 *Components of Gram-Positive Bacteria Cell Envelope* - Overview of the components of the Gram-positive bacteria cell envelope. - Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer compared to Gram-negative bacteria. - Significance of lipoteichoic acid, a unique feature in Gram-positive bacteria. 43:52 🏛️ *Periplasm: Space Between Outer and Inner Membrane* - Definition of the periplasm, the space between the outer and inner membrane. - Presence of periplasm only in Gram-negative bacteria. - Introduction of beta-lactamase in the periplasmic space, leading to antibiotic resistance. 46:02 🧪 *Inner Membrane and Penicillin Binding Protein* - Description of the inner membrane in bacteria. - Composition of the inner membrane as a phospholipid bilayer. - Introduction to the penicillin-binding protein and its role in cell wall stability. 51:32 🖌️ *Gram-Staining Procedure Overview* - Introduction to the gram-staining procedure. - Step-by-step explanation, including fixing bacteria to a slide, applying crystal violet stain, and adding iodine as a mordant. - Insight into the purpose of the ethanol wash and the role of safranin as a counter stain. 59:16 🌈 *Gram-Staining Results and Atypical Bacteria* - Understanding the outcomes of the gram-staining procedure. - Differentiation of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria based on staining results. - Brief overview of atypical bacteria that do not conform to typical staining patterns. Made with HARPA AI

[@faridaagaba2799]

Thank you goodness 😂

[@shiwamukete]

Wow. Thank you for sharing🥺❣️

[@MS_12248]

❤

[@ujjalsharma621]

😊 thnx

[@minasenagisa4416]

Thanks

[@darkomladenovic6789]

If every professor would be like You and explains like You do, I would not need to ever open a book. Because everything that you talk about in this video is cristal clear to me now, this is the thing I need. You give me big motivation now. Thank You very much

[@elifoney306]

Wait, did I actually started to like microbiology... No way... That was the best microbiology video I have seen on youtube. I didn't know this channel before... I am definitely subscribing now. Thank you a lot!!!

[@NinjaNerdOfficial]

Welcome to the Ninja Nerd community!

[@user-tj6rv8st7k]

You made this topic more interesting. I was so frustrated sitting in my Clinical Bacteriology class for 3 hours lecture because I can't understand a thing. Also, I had high result in my Biochemistry exam because of your videos. You're an angel!

[@dr.omaral-esri4107]

Man actually you are the best. This is the 3rd year of following your lectures and you still amazes us in the level of explaining and illustrating the hard topics into pieces of cake, thanks our legend.

[@faithumukoro2787]

I needed this. 🤩 Would love a microbiology series. Great job.

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Yesssss

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yes !!

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Yes please!!!!!

[@patriciaelena8023]

Yess please

[@ltrue12]

Perfect timing, just about to start my microbiology portion of my class!

[@deepshikhasinha8235]

same here...

[@arikeghumman5246]

Same here now

[@mariakara4848]

same here，I just love his lecturers, absolutely amazing ❤️

[@munaaliii]

Did you graduate

[@deadbzeus]

Yes, your timing is perfect on this. Thanks for all you do.

[@Marshmellokitten]

Just starting medical microbiology this year, thank you for the timely upload

[@parikishi2979]

I'm almost 40 and I'm addicted to your videos for information; you make things interesting and explain easily. Thank you, you're a legend.

[@electricmagnetic]

First time running into your content, conclusion: your enthusiasm is so freaking adorable. Love seeing people passionately sharing their knowledge. You're amazing ❤️

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You're so kind and generous to be doing this for us, for free 🥺💕

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I didn't notice that it has already been an hour when the video finished. I was not bored. I understood the topic. Thank you very much!

[@shahiramohammadi7284]

I don't know how to thank you Zach for all your efforts and kindness you are super ninja hero of medical students.

[@omarhassan1935]

May I ask you if you are a medical student ?

[@JovemPadawan-do2br]

@@omarhassan1935 I am and i agree with that. Zach is a hero for me in my studies

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THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR UPLOADING YOUR FIRST MICROBIOLOGY VID!!! We're waiting for other microbiology videos to be uploaded!! I can't express my appreciation

[@rogerarhin8900]

Hi Zack, Im From Ghana. Your videos on physiology and biochemistry helped me through first and second years of medical school. The third year which will start in January will be microbiology, pathology and pharmacology. i really wish u will continue with the microbiology series

[@oghenerukevweagofure6975]

What’s the duration of ‘medicine’ in Ghana

[@JohnMaxwell-jz8hb]

​@@oghenerukevweagofure6975 6 years

[@lojan9]

I can't believe the way you teach 😍😍 really unbelievable so so so excellent . Why our doctors in university don't teach like this 😭😭💔

[@savvasavraam8670]

Hallo Zach, this is amazing! We can't thank you enough! Could you please do more about Bacteriology/Microbiology? Thank you!

[@katiecherry5503]

Professor Zach please can you explain and make more videos about these subjects because I’m struggling:- 1-microbiology 2-Pharmacology [like the basics of pharmacology example the ANS relation with drug ] 3-General surgery 4-pathology 5-general medicine

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You make it a lot easier to understand these topics and it's also more interesting than just reading a textbook. Thank you so much!

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You guys really save me during med school... thank you from Germany :)

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Was waiting for this!

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Sae

[@palshah3509]

Same

[@xiaomingjiang39]

So in love with Zach's microbiology, totally admire your passion for medicine, science and teaching!

[@phoenixmidekings9333]

The best I have seen in this field,thank you Zach, you're very good

[@mdsarfraznawaz2911]

Honestly one of the best explanation in layman terms.. I am having my sister Staphycocculus aureus bacteria developed the resistance and your videos was really helpful in order to understand the complexity. Thanks alot..

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Just starting medical microbiology, this semester. Thanks for your great teaching ❤

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Thanks Ninja Nerd. I have just completed my bachelor's degree in Biology and I enjoyed your lectures. Selfless people like deserve to enjoy.

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We need a video about virology and the multiplication cycles of viruses pleaasseee bec of u I passed last year’s physiology and I came back for microbiology Your videos are not just helpful, they’re so interesting to watch

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I LOVE how you explain everything, I´m sure God gave you that Gift, you are such a good teacher who makes science even cooler :3

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I usually never comment on videos but this exam season you have literally saved me so thank you so much !!!

[@majeddomero5533]

bunch of thanks for this more clearer and detailed lecture about bacteria .. you just took more than 1hr of lecture which i partially learned for 5 mos in college and got nothing

[@theresasunkutu9935]

Zach you are really a blessing... Naturally gifted.... Thank you

[@amjadilham4174]

watched the whole video and gained so much ... thanks from somewhere around the world :)

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My Father has passed his Regards and has wished you all the very best for life for being such a great explainer.

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Bro you the best Your lectures clear alot of confusion we be having

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First time running into your content, conclusion: your enthusiasm is so freaking adorable. Love

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Antibiotics we need a full lesson

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oh wow ı was just searching for ninja nerds microbiology and got sad 1 week ago now here is what ı wanted

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What a beautiful explanation, I am enjoying this like a mystery suspense thriller movie. 🥰 Thank you 💓 for this much indepth information..

[@7orokenshin]

You cracked me up when you said 'THICKKKKK" when referring to gram + peptidoglycan layer 😂

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I have an exam in a month and the ONLY reason I am not stressing and struggling rn is because of this channel. Words can’t describe how grateful I am.

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Thanks a lot my dear instructer i really love ur videos pls continue this useful course of microbiology

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I would be long gone already in the past, if not your great grat videos and explaining, thank you.

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Zach and the Ninja Nerd Team are LEGENDS

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How i wish you were my professor back when i was in college.

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Best timing Zach!!!! thank you!! Literally doing microbiology this sem.

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you are saving my life man, thank you from the bottom of my heart

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Please ninja nerd release more lectures like this of microbiology especially clinical pathology

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This was extremely helpful! I'm in micro currently and needed this! Thanks!

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Thanks ❤ I can’t believe I’ve watched the whole video without being bored!! I’m an actual nerd now❤

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This video is perfect and engaging. Thank you so much!

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I am starting to get the feeling that you guys will be helping me shoot to the top of my class in microbiology too.

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Excelent is the minimum I can say, Zach. Wonderful insights. Tx a lot.

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You are an amazing teacher ! Thank you so much for making this make sense. Finally Im able to understand what I've been reading for weeks!!! You are a Blessing !!

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Best teacher ever

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Thank you so much sir for teaching us in such an easy to understand way

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This is one of m my y favorite YT channels! You make everything make sense! Thank you! 😊

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I ❤LOVE ZACH. HYOUR VIDEOS ARE VERY ENTERTAINING YET EDUCATIONAL

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i wish it's abeginning of bacteriology series♥️

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We are so so grateful for every video 😊

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cant believe how good you are at teaching wow!

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thank you very much for this baby steps into microbiology, really aprecciate your effort and passion

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you're knowledgable and your contents are useful and practical many thanks for your effort

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Thankyou for this excellent lesson❤

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You are the a life saver. Making everything easy and fun. Thank you and your team. All the love from South Africa ❤️

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I got an ” A “ on both biochemistry and physiology thanks to you.

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Congratulations! - TG

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we all love u , ur like family to so many of us

[@ankitakantsaraswat5663]

U hv aptly kept ur channel name Ninja Nerd , indeed U R😊 It’s been ages being a homemaker bacteriology seems interesting. Thanks a ton. Please a detailed explanation on virology and bacteriology please. Also, cud u suggest any good book for microbiology. Gratitude from India

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Amazing video....i really loved it. thank you so much

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I was zero in micro actually thank u the day before the night was my saviour i studied and watched ur videos till the very end that day

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Your help has been invaluable! I greatly appreciate the assistance you have provided me with

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How did you know I have a bacteriology test tommorrow? Thanks Ninja😊

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Damn. You are amazing! You can teach anything, from biochemistry to medicine to microbiology. You are really amazing. Love you. And thank you so much for this beautiful video. 🇳🇬

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I have taking pre reqs for the dental hygiene program and your videos help in my classes tremendously! I super super super appreciate you!!!❤

[@rajvardhan6530]

NEOPLASIA Is toughest zach we love a video of tat…

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Just shut the front door with how awesome this video is!

[@falsehoodintensifies445]

This is my med school subject this month God bless you 🙏

[@footballupdate4063]

Happy international teachers day Dr Zach❤️

[@samruddhikale6763]

Kis mitti se bane ho Zack?what a gem teaching method love u ninja nerds team ❤

[@MuhammadAhsan-mp8hq]

Please continue microbiology lectures

[@tanvi_1840]

Microbiology series would definitely be a great aid! Thanks zach.

[@user-cx9nq1bt3f]

Thank you so much, this video really helps a lot!

[@reemabdellatif6915]

Hey, sir! I want to thank you for your efforts. Your videos are one of the best biology sources for me. Keep going!

[@deekshasingh798]

You are just amazing man ,i mean like just lit🔥 kudos ! love from india 🇮🇳🇮🇳

[@fionaneil1579]

This is awesome …. Thank you for making it so simple to understand. I’ll be watching the rest of lessons. You’re awesome 😊

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I enjoy and understand your lectures better

[@user-jp9zh4gk4l]

Wow! Just wow! Thankful for you!

[@deeptobasu1164]

Thank u Zach passed my second mb professional examination just because of u

[@kushallamichhane5062]

Full conceptual clarity

[@HarmeetSingh-jo3sg]

Incredible video!! Learnt a tonne! Thanks!

[@mercyihediohamma1091]

Zach is just amazing. A true blessing🥰🥰

[@zahidali3396]

Zach Murphy is legendry tutor 🔥

[@مسلمرستمزوراب]

We need more about bacteria 🥺❤❤

[@Daynome]

Needed this last year but a little revision doesn’t hurt

[@sydneydesveaux1931]

So helpful for my micro midterm, Thankyou so much !!!👏👏

[@QAWAZAKI]

RESPECTTTT! I hope that one day we’ll take your steps & be able to benefit this word, big thanks from Iraq.