Now, That's a two stroke pipe!

[@lunkydog]

That was a good visual for the pressure waves in a pipe. I already knew what happens but that's an interesting and easy way way to explain it to people that don't.

[@2STROKESTUFFING]

Thanks!

[@kevinsellsit5584]

Watch the KZbin video ... The series of shockwaves from this explosion in a tunnel

[@robertmckay694]

You can tell he’s a teacher. I’ve had several two strokes in my teens, a Yamaha fs1e, yz125, tdr250 and a dt400 and I never knew exactly how everything worked until now.

[@EMMX39]

Exactly. Noting more to add

[@josh012345]

@@2STROKESTUFFING I would love to see the demonstration done on the space station, with zero gravity to act more like a gas, I'm not 100% sure it would work.

[@bransonbasher6534]

Dude does this in his garage for fun and also helps teaching at a kindergarten. The world needs more folks like this...

[@Josef1cnc]

I had a similar problem with top end power on my Mum's 50, It was not revving out when she went to get the weekly shop, I tried everything, new piston ,re jetting, saved up for an expansion chamber, I even filed the exhaust port to move the power band up the rev range and trimmed the rotary valve to get more fuel in. Turned out she was pulling the choke out to hang her shopping bag on, Went like a scolded cat once I worked that out.🤪

[@2STROKESTUFFING]

😂👍

[@tylerdrummond4609]

That's bloody hilarious! I genuinely laughed my ass off, as I'm sure you did once you discovered that lol

[@vipervidsgamingplus5723]

The motor I had was vibrating the choke lever down so I would have to turn off the choke while riding and hope I didn’t have to make any sharp turns. I just tightened the bolt on the choke to solve that.

[@jesusisalive3227]

That's classic!

[@paddy2661]

That's awesome bugger with choke , but I bet your mum was happy with the performance upgrade.

[@robbiebarbhoughton2447]

Probably the best practical display and description of how a two stroke pipe works that I have ever seen. This should be the benchmark for any discussion around two strokes and how they work.

[@GDTF88]

As a widescreen monitor user I have to say that the videos are perfect now :D

[@2STROKESTUFFING]

😁👍

[@ackiid]

Yes, this 😂

[@2t-moto-jc223]

Perfect on P30 pro 👌

[@mychoppaeat]

@@2STROKESTUFFING First time on my OnePlus 9 Pro phone seeing this aspect ratio it's perfect!

[@Godfather_of_the_Oath]

Fits my LG Velvet like a glove!!

[@phildawe7172]

Your use of water to demonstrate 2-stroke tuned exhaust gas dynamics was the best I've ever seen

[@MgBaggg]

Excellent aspect ratio. Now it fits the whole width of my screen without using fullscreen viewing. 10/10

[@2STROKESTUFFING]

😁 yep, same on my phone.

[@56Seeker]

@@2STROKESTUFFING I also always watch with sub-titles. The new aspect ratio is perfect for this, the text is under the picture (running 2560x1440 on a single screen)x

[@ricvis44]

You need to develop an exhaust system like the intake on an SR- 71. Something that is movable and will keep the Power band at max throughout the rev range.

[@dksoldierdk]

I linked this on his previous video kzbin.info/www/bejne/ZqDHh62JnNqZoM0&lc=UgzxS09m4RxpKmoty-R4AaABAg.9U-eQso8AqH9UzuKng8gW2&ab_channel=RicM4 Keep spamming him, maybe he will see

[@comethiburs2326]

it's been tried, it leaks and jams like a motherfucker. the carbon/oil mix grinds any kind of seal the heat doesnt.

[@kortzcom]

They are called "slippy pipes"

[@jaynee8581]

@@comethiburs2326 well yes, but as i understand it this engine won't be used for long periods of time, and an engine this high performance gets rebuilt pretty often anyway so i don't see it becoming much of a problem.

[@jaydenbrockington4525]

@@jaynee8581 and additionally, if it isn’t going to be run for too long, a synthetic low ash oil could help alleviate those problems, at the cost of lubrication, but if rebuilds are happening frequently anyway it may not matter

[@sfeather7088]

Another GREAT video Man ! one thing I noticed that might be a consideration... a little bit of an angle on a float bowl carb is ok , but at extreme angles it becomes difficult to get a sense of proper jetting due to an incorrect amount of fuel in the float bowl. It's an issue that a friend of mine was having on his Quadzilla motor after He swapped it into a Honda chassis. When I pointed it out to him and we made a little modification , It helped quite a bit. Again , LOVE Your channel ! on a side note , My Sincere Condolences on The loss that You are going through .

[@donniebaker5984]

he failed again to explain how it all works !!!

[@Theairguitarguy]

Thanks for this! I had no idea that’s how 2 stroke expansion chambers work. Totally explains the peaky turbo like power curve!

[@Walkercolt1]

Actually a turbo on a two-stroke smooths the power-band and torque curve into buttery smooth curves. Recall the Australian Orbital engine??? If it hadn't puffed a wisp of blue smoke when starting and offended the "Greenies", our cars and trucks would all be using them. A three cylinder 1.3 Liter 200 HP engine delivering 85-100 MPG on any swill at 1:400 fuel:oil.

[@donniebaker5984]

thats not the way a two stroke expansion chamber works at all

[@JohnS-sn2sd]

When I was Kart racing, I had a similar ignition system. There were companies that made retarder boxes you could add on, to allow higher initial ignition, which then backed off timing by so many degrees per revs. (Amount was determined by what was required and the boxes were tuned as appropriate). I would think something like this with a variable exhaust length would go a bog way to improving power band.

[@mrsnezbit2219]

Yes i made one for my vespa, I found the sheets online it was not very hard to make.. It was years ago and I can't remember where I put them tho

[@andrewpaulstancer5704]

I was thinking that maybe like the Yamaha power valve ..sort of ?

[@mrsnezbit2219]

@@andrewpaulstancer5704 power valve is a nice thing but we are discussin on having cistom ignition timings

[@charlesangell_bulmtl]

@@mrsnezbit2219 😮‍💨😮‍💨😮‍💨

[@mrsnezbit2219]

@@charlesangell_bulmtl mh?

[@theshedMTB]

That water bottle explanation was really good! I built chambers for 250cc micro sprints for probably a decade back in the day and i dont think i would have been able to explain the way sonic waves move so clearly!

[@SmolAdventure]

I've never understood 2stroke engines. Thanks for giving a great presentation on it. Super cool engine!

[@Ckfabworks]

That was actually the best description of how a 2stroke works the water inthe bottle really made it easy to visualize

[@brannonhudson6868]

An exhaust valve which could change the exhaust timing (power valve) would be able to help your pipe wave timing issue. More duration would allow for a high rpm timing with the same pipe, shorter duration for low rpm. At least using the port timing formulas for pipe effective length from Blair’s design of two stroke engines.

[@marcelpursche5339]

I think he intents to use this engine only at full throttle and resonance rpm. Kind of like a stationary engine that would always run at a constant rpm. The clutch and CVT will ensure that the engine rpm(under load) can be the same no matter the speed of the vehicle. So a very narrow power band isn't an issue.

[@brannonhudson6868]

@@marcelpursche5339 I think that there’s very clearly an issue with the high crankcase volume not having enough scavenging at below peak rpm, so he cannot spool the engine up under load properly. Only real solutions for more scavenging (beyond piston/port) on a two stroke is pipe induced scavenging or forced induction. If he could have a clutch that kicked in at higher RPM this would clearly help it reach the rpm, but the load from the dyno might still bring it down enough for problems. Perhaps upgrading the ECU to programmable would help get the spark timing to help with piston/port scavenging as well. Complete engine management across RPM and Load is key, and is the difference in a good engine and a good-enough engine.

[@emilvlahovic3917]

@@brannonhudson6868 an pipe that has a slider so its rosonant frequency can change would solve his problems too

[@brannonhudson6868]

@@emilvlahovic3917 definitely! I’ve only seen 2 functional ones before though. As an engineer I would love to see more, and eventually one to hit the market. kzbin.info/www/bejne/ZqDHh62JnNqZoM0

[@JohnDoe-fk6id]

Yamaha did this on at least some of their old 2-stroke bike engines. It's... quite an engineering feat, to make it work well

[@zxspectum]

That moment when the engine starts to sing at 9:18. Its like it suddenly clears its throat. Great to see, I am learning so much.

[@ryanmontgomery1622]

The explanation was so good! I had a good idea of how 2 strokes worked. So you glosses over the things I already knew and got straight to how that magical pipe works. Good job 👍

[@donniebaker5984]

you still dont know anything how a two stroke works ..you dont have a clue about the pipe

[@puddlejumper6999]

you sir are the only KZbinr i have watched in the last 6 months to use an aspect ratio close to my native AR of 21:9 i thank you

[@BEYTEK]

Could you make a dual pipe. a low speed pipe and high speed pipe? or a manual clutch on bike lever to get in powerband before clamping dyno?

[@stonecraft745]

I'm sorry for your loss, condolences go out to you and your family!

[@ocotillooutlaws4101]

The thought, the explanation and the commitment to the craft are appreciated! Awesome instruction. Thanks for taking the time to be a creator and sharing knowledge 😎

[@melvingrimes7886]

That was the best explanation of how a two-stroke works that I've ever seen bar none thumbs up.

[@dukiemoto8676]

I’m thoroughly invested in your struggles👍Working perfect the first time wouldn’t be as exciting/entertaining as the trouble shooting is and the engineering that goes with prototyping.

[@xterrential]

This is turbo nerd level 2T engineering. The bottle explanation was the best I have ever seen or heard to explain how and why 2T works the way it does. Very interesting stuff.

[@johnathonmacleod2652]

dirtbike magazine in the 90's had a big article called pipe dreams. it was the best broke down explanation of the workings of the pipe and stinger i had seen so far. the bottle is also great. u get to see the water and hear the explanation. someone somewhere might have the pipe dreams article from dirtbike magazine.

[@kz6fittycent]

I used to race 2-stroke RC cars and there used to be a pipe called "CVEC" - Constantly Variable Expansion Chamber. It worked really well. Basically the engine was always "on the pipe". Could be that there is a way to make one on a larger scale to help.

[@mareksumguy1887]

That’s what power valves are for.

[@kz6fittycent]

@@mareksumguy1887 yes

[@poloska9471]

Wow! I’m watching on an iPhone 11 Pro Max and this is the first video I’ve seen that I can watch with my ENTIRE screen! It felt so strange and so amazing at the same time… I wish all videos I watched were this awesome 😄

[@julienboucaron9780]

Nice ! Pretty narrow band. May be you can also play with the length and volume of the exhaust. I am just thinking about the good old 103 exhaust RGD "pompe", with a variable length on the diverging cone. Another way to implement this on the exhaust is to put an additional chamber with a butterfly like the old Honda 125 CR 1985, it was called ATAC.

[@stevecarlson4539]

Love your videos and your clear and concise explanations of the theory and your process. I kept hearing "moving waves the wind has left you and you are still in commotion..." by Focus as I watched the wave in that bottle going back and fourth. It shall ever fourth remind me of 2 stroke stuffing. That is a win my friend.

[@donniebaker5984]

alex like you are both total bs ! hehehe

[@bmxrhino5]

Could you add a second pipe for low-mid RPM and then switch it over via diverter valve once proper RPM has been reached? Almost like VTEC for a 2-stroke.

[@chooyatam]

PTEC for pipe

[@hunterpetrovich1154]

I almost screamed YESSSSSS when it actually came up on the pipe. Love the build man!

[@SteveBuffel]

Great video! This sounds like the perfect opportunity to incorporate a slippy pipe! More complicated means better KZbin content, right ;)

[@karyjas1]

Good to hear Destins words reached you~

[@mitchcardosi92]

Have you considered 3d printing a crankcase stuffer to take up some of the volume of the crankcase, and add a boost bottle with a valve, so in essence, you would have a variable volume case.

[@k2bkuxx]

Yes he's done it in the past

[@ThatV12MiataBruh]

@@k2bkuxx I was just about to say that but you beat me to it

[@2STROKESTUFFING]

👍 but might have to revisit.

[@ellisberry8747]

@@2STROKESTUFFING now that’s exciting

[@craigdavies8099]

@@2STROKESTUFFING Thanks for another great video! Have you looked into the pulse intake developed by a gentleman called Ron McCord from the states? I have one of his pulse intake systems on my CR500 and it helped a lot with low end power, surprisingly high over rev too and less vibration. It uses the same principal as a boost bottle but instead of a closed loop it's an open circuit. Adam at Millar Racing Engines has good info, pics and diagrams. I'm sorry if none of this is new! Also sorry for your loss, funerals blow.

[@MainelyCannabis]

@2:20 So crank seals are a huge deal! Not only so that gear oil doesn't get into the mix, but also because the loss in pressure on the top end, and more pressure in the crank case. I never knew the volume below the piston was also transferred/connected to the top end. I know it doesn't pertain to your issue, but I'm glad you showed this!

[@brannon1221]

Love watching your progress. And I think you're doing fine without KZbin's advice.

[@koenjanssen81]

You're resonance explanation actually is very clear. I did kinda get it but now I feel like I really get it. Thanks for that and keep the videos coming. You are in my top 3 most enjoyable videos!!!

[@colonelk3000]

Yes dude, love the video and the breakdown and the process. Can't wait for the next step.

[@seeburg]

I understood resonance already but for anyone that didn't it was perfect visual demonstration of it. Well done.

[@joshstovall5783]

It seems like the dyno would be perfect for testing snowmobile engines or engines in the 150hp to 300hp range. I just have a feeling the eddy is too big for an engine making less than that. Too much bearing, belt and chain drag... I love the concept and it's much better than something I could build, just seems a bit large and getting overcomplicated.

[@thomasbarlow4223]

I have one of these Telma electromagnetic driveshaft brakes on my 2001 E450. Looks about the same size and it really makes a huge difference on how heavy the truck feels. It does 90% of the braking down to 10mph..... Never even thought it could be a dyno.

[@MetroidChild]

@@thomasbarlow4223 To be fair it's only the part of the dyno that does the breaking, the other part (being torque measuring) happens right on the crank, which isn't very common outside of engine break rigs.

[@joshstovall5783]

@@MetroidChild I realize that the load cell will still give an accurate reading but if the engine cant get up into powerband then it's not very useful for an engine that small.

[@fastinradfordable]

Your moms a bit large and overly complex

[@tophatvideosinc.5858]

finally a youtuber filled out my screen. wasnt expecting mr 2 stroke to do it but man it feels good!

[@theafro]

Wow, she really picked up and started to get on the pipe once she got some advance. that power curve will be STEEP! It'll be well worth going to a proper mappable ECU for it, even if you can get it to work with a fixed curve, you'll never get the best out of that little beast.

[@rayrice9060]

you sir are 1 hell of a clever man your channel is so informative and understandable to lesser minded people like myself keep up the good work

[@celendzeris1]

From my experience wave action tuning NA 4 stroke engines, the Intake tuning is always a lot more powerful than the exhaust. You can have crazy gains with intake runners (+20% to +30% BMEP) that are tuned appropriately. But I guess it works differently with 2 strokes or the RPM is so high that that short runner on the carb is sufficient enough? Maybe that is worth looking into?

[@sersge]

i heard if you got intake in a range where some resonance charging might happen, you will never get it right with the powerband from the exhaust and it somehow hinders power. So the current "state of the art" is to just make the intake as short as possible as you will never get in the rpm range where resonance might happen. I guess

[@celendzeris1]

@@sersge That is interesting, complete opposite of 4 strokes I guess

[@2STROKESTUFFING]

The problem is how long the intake would need to be. PiP secondary intake is tuned and will be(after some real life adjustments) around 150mm long if I remember correctly - tuned for 19k rpm.

[@tinolino58]

I have an adjustable length airbox. If adjust just a few milimeter it provides 10% more power. At 140 degrees of inlet its around 22cm to the adjustable reflective wall. Yes Its a 8000rpm moped not your 20000rpm hell machine. But a proper airbox does a great job!

[@ValExperimenter]

I tried this approach on a kawasaki h1 and it works but it plays havoc with the carburettion and I could never get it right, the mixture gets much richer as the intake approaches resonance. part throttle would damp the resonance. Eventually I went to a shorter intake and it works though the maximum torque is noticably lower. I have a fuel injection project to fix this.

[@jasonlawrence6209]

I definitely liked the visual explanation of the expansion chamber with the bottle. Thanks for sharing your knowledge and your time.

[@CapeCodCNC]

You could make a variable length pipe to help with low speed. Maybe even do the math to figure out the ideal length of the pipe at different rpm's. LOVE the aspect ratio!

[@DizziLife]

in theory you should be able to achieve an excellent power band however the engineering challenges for such a project are hard to overcome, ie heat and vibrations. also i think it would never perform (peak power) as good as a pipe designed for the rpm imo

[@anibalistic]

Perfect Video... 9:11 is pure excitement. Thanks for your lesson Master. This videos are only for smart people. You can see the brainstorming from your fans who want to see this engine working at its maximum....

[@julian9579]

you could make dynamic exhaust that changes lengh with a servo so you have more power at the lower rev range 😄 there is a video on youtube where they did that with a 125cc engine

[@julian9579]

here is the link to the video 😄 kzbin.info/www/bejne/ZqDHh62JnNqZoM0

[@willhall4631]

the water bottle was a really good way to explain pipe resonance. Keep up the good work!

[@Beng177]

Gotta love smarter every day:)

[@seanriopel3132]

I love seeing the nuanced humor of different cultures. Sometimes it's the slightest thing but to me it's freaking hilarious. I can't wait for more. ---From your newest subscriber.

[@Da9Project2012]

You did not confuse me with your demonstration and explanation of waves, and their significance in the proper tuning of a two stroke engine. Thank you for it!

[@canadianoddy8504]

To bad we are only allowed to give ONE thumbs up to a video. This vid was awesome because of the very simple and effective way exhaust pulse was explained and shown. How can this video only have 43,000+ views and only 4200 thumbs up ???? It doesn't get better than this.

[@KieranMac2000]

I've been riding bikes for years. Both 2 stroke and 4 stroke. And never fully got my head around why the 2t pipe is that shape. Also I'm in my 3rd year of mechanical engineering. This video has explained 2t engines perfectly. Thank you

[@joaopreichardt]

The best explanation and drawing about a 2T engine! Congrats Professor!! things do not need to be hard !!

[@rajgill7576]

When I was in middle school band, our teacher asked us to try a resonance experiment by singing in the shower, he said try "Sliding" down a scale with your voice, and at a certain tone, you can feel your sound "whooshing" back and forth in the shower. This was the resonant frequency of that space. The powerband example you demonstrated and also noting that it works best at a specific rpm, and as such the peaky nature of a tuned 2 stroke is the same type of thing. Its the resonant frequency of the pipe shape that determines what kind of tune your engine will have. Ive been told skinny pipes tend to be higher rpm speed pipes, and big bulbous ones are for torque.

[@christianbriix7098]

I apologize about the funeral hopefully everything runs smoothly, thank you for the awesome video tho you've been a rad guy to watch build stuff!

[@7795Dakota]

I totally get 2 strokes now! Thanks. And I would have never guessed kindergarten teacher for you employment. That's awesome!!

[@aledwilliams]

Now I understand how a 2 stroke pipe works! Thank you. Also, love the wide screen...

[@shjskaput4550]

i love this concept, its like a pulse jet with a piston in the middle. Keep up the good work, this thing has promise

[@IceRhino44]

You deserve a million likes for making a video that finally fits my galaxy 20 ultra screen!

[@p1kkup01ka5]

the quality of these videos have increased immensely, much love!

[@joemama069]

Damn thanks for changing to 21:9, looks so much better on my widescreen

[@osiris4524]

I've got a home built 2 stroke cart, your videos are how i got the thing going

[@xrampagex15]

Great explanation with the water bottle! Now I finally understand those fancy two stroke pipes :)

[@DoNE021]

4:53 This is spot on explanation. I have wounder how the expansion work. Had on my moped back in the days. but didn't relay understand how it worked, just that it was better with it.

[@pironiero]

i really like that you are actually render suff in 21.9 instead of putting useless bars

[@andrewcooper8080]

As a mobile device viewer, I greatly appreciate your courage not restricting the aspect ratio. Not all heroes wear capes.

[@adrianroach3636]

i just saw one of your videos for the first time yesterday ive been on a 2stroke stuffing binge since then thanks for taking your time to make these videos im learning a lot 2 strokes are becoming an endangered species but with people like you spreading your knowledge hopefully we see more 2 strokes around love your work man i will be putting some money to donate to keep these videos going much love from australia brother

[@backyardprojects8153]

Wow. Now that was a hell hit at a little over the half of it's full rev limit. I love it.. I been watching for so long I know when your dun tinkering people will be wanting in line for your engine!! I respect how patient your knowledge is*

[@stonebranson3364]

showed a lot of your videos to my teacher and you know what you are explaining it would be good to learn from you

[@hackjobgarage9289]

Jet ski's actually fill the exhaust pipe partially with water at full rev. to make a smaller expansion chamber. food for thought. Love the video man!

[@svenkerkhof6653]

0:04 I almost fell out of my chair watching this on my ultrawide monitor that's AWESOME!

[@MrRikko951]

That expansion pipe explanation is simply beautiful, taking my hat off

[@kingearl2596]

You know REALLY much about 2-stroke engines - chapeau! Greetings to Norway.

[@LucasRea-49]

Quite possibly the coolest channel on youtube.

[@robertpierce1981]

That’s a very good demo. Alex you rock Sorry for your loss Condolences

[@Undecid]

That bottle analogy is so good.

[@Nrgpack]

I love the trouble shooting, Good Job and thank you!!

[@perlmonkee]

Is your opening bit a reference to @SmarterEveryDay ? I hope so, I love the content both of you provide. Thank you!

[@Spodeboy]

Wow, that was the best explanation of how a 2 stroke pipe works I have ever heard!

[@wobiwo2084]

This is the first video where the "original" view mode actually fills my phone screen side to side xD thanks !

[@lanceneuman9528]

Good messaging. If the stinger pipe is placed within and centered in the expanded zone of the pipe you will have a much stronger resonance without problems of exit restriction due to this placement. I read an article about this during the 1970'2 and decided to try this on my already strong 125cc Sachs. However, I also added an approved Chrisman spark arrestor on the end of the stinger which likely didn't enhance the power itself. Stronger throughout and especially on top as recorded by my "butt dyno" and multiple drag races with my buddy's 250 yammie. Try it sometime on one of your known engines. This is not crap.

[@barje.waffles5461]

Really good demonstration. Your approach shows you are a pedagog.

[@teabagmcpick889]

I love 2 strokes. I'm loving the channel & the aspect ratio is excellent, please keep it if you can.

[@charlesalberti563]

Btw, your aspect ratio makes my screen seem bigger so good on you for sticking it to the man

[@ramazan0124]

Hell yeah things are looking promesing, i can't wait to see the motor in action. evry time i see one of your new videos i get motivated to build my own 2 stroke projekt.

[@dulingen]

I love this aspect ratio! fits my screen perfectly

[@jopgielingh9583]

LOVE the aspect ratio! Suits your style. Keep innovating, great isn’t easy!

[@brucegillies1694]

Your ability to explain appears to equal your mech-engineering , not to mention that unique entertainment style. ! Good job , let’s go trail riding in Western Colorado !

[@stumped463]

I used to race 250 cc four wheelers back in the mid 80s . We or should I say the mechanic experimented with crankcase pressure . He used infected plastic around the crankshaft to fill up the empty space in the crankcase. The result was more torque at lower rpms and harder pulling through mid-range and top end . Me being 190lbs was able to compete with the Suzuki factory rider who was 135lbs . It made a big difference in being able to finish consistently in the top 3 of a mx series. I'm not an engineer or understand all the tech about 2 strokes it's just my experience . Interesting video thanks .

[@aliciaantoniadis9100]

Thank you so very much! Och! Hoppas du får en väldigt fin jul! Sincerely, Alicia.

[@edwardjweber701]

You make a very good teacher. Good day sir! Greetings from Angola, NY

[@Ginga7r]

Nice one , chap Sorry for your loss real life is heavy but I can't wait to hear that engine sing.

[@bradley3549]

Felt like I was at the cinema with this aspect ratio!

[@2STROKESTUFFING]

Awesome!

[@superkjuus]

This was an awsome way of explaining a 2 stroke fom intake to exhaust pulse.

[@Sg-jt6gy]

Followed the pip engine since the start, great work man got it on the homemade dyno and everything!

[@jimdale9187]

Great video, Alex, on so many levels. We could all make the comments section so much more enjoyable, if we would take the time to read what is posted before commenting. If someone else has already posted an identical thought, just give theirs a thumbs up. That way we don't have to read the same suggestion 50 times. I love reading everyone's comments, but our collective time is valuable.

[@mattprice37664]

Definitely not confused, you explained it perfectly. The visual aids always help. Dammit, don’t sell yourself short!!!

[@tobiasober7283]

Nice new videoformat. I am very sorry for your loss and wish you my heart-felt sympathies.

[@williamforbes7156]

he did the thing, can't wait til both engines go head to head!